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通讯作者:

雍永宏,E-mail:yongyonghong@163.com

中图分类号:R541.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)11-1544-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231110

参考文献 1
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参考文献 4
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
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参考文献 21
TAKAYA Y,WATANABE N,IKEDA M,et al.Impor⁃ tance of abdominal compression Valsalva maneuver and microbubble grading in contrast transthoracic echocar⁃ diography for detecting patent foramen ovale[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2020,33(2):201-206
参考文献 22
TIRSCHWELL D L,TURNER M,THALER D,et al.Cost⁃ effectiveness of percutaneous patent foramen ovale clo⁃ sure as secondary stroke prevention[J].J Med Econ,2018,21(7):656-665
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:对比研究经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)及经食道超声心动图(transesophageal echocar- diography,TEE)结合声学造影对卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale,PFO)右向左分流(right-to-left shunt,RLS)的评估价值,提出最佳诊断策略。方法:回顾性纳入2020年2月—2022年2月南京医科大学第一附属医院心血管内科收治的186例隐源性卒中 (cryptogenic stroke,CS)、短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)、偏头痛的患者,并经TEE或心导管检查证实为PFO 的患者,分别进行经胸超声心动图下声学造影(contrast transthoracic echocardiography,cTTE)及经食道超声心动图下声学造影 (contrast transesophageal echocardiography,cTEE)。另外在cTEE下配合患者自主Valsalva动作增加1次检查者握拳放置患者腹部按压放松的操作,分别观察3个心动周期内左房左室内微气泡出现的数量,评估房间隔水平的RLS分流程度。结果:静息时 cTTE检测到RLS 136例,cTEE检测到RLS 140例。Valsalva动作下,cTTE检测到RLS 186例,cTEE检测到RLS 186例,提示Val- salva动作时无论cTTE还是cTEE,PFO-RLS检出率均有显著提升。检出RLS的PFO患者,cTTE检测到Ⅰ级27 例,Ⅱ级31例, Ⅲ级128 例;cTEE检测到Ⅰ级80 例,Ⅱ级56 例,Ⅲ级50 例。110例患者cTTE检出的RLS分流程度高于cTEE,其中46例cTTE 时Ⅲ级,cTEE时Ⅱ级;43例cTTE时Ⅲ级,cTEE时Ⅰ级;21例cTTE时Ⅱ级,cTEE时Ⅰ级。cTEE下进行Valsalva动作时,同时配合检查者握拳放置腹部按压放松时,检测到RLS Ⅰ级 35例,Ⅱ级 46例,Ⅲ 级105例,76例患者RLS分流程度提升,其中 21例患者从Ⅰ级提升到Ⅱ级,24例患者从Ⅰ级提升到Ⅲ级,31例患者从Ⅱ级提升到Ⅲ级,中-大量分流的比例显著增加。结论: cTTE检出的RLS分流程度高于cTEE。cTEE检查时,患者配合检查者按压,Valsalva动作下检出的RLS分流程度增加。cTTE 结合TEE对PFO解剖结构的判断、对PFO治疗及封堵术前评估有较大价值。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to compare transthoracic echocardiography(TTE)and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)combined with contrast echocardiography in the evaluation of right -to -left shunt(RLS)of patent foramen ovale(PFO),and propose the optimal diagnostic strategy. Methods:A retrospective study was conducted on 186 patients admitted the cardiovascular department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from February 2020 to February 2022 with cryptogenic stroke (CS),transient ischemic attack(TIA)and migraine who were confirmed to have a patent foramen ovale(PFO)through TEE or cardiac catheterization. Both contrast transthoracic echocardiography(cTTE)and contrast transesophageal echocardiography(cTEE)were performed. In addition,during cTEE,the operator clenched their fist and placed it on the patient’s abdomen,applying pressure and then releasing it,while the patient performed a Valsalva maneuver. The number of microbubbles appearing in the left atrium and left ventricle within three cardiac cycles was observed to assess the degree of RLS at the level of the interatrial septum. Results:During rest,cTTE detected 136 cases of RLS,while cTEE detected 140 cases of RLS. During the Valsalva maneuver,cTTE detected 186 cases of RLS,and cTEE also detected 186 cases of RLS,indicating a significant increase in the detection rate of PFO-RLS during the Valsalva maneuver compared to the rest state,regardless of the cTTE or cTEE method. Among the PFO patients with RLS detected, cTTE classified 27 cases as grade Ⅰ,31 cases as grade Ⅱ,and 128 cases as grade Ⅲ. On the other hand,cTEE classified 80 cases as grade I,56 cases as grade Ⅱ,and 50 cases as grade Ⅲ. Among these cases,110 patients had a higher RLS degree in cTTE compared to cTEE,with 46 cases being grade Ⅲ in cTTE and grade Ⅱ in cTEE,43 cases being grade Ⅲ in cTTE and grade Ⅰ in cTEE,and 21 cases being grade Ⅱ in cTTE and grade Ⅰ in cTEE. During the Valsalva maneuver with cTEE,while the operator clenched their fist and applied pressure on the patient’s abdomen and then released it,35 cases were classified as grade Ⅰ,46 cases as grade Ⅱ,and 105 cases as grade Ⅲ. There were 76 patients with an increase in RLS degree,including 21 patients who upgraded from grade Ⅰ to grade Ⅱ,24 patients who upgraded from grade Ⅰ to grade Ⅲ,and 31 patients who upgraded from grade Ⅱ to grade Ⅲ. The proportion of patients with moderate to large shunting significantly increased. Conclusion:The RLS level detected by cTTE is higher than that of cTEE. During the cTEE examination,when the patient cooperates with the examiner to press,the degree of RLS detected under Valsalva’s action increases. The combination of cTTE and TEE in diagnosing the anatomical structure and morphology of PFO is of great value for the treatment and preoperative evaluation of PFO occlusion.

  • 卵圆孔未闭(patent foramen ovale,PFO)是胎儿循环系统的残余,PFO的患病率随着年龄的增长而下降,0~30 岁组为 34.3%,80~99 岁组为 20.2%[1-2]。 PFO 与许多疾病的发生相关,例如隐源性卒中 (cryptogenic stroke,CS)、短暂性脑缺血发作(tran⁃ sient ischemic attack,TIA)、偏头痛等[3]。PFO 患者中,随着右向左分流(right⁃to⁃left shunt,RLS)分级程度的增加,脑卒中发生风险随之上升,因为RLS较大时血栓通过隔膜的可能性增大,因此中⁃大量的RLS 是增加CS等发生的一个重要危险因素[4],因此准确及时诊断 PFO 尤为重要。目前诊断 PFO 的方法有经颅多普勒声学造影(contrast transcranial doppler, cTCD)、经胸超声心动图声学造影(contrast transtho⁃ racic echocardiography,cTTE)及经食道超声心动图声学造影(contrast transesophageal echocardiography, cTEE)。虽然 cTEE 是目前诊断 PFO⁃RLS 的参考标准[5-6],但在食管探头的干扰下,进行Valsalva动作常常不充分,且经食道超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)一般在空腹状态下进行,此时右房压降低,导致左右房压梯度降低,因此cTEE 往往难以准确评估大的RLS[7]。而由于部分患者透声条件差等,cTTE也常常无法准确诊断评估PFO患者 RLS 的量和类型。有研究表明 PFO 封堵后的闭合率更依赖于PFO的解剖结构而非器械类型[8],因此在封堵前综合评估 PFO 形态和 RLS 程度具有重要临床意义。本研究旨在了解cTTE和cTEE在诊断 PFO引起的RLS中的不同价值,并寻求确定最佳的综合性诊断策略。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性纳入2020年2月—2022年2月南京医科大学第一附属医院心血管内科收治的186例PFO患者。纳入标准:①TEE或心导管检查证实为PFO;② 同时具有神经系统症状包括头痛、偏侧无力、视物模糊、口角歪斜等且被神经内科医生明确诊断为偏头痛或 CS/TIA;③具有不明原因脑梗死症状。排除标准:①年龄<16岁或>70岁;②经查已明确病因的脑卒中(根据 TOAST分型排除动脉粥样硬化、血管炎、心源性等原因引发的脑卒中[9]);③明确原因的继发性头痛,如感染、外伤等引起的头痛等;④既往有CT或磁共振成像诊断为肺动静脉瘘或无法进行 Valsalva动作的患者。本课题已由南京医科大学第一附属医院医学伦理委员会审议通过(伦理审查号 2021⁃NT⁃17),研究对象及家属均签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 所有 PFO 患者均于同一天在经胸超声心动图 (transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)和 TEE 下进行声学造影检查(生理盐水血液混悬液:将9 mL生理盐水+1 mL空气+1滴回抽静脉血在2个10 mL注射器中搅拌至少10次,注射器由3通旋塞连接)。

  • cTTE检查时,患者采取平卧或左侧卧体位,选取心尖四腔切面进行观察,分别在静息状态下和 Valsalva动作时经左肘静脉注入生理盐水血液混悬液,观察3个心动周期内左房左室内微气泡出现的数量,用以评估房间隔水平RLS的量。

  • cTEE时患者采取右侧卧位,选取两房心切面进行观察,首先观察房间隔向左突出的程度以及第一隔与第二隔裂隙的大小及形态,并评估 Valsalva 动作的有效性,之后分别在静息状态下和 Valsalva 动作时经左肘静脉注入生理盐水血液混悬液,观察3个心动周期内左房左室内微气泡出现的数量,评估房间隔水平 RLS 的量。最后增加 1 次患者在 Valsalva 动作下,操作者握拳放置患者腹部按压后放松,观察3个心动周期内左房左室内微气泡出现的数量,并评估房间隔水平RLS的量。

  • 当右房右室混浊后3个心动周期内左房左室出现微气泡时,可诊断为PFO⁃RLS。采用RLS分级来量化分流程度:0 级(阴性);Ⅰ级(轻度,1~10 个微气泡);Ⅱ级(中等,11~20 个微气泡);Ⅲ级(≥21 个微气泡或左房左室内几乎充满,呈雪花样)[10]

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用SPSS 24.0进行统计学分析。正态分布的连续变量以均值±标准差(x-±s)表示,非正态分布的变量以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,分类变量按频数和百分比[n(%)]表示。连续变量组间比较采用t检验,分类变量采用χ2 检验,采用McNemar卡方检验比较配对两组间比率的差异,采用Cochran’s Q检验进行多组间率的比较,采用Dunn’s检验进行事后两两比较。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 基线临床资料

  • 选取2020年2月—2022年2月南京医科大学第一附属医院心血管内科收治的186例高度疑似PFO 患者,其中偏头痛99例,CS/TIA 87例。基线临床资料方面(表1),患者年龄为(41.0±14.3)岁,男性占 33.9%,在年龄、性别上差异有统计学意义(P <0.05):偏头痛组患者更年轻、女性更多,而CS/TIA组年龄更大、男性占比更多。两组患者收缩压、舒张压、心率差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。

  • 2.2 PFO⁃RLS的检出率

  • 静息时cTTE检测到RLS 136例(73.11%),cTEE 检测到 RLS 140 例(75.27%)。Valsalva 动作下,cTTE 检测到 RLS 186 例(100.00%),cTEE 检测到 RLS 186例(100.00%,表2),结果提示Valsalva 动作时,无论cTTE还是cTEE,PFO⁃RLS检出率均有显著提升(P<0.05)。图1为典型PFO患者cTTE及cTEE 的检查结果。

  • 表1 基线水平的指标比较

  • Table1 Comparison of indicators at baseline level

  • cTTE检出PFO⁃RLS患者中Ⅰ级27 例,Ⅱ级 31例,Ⅲ级128 例;cTEE中检出PFO⁃RLS患者Ⅰ级 80 例, Ⅱ级 56 例,Ⅲ级 50 例;其中 110 例(59.1%)患者 RLS 分流程度 cTTE 高于 cTEE,其中 46 例(24.7%) cTTE时Ⅲ级,cTEE 时Ⅱ级,43 例(23.1 %)cTTE 时 Ⅲ级,cTEE时Ⅰ级,21例(11.3%)cTTE时Ⅱ级,cTEE 时Ⅰ级。59例(31.7%)患者在cTTE和cTEE检出的 RLS 分流程度相同。仅 17 例(9.14%)患者 cTTE 检出的RLS分流程度低于cTEE(表3)。

  • 表2 静息状态及 Valsalva 动作下 cTTE 和 cTEE 的 PFO⁃ RLS检出率

  • Table2 Detection rates of PFO ⁃RLS under resting state and Valsalva action by cTTE and cTEE

  • cTEE下进行Valsalva动作时,同时配合操作者握拳放置患者腹部按压放松时,检测到RLS 186例 (100%),其中RLS Ⅰ级 35例,Ⅱ级 46例,Ⅲ级105例, 76 例患者 RLS 分流程度提升,其中有 21 例患者从 Ⅰ级提升到Ⅱ级,24例患者从Ⅰ级提升到Ⅲ级,31例患者从Ⅱ级提升到Ⅲ级(表4);图2为cTEE下典型患者在配合操作者加压后PFO⁃RLS的分流程度提升。

  • 图1 典型PFO患者cTTE及cTEE的检查结果

  • Figure1 The examination results of cTTE and cTEE in typical PFO patients

  • 表3 cTTE与cTEE检出 PFO⁃RLS分流程度比较

  • Table3 Comparison of PFO ⁃ RLS detection degree be⁃ tween cTTE and cTEE

  • 表4 常规 cTEE 与配合操作者握拳加压患者腹部检测的 PFO⁃RLS程度

  • Table4 PFO ⁃ RLS degree between routine cTEE and cTEE with the operator to press the patient’s abdomen

  • 以RLS Ⅱ级+Ⅲ级为中⁃大量分流标准,3种方式中,cTTE对中⁃大量分流的检出率为 159 例(85.48%), cTEE的检出率为 106 例(56.99%),cTEE+配合操作者加压的检出率为 151 例(81.18%),其中 cTTE 对中⁃大量RLS检出率较高,常规cTEE对中⁃大量分流的检出率比cTTE低,但配合操作者加压后的cTEE 对中⁃大量分流的检出率与cTTE相比,差异无统计学意义(表5)。

  • 3 讨论

  • PFO 的人群患病率为 20%~25%[11-12]。研究表明,通过未闭卵圆孔的RLS与包括CS、TIA、偏头痛等在内的临床病症密切相关[13]。PFO的解剖结构复杂多样,本研究发现PFO的常见解剖结构有3种类型,分别为长隧道型(图3A)、开口型(图3B)、房间隔膨出瘤型(图3C)。其中长隧道型卵圆孔是一个长且间隔紧密粘连的通道;开口型原发隔与继发隔间距很大,这可能是由于左心房侧的组织褶皱将原发隔与继发隔隔开,形成保持开放的开口,这可能会影响封堵装置的固定及密封性;而房间隔膨出瘤的可活动性可导致原发隔回缩,从而引发大的 RLS[14-15]。临床上针对不同类型的PFO使用不同尺寸的封堵器,伴有房间隔膨出瘤的PFO甚至使用房间隔缺损的封堵器。TEE对于确定卵圆孔的解剖结构及其与周围结构的关系非常关键,因此为了提高封堵成功率,TEE及在TEE下进行的声学造影可能对PFO经皮介入手术封堵器的选择极为重要。

  • 图2 典型患者在静息状态及配合操作者加压情况下的 cTEE检查结果

  • Figure2 cTEE examination results of a typical patient in a resting state and under pressure with the operator

  • 表5 3种方式对PFO⁃RLS 中⁃大量分流(Ⅱ+Ⅲ级)的检出率

  • Table5 Detection rates of medium⁃large shunt(Ⅱ+Ⅲ) in PFO⁃RLS by three methods

  • 与cTTE比较,* P<0.05;与cTEE+配合操作者加压比较,# P<0.05。

  • 目前已有多项研究报道了cTCD、cTTE和cTEE在诊断PFO方面的有效性,但对于最适合PFO的诊断策略,仍存在很多争议。周芳等[16] 研究表明cTCD 可用于 CS/TIA 或偏头痛患者是否合并 PFO 的病因筛查,是经导管介入封堵治疗PFO患者较好的术后疗效评价手段。Clarke等[17] 研究得出cTTE和cTEE 对PFO检测的结果相似,而Mojadidi等[18] 研究报道,相比cTEE,cTTE的灵敏度较低(46%),马杰等[19] 研究表明 cTTE、cTEE 分别联合 cTCD 均可诊断 PFO,但cTEE 联合cTCD的诊断效能更高。本研究结果显示,Valsalva 动作下,cTTE及cTEE检测到RLS 均为 100.00%。因为在正常呼吸下,由于右房压低于左房压,左房左室内只能检测到少量微气泡,当进行 Valsalva 动作时,足够的胸腔内压力导致下肢和上肢静脉回流减少和前负荷降低,瞬时右房压高于左房压[20],微气泡可从右房通过未闭的卵圆孔进入左房内。而日常生活中,咳嗽、负重、排便等活动都可导致瞬时右房压大于左房压,因此无论 cTTE 还是 cTEE,足够充分的Valsalva 动作都是准确检出 RLS 及其程度的关键。在本研究检出 RLS 的 PFO 患者中,110 例(59.1%)患者 cTTE 检测的 RLS 分流程度高于cTEE。这可能与患者在空腹状态下伴随紧张、经食道超声探头的干扰下无法进行充分的Valsalva 动作密切相关,由于胸腔内压力不足,未能降低前负荷,无法在释放期实现左、右心房压力倒置。因此在本研究中,cTEE 时增加了 1 次检测,患者在 Valsalva动作下,操作者握拳放置患者腹部按压,观察房间隔水平RLS的量,目的是为了通过腹部压迫增强Valsalva动作的有效性,结果显示有76例患者 RLS分流程度提升。

  • 图3 TEE视角下PFO常见3种类型

  • Figure3 Three common types of PFO under the TEE perspective

  • 由于可以进行充分的Valsalva动作,相比cTEE, cTTE观察房间隔水平RLS的量及分流程度更为有效[21],但是临床上需要TEE来评估PFO的形态学特征,区分 PFO 的形态和类型,以及辨别是否伴有房间隔缺损,进而选择封堵器类型及大小。研究表明虽然PFO的长度与分流程度并无密切关联,但PFO 的孔径确是经皮介入封堵闭合术后24个月残留心房间分流的最具预测力的独立因素[22]。同时 TEE 对排除肺动静脉畸形、评估左心耳血栓形成和寻找其他合并症同样重要。

  • 综上所述,TEE及经过改善操作的cTTE可以对 PFO 患者的 RLS 及分流程度进行准确评估判断。 cTTE简单、操作便捷,建议应作为筛查PFO⁃RLS的首选,但在决定进行 PFO 封堵术前,必须进行 TEE 观察卵圆孔形态及孔径大小,而为了克服 cTEE 检查时 Valsalva 动作的不充分,操作者握拳放置患者腹部按压后放松以观察房间隔水平 RLS 的步骤极为重要,这一综合性的诊断策略可能有助于临床医生对PFO患者的评估和治疗。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] HAGEN P T,SCHOLZ D G,EDWARDS W D.Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 de⁃ cades of life:an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts[J].Mayo Clin Proc,1984,59(1):17-20

    • [2] HOMMA S,MESSÉ S R,RUNDEK T,et al.Patent fora⁃ men ovale[J].Nat Rev Dis Primers,2016,2:15086

    • [3] LE MOIGNE E,TIMSIT S,BEN SALEM D,et al.Patent foramen ovale and ischemic stroke in patients with pulmo⁃ nary embolism:a prospective cohort study[J].Ann Intern Med,2019,170(11):756-763

    • [4] TAKAYA Y,NAKAYAMA R,AKAGI T,et al.Impor⁃ tance of saline contrast transthoracic echocardiography for evaluating large right ⁃to ⁃left shunt in patent foramen ovale associated with cryptogenic stroke[J].Int J Cardio⁃ vasc Imaging,2022,38(3):515-520

    • [5] VITARELLI A.Patent foramen ovale:pivotal role of trans⁃ esophageal echocardiography in the indications for clo⁃ sure,assessment of varying anatomies and post⁃procedure follow⁃up[J].Ultrasound Med Biol,2019,45(8):1882-1895

    • [6] 唐圣桃.有症状和无症状卵圆孔未闭患者经食管超声心动图特征比较[J].中国现代医学杂志,2020,30(19):87-90

    • [7] YANG J,ZHANG H Q,WANG Y M,et al.The efficacy of contrast transthoracic echocardiography and contrast trans⁃ cranial Doppler for the detection of patent foramen ovale related to cryptogenic stroke[J].Biomed Res Int,2020,2020:1513409

    • [8] MARRIOTT K,MANINS V,FORSHAW A,et al.Detec⁃ tion of right⁃to⁃left atrial communication using agitated sa⁃ line contrast imaging:experience with 1 162 patients and recommendations for echocardiography[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2013,26(1):96-102

    • [9] JR ADAMS H P,BENDIXEN B H,KAPPELLE L J,et al.Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke:defini⁃ tions for use in a multicenter clinical trial[J].Stroke,1993,24(1):35-41

    • [10] 王豪,孙园园,邓雅琴,等.隐源性缺血性脑卒中合并卵圆孔未闭的临床及影像学检查分析[J].中国现代医学杂志,2019,29(1):67-70

    • [11] STRAMBO D,SIRIMARCO G,NANNONI S,et al.Embolic stroke of undetermined source and patent foramen ovale:risk of paradoxical embolism score validation and atrial fibrillation prediction[J].Stroke,2021,52(5):1643-1652

    • [12] ELGENDY A Y,SAVER J L,AMIN Z,et al.Proposal for updated nomenclature and classification of potential caus⁃ ative mechanism in patent foramen ovale⁃associated stroke [J].JAMA Neurol,2020,77(7):878-886

    • [13] MOJADIDI M K,KUMAR P,MAHMOUD A N,et al.Pooled analysis of PFO occluder device trials in patients with PFO and migraine[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2021,77(6):667-676

    • [14] 华杨,娄宇轩,杨丰泽,等.116例卵圆孔未闭伴神经系统症状患者行介入封堵治疗的近期疗效观察[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(9):1361-1363

    • [15] 张苗苗,戴志飞.微泡超声造影剂的发展现状与未来展望[J].中华医学超声杂志(电子版),2020,17(8):707-709

    • [16] 周芳,娄宇轩,周滢,等.经颅多普勒超声发泡实验在卵圆孔未闭诊断及封堵疗效评价中的价值[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(11):1659-1662

    • [17] CLARKE N R A,TIMPERLEY J,KELION A D,et al.Transthoracic echocardiography using second harmonic imaging with Valsalva manoeuvre for the detection of right to left shunts[J].Eur J Echocardiogr,2004,5(3):176-181

    • [18] MOJADIDI M K,WINOKER J S,ROBERTS S C,et al.Accuracy of conventional transthoracic echocardiography for the diagnosis of intracardiac right⁃to⁃left shunt:a meta⁃ analysis of prospective studies[J].Echocardiography,2014,31(9):1036-1048

    • [19] 马杰,廖红娟,张焱,等.cTTE、cTEE 分别联合cTCD在卵圆孔未闭诊断及介入封堵术中的应用比较 [J].中国现代医学杂志,2022,32(7):13-17

    • [20] 王艺晓,刘禧,侯颖,等.经颅彩色多普勒发泡试验联合经胸超声心动图声学造影在卵圆孔未闭相关神经症状病因筛查中的应用价值[J].临床超声医学杂志,2021,23(8):576-580

    • [21] TAKAYA Y,WATANABE N,IKEDA M,et al.Impor⁃ tance of abdominal compression Valsalva maneuver and microbubble grading in contrast transthoracic echocar⁃ diography for detecting patent foramen ovale[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2020,33(2):201-206

    • [22] TIRSCHWELL D L,TURNER M,THALER D,et al.Cost⁃ effectiveness of percutaneous patent foramen ovale clo⁃ sure as secondary stroke prevention[J].J Med Econ,2018,21(7):656-665

  • 参考文献

    • [1] HAGEN P T,SCHOLZ D G,EDWARDS W D.Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 de⁃ cades of life:an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts[J].Mayo Clin Proc,1984,59(1):17-20

    • [2] HOMMA S,MESSÉ S R,RUNDEK T,et al.Patent fora⁃ men ovale[J].Nat Rev Dis Primers,2016,2:15086

    • [3] LE MOIGNE E,TIMSIT S,BEN SALEM D,et al.Patent foramen ovale and ischemic stroke in patients with pulmo⁃ nary embolism:a prospective cohort study[J].Ann Intern Med,2019,170(11):756-763

    • [4] TAKAYA Y,NAKAYAMA R,AKAGI T,et al.Impor⁃ tance of saline contrast transthoracic echocardiography for evaluating large right ⁃to ⁃left shunt in patent foramen ovale associated with cryptogenic stroke[J].Int J Cardio⁃ vasc Imaging,2022,38(3):515-520

    • [5] VITARELLI A.Patent foramen ovale:pivotal role of trans⁃ esophageal echocardiography in the indications for clo⁃ sure,assessment of varying anatomies and post⁃procedure follow⁃up[J].Ultrasound Med Biol,2019,45(8):1882-1895

    • [6] 唐圣桃.有症状和无症状卵圆孔未闭患者经食管超声心动图特征比较[J].中国现代医学杂志,2020,30(19):87-90

    • [7] YANG J,ZHANG H Q,WANG Y M,et al.The efficacy of contrast transthoracic echocardiography and contrast trans⁃ cranial Doppler for the detection of patent foramen ovale related to cryptogenic stroke[J].Biomed Res Int,2020,2020:1513409

    • [8] MARRIOTT K,MANINS V,FORSHAW A,et al.Detec⁃ tion of right⁃to⁃left atrial communication using agitated sa⁃ line contrast imaging:experience with 1 162 patients and recommendations for echocardiography[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2013,26(1):96-102

    • [9] JR ADAMS H P,BENDIXEN B H,KAPPELLE L J,et al.Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke:defini⁃ tions for use in a multicenter clinical trial[J].Stroke,1993,24(1):35-41

    • [10] 王豪,孙园园,邓雅琴,等.隐源性缺血性脑卒中合并卵圆孔未闭的临床及影像学检查分析[J].中国现代医学杂志,2019,29(1):67-70

    • [11] STRAMBO D,SIRIMARCO G,NANNONI S,et al.Embolic stroke of undetermined source and patent foramen ovale:risk of paradoxical embolism score validation and atrial fibrillation prediction[J].Stroke,2021,52(5):1643-1652

    • [12] ELGENDY A Y,SAVER J L,AMIN Z,et al.Proposal for updated nomenclature and classification of potential caus⁃ ative mechanism in patent foramen ovale⁃associated stroke [J].JAMA Neurol,2020,77(7):878-886

    • [13] MOJADIDI M K,KUMAR P,MAHMOUD A N,et al.Pooled analysis of PFO occluder device trials in patients with PFO and migraine[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2021,77(6):667-676

    • [14] 华杨,娄宇轩,杨丰泽,等.116例卵圆孔未闭伴神经系统症状患者行介入封堵治疗的近期疗效观察[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(9):1361-1363

    • [15] 张苗苗,戴志飞.微泡超声造影剂的发展现状与未来展望[J].中华医学超声杂志(电子版),2020,17(8):707-709

    • [16] 周芳,娄宇轩,周滢,等.经颅多普勒超声发泡实验在卵圆孔未闭诊断及封堵疗效评价中的价值[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(11):1659-1662

    • [17] CLARKE N R A,TIMPERLEY J,KELION A D,et al.Transthoracic echocardiography using second harmonic imaging with Valsalva manoeuvre for the detection of right to left shunts[J].Eur J Echocardiogr,2004,5(3):176-181

    • [18] MOJADIDI M K,WINOKER J S,ROBERTS S C,et al.Accuracy of conventional transthoracic echocardiography for the diagnosis of intracardiac right⁃to⁃left shunt:a meta⁃ analysis of prospective studies[J].Echocardiography,2014,31(9):1036-1048

    • [19] 马杰,廖红娟,张焱,等.cTTE、cTEE 分别联合cTCD在卵圆孔未闭诊断及介入封堵术中的应用比较 [J].中国现代医学杂志,2022,32(7):13-17

    • [20] 王艺晓,刘禧,侯颖,等.经颅彩色多普勒发泡试验联合经胸超声心动图声学造影在卵圆孔未闭相关神经症状病因筛查中的应用价值[J].临床超声医学杂志,2021,23(8):576-580

    • [21] TAKAYA Y,WATANABE N,IKEDA M,et al.Impor⁃ tance of abdominal compression Valsalva maneuver and microbubble grading in contrast transthoracic echocar⁃ diography for detecting patent foramen ovale[J].J Am Soc Echocardiogr,2020,33(2):201-206

    • [22] TIRSCHWELL D L,TURNER M,THALER D,et al.Cost⁃ effectiveness of percutaneous patent foramen ovale clo⁃ sure as secondary stroke prevention[J].J Med Econ,2018,21(7):656-665