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通讯作者:

张克忠,E-mail:kezhong_zhang1969@126.com

中图分类号:R285.5

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)12-1623-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231201

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参考文献 14
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨1-甲基-4-苯基-吡啶离子(1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium,MPP+ )诱导的RSC96细胞凋亡与自噬功能障碍与TLR2/NF-κB信号通路的关系。方法:将RSC96细胞分为PBS组、MPP+ 组和MPP+ +CU-CPT22组;CCK-8检测不同MPP+ 浓度 (0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9 mmol/L)处理后细胞存活率;TUNEL检测细胞凋亡水平;RT-qPCR检测Toll样受体2(TLR2)mRNA转录水平;Western blot检测凋亡相关指标Bcl-2/Bax、cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3,自噬相关指标LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ和P62,以及TLR2、p-NF- κB/NF-κB蛋白表达水平。结果:与PBS组相比,MPP+ 组细胞存活率下降且呈浓度依赖性,TUNEL染色阳性细胞数增多,Bcl-2/ Bax蛋白比值水平下降,cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3比值增高。同时LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ比值下降,P62表达增加,p-NF-κB/NF-κB比值表达增加。RT-qPCR和Western blot结果显示,MPP+ 上调TLR2的表达。此外,与MPP+ 组相比,MPP+ +CU-CPT22组TUNEL阳性细胞数目减少,Bcl-2/Bax比值升高,cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3比值降低;同时,LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ比值上升,P62水平下降。结论: MPP+ 刺激诱导RSC96细胞凋亡和自噬水平失衡,发生机制可能与TLR2/NF-κB通路的激活有关。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the relationship between TLR2/NF - κB signaling pathway and the apoptosis and autophagy dysfunction of RSC96 cells induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridinium(MPP+ ). Methods:RSC96 cells were divided into the PBS group, MPP + group,and MPP + + CU - CPT22 group. Cell survival rate was detected using CCK - 8 after treatment with different MPP + concentrations(0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9 mmol/L). Cell apoptosis was detected by TUNEL staining. RT-qPCR was performed to detect the TLR2 mRNA level. Western blot was performed to detect the expression levels of apoptosis related indicators Bcl - 2/Bax,cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3,autophagy-related indicators LC3II/LC3I and P62,as well as TLR2 and p-NF-κB/NF-κB. Results:Compared with the PBS group,the cell viability of the MPP + group decreased in a concentration - dependent manner,the number of TUNEL - staining positive cells increased,the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax decreased while cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 ratio increased,as well as had a decrease in the ratio of LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ and an increase in P62 and p -NF -κB/NF -κB ratio elvel. RT -qPCR and Western blot results showed that MPP + upregulated the expression of TLR2. In addition,compared with the MPP + group,the MPP + + CU - CPT22 group showed a decrease in the number of TUNEL-staining positive cells,an increase in Bcl-2/Bax level,and a decrease in cleaved caspase-3/ caspase - 3 ratio. Meanwhile,LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ ratio was increased,and the P62 expression level was decreased. Conclusion:MPP + stimulation induced apoptosis and the imbalance of autophagy in RSC96 cells,and the mechanism may be related to the activation of the TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway.

  • 帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)是一种常见的与年龄相关的神经系统退行性疾病,影响2%~3% 的65岁以上人群[1]。除典型的运动缺陷外,患者往往表现出一些非运动症状,如嗅觉减退、自主神经功能紊乱、睡眠障碍、感觉障碍等,这些症状在诊断为帕金森病前可持续数年,然而对其具体发病机制仍然缺乏有效认识[2-3]

  • PD病理表现为黑质多巴胺能神经元丢失和路易小体的形成,其中磷酸化α⁃突触核蛋白(phosphory⁃ lated⁃α⁃synuclein,p⁃α⁃syn)是构成路易小体主要成分[4]。凋亡与自噬作为维持细胞活性和生物体稳态的重要过程,与神经系统退行性疾病密切相关。以往研究发现,自噬失调可导致α⁃突触核蛋白 (α⁃synuclein,α⁃syn)的异常聚集,促进溶酶体释放促凋亡蛋白从而加速神经元凋亡[5-6]

  • Toll 样受体(toll ⁃ like receptor,TLR),尤其是 TLR2和TLR4,在PD患者中失调,且参与早期α⁃syn 的聚集[7]。前期我们对1⁃甲基⁃4⁃苯基⁃1,2,3,6⁃四氢吡啶盐酸盐(1⁃methyl⁃4⁃phenyl⁃1,2,3,6⁃tetrahy⁃ dropyridine,MPTP)慢性PD小鼠坐骨神经进行测序,结果显示,相较于生理盐水组,TLR2在MPTP组显著上调[8]。越来越多的证据表明,TLR2在调节神经元自噬以及α⁃syn的清除中发挥重要作用[9-10]。此外,激活TLR2损害自噬溶酶体途径[11]。课题组既往研究发现,PD患者腓肠神经、MPTP小鼠坐骨神经、过表达人源性A53T α⁃syn的大鼠迷走神经髓鞘均存在一定程度的破坏,如髓磷脂中出现大量的脂质空泡,鞘破裂以及雪旺细胞(Schwann cell,SC)肿胀,同时观察到SC 中p⁃α⁃syn 的沉积,这提示 SC 损害在 PD 外周神经病变如感觉障碍和自主神经功能障碍中发挥一定作用[812-13]。此外,前期研究已证实使用MPTP作为研究 PD 自主神经功能障碍模型的适用性[14]。然而, TLR2是否参与SC凋亡与自噬过程有待进一步研究。

  • 因此,本研究在体外细胞水平观察PD中SC是否存在凋亡与自噬功能障碍,并进一步探讨MPP+ 诱导的SC自噬与凋亡功能障碍的机制,以期为PD自主神经功能障碍的发生提供新的见解。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • MPP+ (Sigma 公司,美国),CU ⁃CPT22(MCE 公司,美国),TUNEL原位细胞凋亡检测试剂、FITC(上海生工生物工程股份有限公司),CCK ⁃8 试剂盒 (APExBIO公司,美国),抗荧光淬灭封片剂(含DA⁃PI)(北京索莱宝科技有限公司),TLR2抗体(Abcam 公司,英国),p⁃NF⁃κB抗体、NF⁃κB抗体(CST公司,美国),Bcl⁃2(SAB 公司,美国),Bax、caspase⁃3(CST 公司,美国),LC3、P62、山羊抗兔IgG二抗、山羊抗鼠 IgG 抗体(Proteintech,美国),荧光显微镜(Olympus 公司,日本),酶标仪(FLx800TM,Bio ⁃ Tek 公司,美国),Tanon5200 全自动化学发光成像分析系统(上海天能科技有限公司)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 RSC96细胞培养与分组

  • RSC96细胞株购于武汉普诺赛生命科技有限公司,使用含有 10%胎牛血清、1%青霉素/链霉素的 Dulbecco改良Eagle培养基,置于5%CO2、37℃培养箱中进行培养,每 2~3 d 进行换液。细胞随机分为 PBS 组(与 MPP+ 等体积 PBS 处理 24 h)、MPP+ 组 (0.5 mmol/L MPP+ 处理 24 h)和 MPP+ +CU⁃CPT22 组 (8 μmol/L CU⁃CPT22,使用DMSO进行溶解)[8]

  • 1.2.2 CCK⁃8检测细胞存活率

  • 使用CCK⁃8检测细胞存活率,按照1×104 个/孔的密度将RSC96细胞接种于96孔板后,取对数生长期的细胞使用MPP+(0、0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9 mmol/L) 进行处理,24 h后弃去旧培养基,加入按照9∶1比例配备的 CCK⁃8 溶液,培养箱中孵育 1 h 后使用酶标仪在450 nm处检测吸光度值,细胞存活率=[(MPP+ 组吸光度-空白孔吸光度)/(PBS 组吸光度-空白孔吸光度)]×100%[15]

  • 1.2.3 TUNEL检测细胞凋亡水平

  • 在24孔板中接种细胞爬片,待其贴壁并生长状态良好时分组处理24 h,取出后PBS冲洗2次,每次 5 min,室温下使用4%多聚甲醛固定60 min,后续操作按照制造商的说明进行。使用含DAPI的防荧光淬灭剂封片后在荧光显微镜下观察,TUNEL染色阳性细胞核呈现黄绿色,每张爬片取3个不同视野记录阳性细胞数均值,并统计4张爬片阳性细胞占比,使用GraphPad Prism 9进行统计分析[16]

  • 1.2.4 细胞总蛋白提取和Western blot

  • 细胞经处理24 h后从培养箱中取出,使用PBS 缓冲液清洗3次,每次5 min,加入含有蛋白酶抑制剂和磷酸酶抑制剂的RIPA裂解液,刮下细胞后冰上裂解30 min,在4℃、12 000 r/min条件下离心15 min,吸取上清,使用BCA 试剂盒进行蛋白定量,上样量均为30 μg,SDS⁃PAGE 80 V恒压电泳,300 mA恒流转 PVDF 膜后,TBST 配制 5%脱脂奶粉溶液,封闭 2 h,TBST 清洗 3 次,每次 10 min。一抗稀释比 P62为1∶800,β⁃actin为1∶5 000,其余均为1∶1 000,4℃ 孵育过夜,TBST 洗膜 3 次。二抗稀释比山羊抗体 1∶5 000、山羊抗鼠1∶5 000,室温孵育1.5 h,再次洗膜后滴加ECL发光液在化学发光成像系统中显影, Image J统计条带灰度值分析蛋白水平。

  • 1.2.5 实时定量PCR

  • 收集各组RSC96细胞并提取总RNA,使用逆转录试剂盒将 RNA 逆转录为 cDNA,实时定量 PCR (real ⁃ time quantitative PCR,RT ⁃ qPCR)用于检测 TLR2 基因的表达水平。引物序列 TLR2(F:5′⁃TC⁃ CATGTCCTGGTTGACTGG⁃3′,R:5′⁃AGGAGAAGG⁃ GCACAGCAGAC⁃3′),GAPDH(F:5′⁃TGAAGGTCG⁃ GTGTCAACGGATTTGGC ⁃ 3′,R:5′ ⁃ CATGTAGGC⁃ CATGAGGTCCACCAC⁃3′)。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用 GraphPad Prism 9 软件进行统计学分析。数据使用均数±标准误(x-±sx-)表示,两组间比较采用t检验。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 MPP+ 抑制RSC96细胞活力,同时诱导细胞凋亡

  • CCK⁃8结果显示,相较于PBS组,RSC96细胞经不同浓度MPP+(0.1、0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9 mmol/L)处理后增殖能力下降,且呈现浓度依赖性(图1A),选择不引起细胞大量死亡的MPP+ 刺激浓度(0.5 mmol/L)进行后续实验。TUNEL 染色结果显示,与 PBS 组相比,MPP+ 组阳性细胞数目增加(图1B、C),提示MPP+ 诱导RSC96细胞出现凋亡。Western blot 结果显示,与 PBS 组相比,MPP+ 组细胞 cleaved caspase ⁃3/cas⁃ pase⁃3水平升高(图1D、E),同时Bcl⁃2/Bax水平降低 (图1D、F)。综上,MPP+ 诱导RSC96细胞凋亡,显著降低增殖能力。

  • 2.2 MPP+ 降低RSC96细胞自噬水平

  • 为了探究MPP+ 对RSC96细胞自噬水平的影响,采用Western blot检测细胞LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ和P62蛋白表达水平。结果显示,相比 PBS 组,MPP+ 组 LC3Ⅱ/ LC3Ⅰ表达量降低(图2A、B),同时P62水平升高(图2A、C),提示MPP+ 抑制细胞自噬。

  • 图1 MPP+ 诱导RSC96细胞活力下降与凋亡

  • Figure1 MPP+ induces decreased viability and apoptosis in RSC96 cells

  • 2.3 MPP+ 诱导 RSC96 细胞 TLR2/NF⁃κB 信号通路的激活

  • 采用RT⁃qPCR 和Western blot 分别检测细胞内 TLR2 转录和蛋白表达水平,结果显示,MPP+ 诱导 RSC96 细胞内 TLR2 转录水平上调(图3A),同时蛋白表达量增加(图3B、C),此外 Western blot 结果显示,MPP+ 刺激后RSC96细胞内p⁃NF⁃κB/NF⁃κB水平升高(图3B、D)。以上结果均提示 MPP+ 诱导细胞 TLR2/NF⁃κB信号通路的激活。

  • 2.4 抑制TLR2缓解了MPP+ 诱导的细胞凋亡

  • 为了进一步阐明TLR2/NF⁃κB信号通路在MPP+ 诱导的RSC96细胞凋亡中发挥的作用,使用TLR1/2 拮抗剂 CU⁃CPT22 抑制 TLR2 的表达。TUNEL 染色结果显示,抑制TLR2降低了TUNEL阳性细胞数目(图4A、B)。RT⁃qPCR结果显示,使用CU⁃CPT22可降低RSC96细胞TLR2 mRNA转录水平(图4C)。同时,使用Western blot 检测细胞凋亡蛋白表达情况,结果显示,与 MPP + 组相比,MPP + + CU⁃ CPT22 组 cleaved caspase3/caspase3水平下降(图4D、E),Bcl2/ Bax 表达量上升(图4D、F),以上结果均提示抑制 TLR2减轻了MPP+ 诱导的细胞凋亡。

  • 图2 MPP+ 诱导RSC96细胞自噬降低

  • Figure2 MPP+ induces a decrease in autophagy in RSC96 cells

  • 图3 MPP+ RSC96细胞诱导TLR2/NF⁃κB信号通路的激活

  • Figure3 MPP+ stimulation induces activation of TLR2/NF⁃κB signaling pathway in RSC96 cells

  • 2.5 抑制 TLR2 缓解了 MPP+ 诱导的细胞自噬水平的降低

  • 为了进一步明确TLR2/NF⁃κB信号通路在MPP+ 诱导的 RSC96 细胞自噬中发挥的作用,分别检测 MPP+ 刺激和 MPP+ 刺激的同时给予 CU⁃CPT22 后自噬相关蛋白水平。Western blot结果显示,相比MPP+ 组,MPP+ +CU⁃CPT22 组 PSC96 细胞 LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ蛋白表达量增加(图5A、B),P62蛋白含量下降(图5A、 C),以上结果提示抑制 TLR2 可缓解 MPP+ 诱导的 RSC96 细胞自噬水平的下降,进一步说明 MPP+ 诱导的 RSC96 细胞自噬水平下降与 TLR2/NF⁃κB 信号通路激活有关。

  • 3 讨论

  • 神经系统疾病是全世界残疾的主要来源,近年来,PD患者的总数随着人口的增加而增加[17]。自主神经功能障碍作为PD的临床表现之一困扰着大多数 PD 患者,其导致生活质量的下降以及死亡率的增加,因此越发受到人们的关注[18]。目前,PD自主神经功能障碍的发生机制尚未明确,其治疗仍具有挑战性。

  • 图4 抑制TLR2减轻MPP+诱导的RSC96细胞凋亡

  • Figure4 Inhibition of TLR2 attenuates MPP+ ⁃induced apoptosis in RSC96 cells

  • 图5 抑制TLR2缓解MPP+ 诱导的RSC96细胞自噬水平的降低

  • Figure5 Inhibition of TLR2 alleviates MPP+ ⁃induced reduction in autophagy level in RSC96 cells

  • SC作为一种外周神经胶质细胞,从神经嵴发育而来,成熟的SC保留其表型可塑性,在周围神经再生过程中充当重要角色,SC的其他非典型功能包括调节免疫反应以及表皮的触觉受体[19]。以往研究发现,在多发性硬化中,中枢神经系统存在明显的脱髓鞘改变和少突胶质细胞死亡,髓鞘功能丧失,神经冲动传导受到抑制,此外,多系统萎缩患者SC 中存在p⁃α⁃syn沉积[20]。在本课题组前期的研究中, PD患者存在周围神经损伤,与健康对照相比,PD患者腓肠神经纤维松散分布,神经传导速度减慢,感觉神经动作电位幅度降低,伴有轴突变性和脱髓鞘改变。此外,本课题组还发现慢性MPTP 模型小鼠坐骨神经同样出现脱髓鞘改变,SC肿胀明显,部分细胞甚至出现破碎,且这种改变与神经功能障碍和神经炎症密切相关[8]。然而,本课题组以往的研究均是在体水平,尚未在细胞水平探究其损伤过程及可能机制。RSC96细胞系广泛应用于糖尿病、周围神经损伤、骨科领域的研究,具有培养周期短,可多次传代的优势,因此,本研究使用RSC96细胞系,通过MPP+ 刺激诱导PDSC模型,探究细胞损伤及其可能机制。

  • 细胞通过凋亡和自噬清除受损老化的细胞,二者相互制约,关系复杂。自噬功能障碍可表现为功能失调的线粒体或错误折叠的蛋白质聚集,是多种神经退行性疾病的标志[21]。自噬过程表现为不同类型应激做出的适应性反应,然而当这种应激超过一定阈值时,将会导致细胞凋亡。研究显示,MPTP 诱导神经元凋亡与PD病理改变和行为障碍密切相关[22]。然而,既往的研究大多针对中枢多巴胺能神经元、小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞,针对外周胶质细胞的研究相对较少。本研究聚焦 SC,检测了 MPP+ 处理后RSC96细胞增殖能力与凋亡水平,与既往研究结果一致,细胞经MPP+ 刺激后,cleaved caspase⁃3/ caspase⁃3水平升高,Bcl⁃2/Bax 水平下调,TUNEL 染色阳性细胞数目增多,提示细胞凋亡水平增高。

  • 在自噬过程中,LC3Ⅰ被泛素样体系加工修饰,产生 LC3Ⅱ,LC3Ⅱ的表达量与自噬水平正相关。 P62作为一种自噬衔接蛋白,在自噬的过程中不断降解,当自噬受损时,P62 水平升高。研究发现, MPP+ 通过多巴胺转运体特异性转运到多巴胺能神经元中,引发神经元过度自噬和丢失[23]。然而,在本研究中,MPP+ 刺激RSC96细胞后LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ显著下降,同时 P62 水平升高,提示 MPP+ 诱导 RSC96 细胞自噬抑制,这可能是 SC 作为神经胶质细胞在 PD外周脱髓鞘改变中发挥的一种保护机制,还需要在体实验进一步研究不同时期PD外周神经SC结构与功能的改变,以及是否存在SC增生。有研究报道在小鼠十二指肠注射α⁃syn 预制原纤维引发了肠道胶质细胞增生,小鼠出现便秘等胃肠道功能改变,然而中枢并未出现明显的病理表现[24],因此有必要聚焦外周神经胶质细胞做更深入的研究。

  • TLR作为跨膜模式识别受体,广泛分布于免疫和非免疫细胞中,并且能够识别细胞损伤相关分子从而启动免疫应答反应[25]。以往研究报道TLR2激活可促进晚期动脉粥样硬化中巨噬细胞的凋亡[26],此外,抑制 TLR2 可导致转基因小鼠和细胞模型中自噬的激活,促进α⁃syn的清除,提示TLR2可能作为 PD等神经退行性疾病自噬激活策略的靶标。TLR2 在神经胶质细胞中高表达,其多态性与 PD 发病风险有关,通过 TLR2 途径激活小胶质细胞能够诱导神经毒性[27]。活化的小胶质细胞诱导神经元TLR2/ JNK通路的激活导致神经元自噬紊乱,进而促进了α⁃syn的积累和神经元轴突的缩短[28]。在多发性硬化小鼠体内诱导 TLR2 耐受可降低 TLR2 信号转导从而增强髓磷脂的修复,提示降低先天免疫信号转导可能作为一种治疗多发性硬化炎症和髓鞘修复的方法[29]

  • 前期研究发现 SC 敲除 TLR2 可改善病理性 α⁃syn诱导的迷走神经损伤,部分缓解PD大鼠前驱期自主神经功能障碍[13]。MPTP 小鼠坐骨神经 TLR2水平上调且伴有神经传导速度减慢等电生理改变,提示 TLR2 的激活与 PD 周围神经损伤密切相关[8]。本研究从转录和蛋白水平分别评估了 MPP+ 刺激下RSC96细胞TLR2/NF⁃κB信号通路激活情况,结果显示MPP+ 诱导细胞凋亡和自噬水平失衡的同时,TLR2表达上调,p⁃NF⁃κB/NF⁃κB水平升高,提示TLR2/NF⁃κB信号通路的激活。为了进一步探究TLR2/NF⁃κB信号通路在MPP+ 诱导的RSC96细胞凋亡和自噬失调中发挥的作用,本研究使用TLR1/2 抑制剂CU⁃CPT22处理RSC96细胞,结果显示,抑制 TLR2降低了MPP+ 诱导的细胞凋亡水平,同时细胞自噬水平升高,以上结果进一步证实了 MPP+ 诱导 RSC96细胞凋亡与自噬失衡与TLR2/NF⁃κB信号通路的激活有关。

  • 综上所述,本研究使用 MPP+ 发现 PD 中 SC 存在出现凋亡与自噬失衡,并证实了与 TLR2/NF⁃κB 通路的相关性。抑制 TLR2 缓解 SC 损伤可能成为 PD 自主神经功能障碍的外周治疗靶点。本研究为 PD 中 SC 凋亡与自噬功能障碍以及可能机制提供新的见解,为 PD 自主神经功能障碍的治疗提供方向。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] POEWE W,SEPPI K,TANNER C M,et al.Parkinson dis⁃ ease[J].Nat Rev Dis Primers,2017,3:17013

    • [2] CHEN Z,LI G,LIU J.Autonomic dysfunction in Parkin⁃ son’s disease:implications for pathophysiology,diagno⁃ sis,and treatment[J].Neurobiol Dis,2020,134:104700

    • [3] DOBKIN R D,MANN S L,GARA M A,et al.Telephone⁃ based cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in Par⁃ kinson disease:a randomized controlled trial[J].Neurolo⁃ gy,2020,94(16):e1764-e1773

    • [4] ATIK A,STEWART T,ZHANG J.Alpha ⁃ synuclein as a biomarker for Parkinson’s disease[J].Brain Pathol,2016,26(3):410-418

    • [5] BEKKER M,ABRAHAMS S,LOOS B,et al.Can the in⁃ terplay between autophagy and apoptosis be targeted as a novel therapy for Parkinson’s disease?[J].Neurobiol Ag⁃ing,2021,100:91-105

    • [6] LIU J,LIU W,YANG H.Balancing apoptosis and autoph⁃ agy for Parkinson’s disease therapy:targeting BCL⁃2[J].ACS Chem Neurosci,2019,10(2):792-802

    • [7] WIJEYEKOON R S,KRONENBERG ⁃ VERSTEEG D,SCOTT K M,et al.Peripheral innate immune and bacteri⁃ al signals relate to clinical heterogeneity in Parkinson’s disease[J].Brain Behav Immun,2020,87:473-488

    • [8] SUN L,JIANG W W,WANG Y,et al.Phosphorylated α⁃ synuclein aggregated in Schwann cells exacerbates pe⁃ ripheral neuroinflammation and nerve dysfunction in Par⁃ kinson’s disease through TLR2/NF⁃κB pathway[J].Cell Death Discov,2021,7(1):289

    • [9] DZAMKO N,GYSBERS A,PERERA G,et al.Toll ⁃like receptor 2 is increased in neurons in Parkinson’s disease brain and may contribute to alpha ⁃ synuclein pathology [J].Acta Neuropathol,2017,133(2):303-319

    • [10] KWON S,IBA M,MASLIAH E,et al.Targeting microgli⁃ al and neuronal toll ⁃like receptor 2 in synucleinopathies [J].Exp Neurobiol,2019,28(5):547-553

    • [11] CHEDID J,LABRADOR⁃GARRIDO A,ZHONG S,et al.A small molecule toll⁃like receptor antagonist rescues α⁃ synuclein fibril pathology[J].J Biol Chem,2022,298(8):102260

    • [12] RONG Z,SHEN F,WANG Y,et al.Phosphorylated α⁃ synuclein and phosphorylated tau ⁃protein in sural nerves may contribute to differentiate Parkinson’s disease from multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear pa⁃ ralysis[J].Neurosci Lett,2021,756:135964

    • [13] CHENG Y,TONG Q,YUAN Y,et al.α⁃Synuclein induc⁃ es prodromal symptoms of Parkinson’s disease via activat⁃ ing TLR2/MyD88/NF⁃κB pathway in Schwann cells of va⁃ gus nerve in a rat model[J].J Neuroinflammation,2023,20(1):36

    • [14] 汪烨,姜雯雯,吴晶,等.1⁃甲基⁃4⁃苯基⁃1,2,3,6⁃ 四氢吡啶制备的帕金森病模型小鼠对帕金森病自主神经功能障碍的适用性研究[J].临床神经病学杂志,2022,35(1):49-55

    • [15] 高健成,陆晨飞,张梓枫,等.胶质瘤干细胞来源的外泌体促进胶质瘤恶性进展[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(12):1658-1663

    • [16] 李蓉,刘露,朱夕陈,等.洛伐他汀调节NMDA受体功能减缓NMDA兴奋性毒性损害[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2023,43(4):468-474

    • [17] QI S,YIN P,WANG L,et al.Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease:a community⁃based study in China[J].Mov Dis⁃ ord,2021,36(12):2940-2944

    • [18] BERG A,BECH S,AASLY J,et al.Autonomic dysfunc⁃ tion in Parkinson’s disease:results from the faroese Par⁃ kinson’s disease cohort[J].Neurosci Lett,2022,785:136789

    • [19] TAVEGGIA C,FELTRI M L.Beyond wrapping:canonical and noncanonical functions of schwann cells[J].Annu Rev Neurosci,2022,45:561-580

    • [20] DONADIO V,INCENSI A,RIZZO G,et al.Phosphorylat⁃ ed α⁃ synuclein in skin Schwann cells:a new biomarker for multiple system atrophy[J].Brain,2023,146(3):1065-1074

    • [21] TU H Y,YUAN B S,HOU X O,et al.α⁃ synuclein sup⁃ presses microglial autophagy and promotes neurodegener⁃ ation in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease[J].Aging Cell,2021,20(12):e13522

    • [22] HAN X,LIU Y,DAI Y,et al.Neuronal SH2B1 attenuates apoptosis in an MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s dis⁃ ease via promoting PLIN4 degradation[J].Redox Biol,2022,52:102308

    • [23] WANG X W,YUAN L J,YANG Y,et al.IGF ⁃1 inhibits MPTP/MPP(+)⁃induced autophagy on dopaminergic neu⁃ rons through the IGF ⁃1R/PI3K ⁃Akt ⁃mTOR pathway and GPER[J].Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,2020,319(4):734-743

    • [24] CHALLIS C,HORI A,SAMPSON T R,et al.Gut⁃seeded α⁃synuclein fibrils promote gut dysfunction and brain pa⁃ thology specifically in aged mice[J].Nat Neurosci,2020,23(3):327-336

    • [25] NEMUTLU S D,AKÇAY G,YILDIRIM S,et al.Vortiox⁃ etine ameliorates motor and cognitive impairments in the rotenone⁃induced Parkinson’s disease via targeting TLR⁃ 2 mediated neuroinflammation[J].Neuropharmacology,2022,208:108977

    • [26] SEIMON T A,NADOLSKI M J,LIAO X,et al.Atherogen⁃ ic lipids and lipoproteins trigger CD36⁃TLR2⁃dependent apoptosis in macrophages undergoing endoplasmic reticu⁃ lum stress[J].Cell Metab,2010,12(5):467-482

    • [27] ADHIKARLA S V,JHA N K,GOSWAMI V K,et al.TLR⁃ mediated signal transduction and neurodegenerative disor⁃ ders[J].Brain Sci,2021,11(11):1373

    • [28] CHUNG L Y,LIN Y T,LIU C,et al.Neuroinflammation upregulated neuronal toll ⁃like receptors 2 and 4 to drive synucleinopathy in neurodegeneration[J].Front Pharma⁃ col,2022,13:845930

    • [29] WASKO N J,KULAK M H,PAUL D,et al.Systemic TLR2 tolerance enhances central nervous system remye⁃ lination[J].J Neuroinflammation,2019,16(1):158

  • 参考文献

    • [1] POEWE W,SEPPI K,TANNER C M,et al.Parkinson dis⁃ ease[J].Nat Rev Dis Primers,2017,3:17013

    • [2] CHEN Z,LI G,LIU J.Autonomic dysfunction in Parkin⁃ son’s disease:implications for pathophysiology,diagno⁃ sis,and treatment[J].Neurobiol Dis,2020,134:104700

    • [3] DOBKIN R D,MANN S L,GARA M A,et al.Telephone⁃ based cognitive behavioral therapy for depression in Par⁃ kinson disease:a randomized controlled trial[J].Neurolo⁃ gy,2020,94(16):e1764-e1773

    • [4] ATIK A,STEWART T,ZHANG J.Alpha ⁃ synuclein as a biomarker for Parkinson’s disease[J].Brain Pathol,2016,26(3):410-418

    • [5] BEKKER M,ABRAHAMS S,LOOS B,et al.Can the in⁃ terplay between autophagy and apoptosis be targeted as a novel therapy for Parkinson’s disease?[J].Neurobiol Ag⁃ing,2021,100:91-105

    • [6] LIU J,LIU W,YANG H.Balancing apoptosis and autoph⁃ agy for Parkinson’s disease therapy:targeting BCL⁃2[J].ACS Chem Neurosci,2019,10(2):792-802

    • [7] WIJEYEKOON R S,KRONENBERG ⁃ VERSTEEG D,SCOTT K M,et al.Peripheral innate immune and bacteri⁃ al signals relate to clinical heterogeneity in Parkinson’s disease[J].Brain Behav Immun,2020,87:473-488

    • [8] SUN L,JIANG W W,WANG Y,et al.Phosphorylated α⁃ synuclein aggregated in Schwann cells exacerbates pe⁃ ripheral neuroinflammation and nerve dysfunction in Par⁃ kinson’s disease through TLR2/NF⁃κB pathway[J].Cell Death Discov,2021,7(1):289

    • [9] DZAMKO N,GYSBERS A,PERERA G,et al.Toll ⁃like receptor 2 is increased in neurons in Parkinson’s disease brain and may contribute to alpha ⁃ synuclein pathology [J].Acta Neuropathol,2017,133(2):303-319

    • [10] KWON S,IBA M,MASLIAH E,et al.Targeting microgli⁃ al and neuronal toll ⁃like receptor 2 in synucleinopathies [J].Exp Neurobiol,2019,28(5):547-553

    • [11] CHEDID J,LABRADOR⁃GARRIDO A,ZHONG S,et al.A small molecule toll⁃like receptor antagonist rescues α⁃ synuclein fibril pathology[J].J Biol Chem,2022,298(8):102260

    • [12] RONG Z,SHEN F,WANG Y,et al.Phosphorylated α⁃ synuclein and phosphorylated tau ⁃protein in sural nerves may contribute to differentiate Parkinson’s disease from multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear pa⁃ ralysis[J].Neurosci Lett,2021,756:135964

    • [13] CHENG Y,TONG Q,YUAN Y,et al.α⁃Synuclein induc⁃ es prodromal symptoms of Parkinson’s disease via activat⁃ ing TLR2/MyD88/NF⁃κB pathway in Schwann cells of va⁃ gus nerve in a rat model[J].J Neuroinflammation,2023,20(1):36

    • [14] 汪烨,姜雯雯,吴晶,等.1⁃甲基⁃4⁃苯基⁃1,2,3,6⁃ 四氢吡啶制备的帕金森病模型小鼠对帕金森病自主神经功能障碍的适用性研究[J].临床神经病学杂志,2022,35(1):49-55

    • [15] 高健成,陆晨飞,张梓枫,等.胶质瘤干细胞来源的外泌体促进胶质瘤恶性进展[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(12):1658-1663

    • [16] 李蓉,刘露,朱夕陈,等.洛伐他汀调节NMDA受体功能减缓NMDA兴奋性毒性损害[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2023,43(4):468-474

    • [17] QI S,YIN P,WANG L,et al.Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease:a community⁃based study in China[J].Mov Dis⁃ ord,2021,36(12):2940-2944

    • [18] BERG A,BECH S,AASLY J,et al.Autonomic dysfunc⁃ tion in Parkinson’s disease:results from the faroese Par⁃ kinson’s disease cohort[J].Neurosci Lett,2022,785:136789

    • [19] TAVEGGIA C,FELTRI M L.Beyond wrapping:canonical and noncanonical functions of schwann cells[J].Annu Rev Neurosci,2022,45:561-580

    • [20] DONADIO V,INCENSI A,RIZZO G,et al.Phosphorylat⁃ ed α⁃ synuclein in skin Schwann cells:a new biomarker for multiple system atrophy[J].Brain,2023,146(3):1065-1074

    • [21] TU H Y,YUAN B S,HOU X O,et al.α⁃ synuclein sup⁃ presses microglial autophagy and promotes neurodegener⁃ ation in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease[J].Aging Cell,2021,20(12):e13522

    • [22] HAN X,LIU Y,DAI Y,et al.Neuronal SH2B1 attenuates apoptosis in an MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s dis⁃ ease via promoting PLIN4 degradation[J].Redox Biol,2022,52:102308

    • [23] WANG X W,YUAN L J,YANG Y,et al.IGF ⁃1 inhibits MPTP/MPP(+)⁃induced autophagy on dopaminergic neu⁃ rons through the IGF ⁃1R/PI3K ⁃Akt ⁃mTOR pathway and GPER[J].Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab,2020,319(4):734-743

    • [24] CHALLIS C,HORI A,SAMPSON T R,et al.Gut⁃seeded α⁃synuclein fibrils promote gut dysfunction and brain pa⁃ thology specifically in aged mice[J].Nat Neurosci,2020,23(3):327-336

    • [25] NEMUTLU S D,AKÇAY G,YILDIRIM S,et al.Vortiox⁃ etine ameliorates motor and cognitive impairments in the rotenone⁃induced Parkinson’s disease via targeting TLR⁃ 2 mediated neuroinflammation[J].Neuropharmacology,2022,208:108977

    • [26] SEIMON T A,NADOLSKI M J,LIAO X,et al.Atherogen⁃ ic lipids and lipoproteins trigger CD36⁃TLR2⁃dependent apoptosis in macrophages undergoing endoplasmic reticu⁃ lum stress[J].Cell Metab,2010,12(5):467-482

    • [27] ADHIKARLA S V,JHA N K,GOSWAMI V K,et al.TLR⁃ mediated signal transduction and neurodegenerative disor⁃ ders[J].Brain Sci,2021,11(11):1373

    • [28] CHUNG L Y,LIN Y T,LIU C,et al.Neuroinflammation upregulated neuronal toll ⁃like receptors 2 and 4 to drive synucleinopathy in neurodegeneration[J].Front Pharma⁃ col,2022,13:845930

    • [29] WASKO N J,KULAK M H,PAUL D,et al.Systemic TLR2 tolerance enhances central nervous system remye⁃ lination[J].J Neuroinflammation,2019,16(1):158