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通讯作者:

袁栎,E-mail:yuanli@njmu.edu.cn;

孙玉洁,E-mail:yujiesun@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:Q344

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)12-1630-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231202

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参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
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参考文献 21
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探索氯氮平(clozapine,CLP)对斑马鱼心脏发育的损伤效应及相关机制。方法:以 12.5 μmol/L 氯氮平(L- CLP)及25.0 μmol/L氯氮平(H-CLP)处理斑马鱼胚胎72 h,显微镜下检测心脏形态、心率、静脉窦-动脉球(sinus venosus-bulbus arteriosus,SV-BA)距离等指标;实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测心脏发育相关基因NKX2.5、Hand2及Cmlc2表达;此外,H-CLP 组处理24 h后,利用内质网抑制剂4-苯基丁酸(4-phenylbutyric acid,4-PBA)或多巴胺D2受体抑制剂溴隐亭(bro- mocriptine,BRC)联合处理48 h后,统计心脏功能指标,检测内质网应激分子(Chop、Bip)及凋亡相关分子(Caspase3、Bax/Bcl2) 的表达。结果:CLP剂量依赖性导致斑马鱼心脏结构及功能损伤,Chop、Bip和Caspase3、Bax/Bcl2的表达增加;4-PBA及BRC显著缓解CLP诱导的心脏损伤及Chop、Bip、Caspase3、Bax/Bcl2的高表达。结论:CLP导致斑马鱼心脏发育受损,可能与抑制多巴胺D2受体、激发内质网应激有关。

    Abstract

    Objective:To explore the potential damage effects and related mechanisms of clozapine(CLP)on the heart development of zebrafish. Method:12.5 μmol/L CLP(L -CLP)and 25.0 μmol/L CLP(H -CLP)were used to culture zebrafish embryos for 72 hours, respectively. The heart morphology,heart rate,and the distance between venous sinus and arterial bulb(SV -BA)were observed under microscope;The expression of cardiac development-related genes NKX2.5,Hand2 and Cmlc2 were detected by fluorescence quantitative PCR;In addition,after 24 hours of culture,the endoplasmic reticulum inhibitor 4-phenylbutyric acid(4-PBA)or dopamine D2 receptor inhibitor bromocriptine(BRC)were added to the H - CLP group for 48 hours. Then,we counted the cardiac function indicators,and detected the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress genes(Chop、Bip)and apoptosis - related genes(Caspase3,Bax/Bcl2). Results: CLP induced damages of cardiac structure and function in a dose-dependent manner,induced the expression of Chop and Bip,and further increased the expression of Caspase3 and Bax/Bcl2. 4-PBA and BRC significantly alleviated CLP-induced cardiac injury and decreased the expression levels of Chop、Bip、Caspase -3 and Bax/Bcl2. Conclusion:CLP can damage the heart development of zebrafish,and the mechanism may be related to inhibiting dopamine D2 receptor and stimulating endoplasmic reticulum stress.

  • 先天性心脏病(congenital heart disease,CHD)是新生儿最常见的先天性异常疾病,并导致超过40% 的产前死亡[1]。我国每年新发 CHD 的总经济负担超过126亿元,给患者家庭和社会带来巨大的医疗负担和精神负担[2]。目前研究表明 CHD 是胚胎期遗传与环境因素共同作用所导致。研究发现,孕期暴露于不良环境中,如环境污染、酒精、烟草和药物暴露(如抗高血压药、抗惊厥药、抗抑郁药等)都会极大增加胎儿CHD发生[13-5]

  • 氯氮平(clozapine,CLP)是一种非典型抗精神病药,可抑制多巴胺D2受体并拮抗5⁃羟色胺2C受体 (5⁃hydroxytryptamine receptor 2C,HTR2C)[6-7],其对难治性精神分裂症和双相情感障碍具有良好的治疗效果,但也存在着严重的不良反应,会引起心动过速、高血压或低血压、晕厥、心肌炎、心包炎和中性粒细胞减少等症状[8]。调查发现,育龄和孕期妇女越来越多地使用抗精神病药物[9]。临床数据显示,氯氮平可穿过胎盘屏障[10],影响胎儿发育[11]。动物实验发现,胚胎期斑马鱼暴露于氯氮平,导致其心包水肿、心室和心房狭窄、心肌细胞减少、心动过缓等异常表型[12]。以上的研究表明,胚胎期氯氮平暴露会影响心脏发育,但是其影响心脏发育的作用机制尚不明确。

  • 内质网是进行蛋白质合成、折叠、易位等过程的细胞器,生理或病理下内质网功能扰乱时,导致错误折叠和展开的蛋白质的积累,这种情况被称为内质网应激(endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS)[13]。 ERS与多种心脏功能损伤相关,包括能量代谢、心脏生成、缺血/再灌注、心肌病和心力衰竭等[14]。氯氮平对心脏发育的毒性是否与内质网应激相关,目前还未有研究报道。本研究以斑马鱼胚胎为模型,探讨胚胎期氯氮平暴露对心脏发育的影响及其作用机制。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 氯氮平(上海源叶生物公司);溴隐亭(bro⁃ mocriptine,BRC,上海麦克林公司);4⁃苯基丁酸(4⁃ phenylbutyric acid,4⁃PBA,上海阿拉丁公司);HiS⁃ cript Ⅱ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit(+gDNA wip⁃ er)、ChamQ SYBR qPCR Master Mix(Without ROX) (南京诺唯赞公司);TRIzol(Life technologies 公司,美国);荧光倒置显微镜(OLYMPUS公司,日本);荧光定量PCR仪(Roche公司,瑞士)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 斑马鱼喂养

  • 野生型AB品系斑马鱼及心脏特异表达绿色荧光转基因Tg(Cmlc2:EGFP)均由中国科学院水生生物研究所提供,斑马鱼于28.5℃循环水系统中喂养,光照周期为照射14 h,黑暗10 h。收集胚胎时将文中斑马鱼按照雌雄比3∶2放入交配缸中,于次日早上抽去隔板利用光照刺激交配反射,抽去隔板1~2 h后收集受精卵,并用胚胎培养液(5 mmol/L NaCl、 0.17 mmol/L KCl、0.14 mmol/L CaCl2、0.16 mmol/L MgSO4)于28.5℃恒温光照培养箱中继续孵育。

  • 1.2.2 药物处理及分组

  • 将受精正常的受精后 0 h(0 hours past fertiliza⁃ tion,0 hpf)斑马鱼胚胎随机地吸到 6 孔培养板中,每孔 30 个,用不同浓度的处理液进行处理,其中 12.5 μmol/L 氯氮平作为低剂量处理组(L⁃CLP), 25.0 μmol/L 氯氮平作为高剂量处理组(H ⁃CLP), DMSO作为溶剂对照。加入4⁃苯基丁酸或溴隐亭处理时,首先利用25 μmol/L氯氮平处理斑马鱼胚胎24 h,然后加入 10 mmol/L 4⁃ 苯基丁酸(CLP+4⁃PBA) 或溴隐亭(CLP+BRC)共同处理至72 hpf,检测相应的心脏发育相关指标,每个实验均重复3次。

  • 1.2.3 斑马鱼心脏结构与功能检测

  • 斑马鱼胚胎于72 hpf时,置于倒置显微镜下观察其心包水肿情况,记录并统计斑马鱼心率,拍摄斑马鱼侧体位图像,并测量静脉窦⁃动脉球(sinus venosus⁃ bulbus arteriosus,SV⁃BA)间距,用于表征其心脏线性化程度[15],于72 hpf在倒置荧光显微镜下观察转基因斑马鱼Tg(Cmlc2:EGFP)的心脏结构。

  • 1.2.4 RNA 提取和实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应 (RT⁃qPCR)

  • 各组于72 hpf收集15只斑马鱼胚胎,使用TRIzol 法抽提总 RNA,按照诺唯赞 HiScript Ⅱ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit试剂盒说明书进行操作,取1 μg RNA合成cDNA,使用SYBR⁃Green对每个选定基因进行RT⁃qPCR反应,引物序列见表1。以GAPDH作为内参,实验数据以2-△△Ct方法进行分析。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 斑马鱼SV⁃BA距离用软件Image J 软件进行统计。全部数据采用SPSS 19.0统计学软件进行分析,结果用平均值±标准差(x-±s)表示,采用单因素方差分析比较各组间的统计学差异,采用SNK法进行组间比较,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 氯氮平导致斑马鱼胚胎心脏发育缺陷

  • 为探究氯氮平对胚胎心脏发育的影响,使用含有氯氮平的培养液处理斑马鱼胚胎。根据既往研究,选择低剂量(12.5 μmol/L)及高剂量(25.0 μmol/L)的氯氮平处理胚胎。低浓度氯氮平处理的斑马鱼胚胎脊柱出现轻微弯曲(5.6%),高剂量氯氮平导致脊柱严重弯曲(12.4%),且出现腹腔水肿(图1A)。与对照组相比随氯氮平剂量增加,斑马鱼心脏SV⁃BA 间距逐渐变长,心率逐渐降低(图1B、C)。

  • 表1 RT⁃PCR 引物序列

  • Table1 RT⁃PCR primer sequences

  • 斑马鱼为一心房一心室结构,心脏发育经环化而呈现为S型[15]。侧位观察时,心房心室有明显重叠区域,而低剂量氯氮平处理组心房及心室重叠面积减小,高剂量组心房心室几乎不重叠(图1D)。检测心脏发育相关基因发现,与对照组相比,低剂量 CLP处理显著降低心脏发育相关基因NKX2.5的表达,而高剂量CLP处理后Cmlc2、Hand2和NKX2.5都出现显著降低(图1E)。

  • 以上提示,氯氮平导致斑马鱼心脏形态发育异常、心功能受损、心脏发育相关基因表达异常,并呈现剂量依赖性。

  • 图1 氯氮平导致斑马鱼胚胎心脏发育缺陷

  • Figure1 Clozapine impairs cardiac development

  • 2.2 氯氮平通过内质网应激导致心脏发育异常

  • 为探究氯氮平是否通过内质网应激而影响心脏发育,使用内质网应激抑制剂4⁃苯基丁酸与高剂量氯氮平共同处理斑马鱼胚胎。相比于对照组,高剂量氯氮平处理显著升高斑马鱼内质网应激标志基因Chop与Bip表达,而4⁃苯基丁酸共处理显著逆转了Chop和Bip的高表达(图2A)。同时,相较高剂量氯氮平导致的心脏损伤,4⁃苯基丁酸使得氯氮平导致的心包水肿减轻;SV⁃BA间距显著缩短;心率明显恢复(图2B~D)。高剂量氯氮平处理后,凋亡相关基因Caspase3和Bax/Bcl2表达水平显著上升,而 4⁃苯基丁酸处理后,Caspase3 和 Bax/Bcl2 表达水平恢复正常(图2E)。综上,氯氮平可通过激发内质网应激,促进细胞凋亡,导致心脏发育异常。

  • 2.3 氯氮平通过多巴胺D2受体诱导心脏发育损伤

  • 为进一步验证多巴胺D2受体在氯氮平诱导的心脏发育损伤中的作用,在高剂量氯氮平培养24 h 的斑马鱼胚胎中,加入多巴胺 D2 受体激动剂溴隐亭。结果显示,溴隐亭缓解了氯氮平导致的心包水肿,胚胎心率明显恢复,SV⁃BA距离较H+CLP 组显著缩短(图3A~C)。进一步检测发现,凋亡相关基因 Caspase3 和 Bax/Bcl2 及内质网应激相关基因 Chop、Bip,较氯氮平处理组显著下调(图3D、E)。结果表明,激活多巴胺D2受体可以抑制内质网应激,显著改善了氯氮平导致的心脏发育损伤。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究使用斑马鱼胚胎为研究模型,发现氯氮平可以诱导胚胎期斑马鱼心脏线性化及功能损伤,抑制心脏发育相关基因表达,增加内质网相关基因Chop、 Bip及凋亡相关基因、Caspase3、Bax/Bcl2的表达。内质网应激抑制剂4⁃苯基丁酸及溴隐亭显著缓解氯氮平诱导的心脏损伤,降低Chop、Bip、Caspase3及Bax/ Bcl2的表达水平。

  • 斑马鱼是药物筛选的优良模型,已成为体内毒性试验的模式生物,包括心脏毒性、致畸、神经毒性、基因毒性等[16]。斑马鱼的心脏在受精后26 h左右开始跳动,48 h观察到血液循环。因此,斑马鱼胚胎提供了一种低成本、易于处理的系统来观察心脏发育、腔室变化和血液流动的模型[17]

  • 以往研究发现,氯氮平处理斑马鱼的半数致死浓度(LC50)值为 50 μmol/L,为了保证一定的存活率进行后续实验,本文选择12.5 μmol/L及25.0 μmol/L CLP处理斑马鱼[12]。形态学检测显示,氯氮平导致斑马鱼出现心包水肿、心动过缓,与既往文献报道一致[12],本文还发现氯氮平会导致斑马鱼心房与心室部分重叠减少,心脏结构线性化,并抑制斑马鱼 NKX2.5、Hand2、Cmlc2 表达。 NKX2.5、Hand2、 Cmlc2在心脏发育及功能成熟中发挥重要作用,其中转录因子NKX2.5 在心脏形成、环化以及成熟中起作用,该基因缺失会导致心脏房间隔缺损和房室传导缺损;Hand2是转录因子Hand家族成员,其家族在发育中的心室中不对称表达,在心脏形态发生中起着至关重要的作用,且调节血管发育和生成,是先天性心脏病的介质;Cmlc2调控心肌细胞增殖、心脏收缩和肌纤维组装[18-20]

  • 图2 4⁃PBA缓解氯氮平所致心脏发育异常

  • Figure2 4⁃PBA treatment alleviates clozapine⁃induced cardiac dysplasia

  • 图3 溴隐亭缓解内质网应激

  • Figure3 BRC treatment relieves endoplasmic reticulum stress

  • 长期内质网应激可诱导细胞凋亡并与多种心血管疾病相关,如心力衰竭、心肌病和缺血性心脏病[14]。内质网应激由位于内质网膜上的3个传感器介导:IRE1α、ATF6和PERK,这些途径通过Bip的解离激活。未折叠蛋白的积累将Bip募集到内质网腔中,其与 IRE1α、ATF6 和 PERK 的解离导致其活化。在 Bip 解离后,ATF6 诱导 Bip、CREB、Chop 和 XBP1 基因的转录。PERK 同样激活 Chop 的转录, Chop 是一种转录因子,主要控制促凋亡因子的表达[21-22]。内质网应激引起的细胞死亡是通过细胞凋亡的线粒体途径发生的,由Bcl⁃2蛋白质家族高度调节。其中 Bcl2 是抗凋亡蛋白,Bax 是促凋亡蛋白, Bcl2 通过抑制 Bax 亚家族蛋白,阻止线粒体释放 Caspase激活因子,从而抑制细胞凋亡[23]。本研究发现氯氮平可诱导内质网应激相关基因Chop及Bip表达,细胞凋亡相关基因 Bax/Bcl2、Caspase3 表达;而使用4⁃苯基丁酸抑制内质网应激至72 hpf时,斑马鱼心包水肿、心率过缓、心脏线性化等均得到缓解, Chop、Bip、Bax/Bcl2 及 Caspase3 表达均降低。这些结果说明氯氮平能诱导内质网应激,进一步诱导 Caspase3 及 Bax/Bcl2 的表达,提示氯氮平能诱导细胞凋亡。

  • 研究报道,氯氮平抗精神病药物的作用基础是暂时占据人纹状体中的多巴胺D2受体[6]。本文使用溴隐亭处理斑马鱼胚胎,寻找氯氮平引起内质网应激的主要原因。溴隐亭是一种多巴胺D2受体激动剂,作为围产期心肌病治疗药物,具有高效和安全性[24]。溴隐亭处理后相较于H⁃CLP组,内质网应激标志基因显著下调,斑马鱼心包水肿、心率过缓,心脏环化均得到缓解。以上提示,氯氮平引起胚胎发育的心脏损伤,可能是其多巴胺D2受体的毒性作用所致。

  • 综上所述,氯氮平可能因其抑制多巴胺 D2 受体,导致胚胎出现内质网应激,引起了细胞凋亡,最终造成了斑马鱼心脏发育损伤。

  • 参考文献

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    • [15] 史有阳,郝炜,吴春宇,等.斑马鱼心脏损伤模型的建立及桔梗提取物对其心脏损伤的干预作用研究[J].江苏中医药,2020,52(5):82-85

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    • [19] TAN C M J,LEWANDOWSKI A J.The transitional heart:from early embryonic and fetal development to neonatal life[J].Fetal Diagn Ther,2020,47(5):373-386

    • [20] KNUTSON A K,WILLIAMS A L,BOISVERT W A,et al.HIF in the heart:development,metabolism,ischemia,and atherosclerosis[J].J Clin Invest,2021,131(17):e137557

    • [21] HU H,TIAN M,DING C,et al.The C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP)transcription factor functions in endoplas⁃ mic reticulum stress⁃induced apoptosis and microbial in⁃ fection[J].Front Immunol,2018,9:3083

    • [22] FU X,CUI J,MENG X,et al.Endoplasmic reticulum stress,cell death and tumor:Association between endo⁃ plasmic reticulum stress and the apoptosis pathway in tu⁃ mors(Review)[J].Oncol Rep,2021,45(3):801-808

    • [23] LUO X,O'NEILL K L,HUANG K.The third model of Bax/Bak activation:a Bcl ⁃2 family feud finally resolved?[J].F1000Res,2020,9:935

    • [24] TRONGTORSAK A,KITTIPIBUL V,MAHABIR S,et al.Effects of bromocriptine in peripartum cardiomyopathy:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Heart Fail Rev,2022,27(2):533-543

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BOYD R,MCMULLEN H,BEQAJ H,et al.Environmen⁃ tal exposures and congenital heart disease[J].Pediatrics,2022,149(1):e2021052151

    • [2] MA X J,HUANG G Y.Current status of screening,diag⁃ nosis,and treatment of neonatal congenital heart disease in China[J].World J Pediatr,2018,14(4):313-314

    • [3] ANDERSON K N,LIND J N,SIMEONE R M,et al.Mater⁃ nal use of specific antidepressant medications during ear⁃ ly pregnancy and the risk of selected birth defects[J].JA⁃ MA Psychiatry,2020,77(12):1246-1255

    • [4] 房宁,陈丽娟,范光磊,等.24节段二维斑点追踪技术评估妊娠期糖尿病胎儿心室收缩功能的研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(5):708-714

    • [5] 徐影,刁飞扬.母体微生物群对妊娠并发症及子代发育的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版)2022,42(7):1030-1035

    • [6] SEEMAN P.Clozapine,a fast ⁃ off ⁃ D2 antipsychotic[J].ACS Chem Neurosci,2014,5(1):24-29

    • [7] ICHIKAWA J,DAI J,MELTZER H Y.DOI,a 5⁃HT2A/2C receptor agonist,attenuates clozapine⁃induced cortical dopamine release[J].Brain Res,2001,907(1⁃2):151-155

    • [8] VICKERS M,RAMINENI V,MALACOVA E,et al.Risk factors for clozapine⁃induced myocarditis and cardiomyop⁃ athy:A systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Acta Psy⁃ chiatr Scand,2022,145(5):442-455

    • [9] HÁLFDÁNARSON Ó,COHEN J M,KARLSTAD Ø,et al.Antipsychotic use in pregnancy and risk of attention/defi⁃ cit⁃hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder:a Nordic cohort study[J].Evid Based Ment Health,2022,25(2):54-62

    • [10] MEHTA T M,VAN LIESHOUT R J.A review of the safe⁃ ty of clozapine during pregnancy and lactation[J].Arch Womens Ment Health,2017,20(1):1-9

    • [11] NGUYEN T,MORDECAI J,WATT F,et al.Obstetric and neonatal outcomes of clozapine exposure in pregnancy:a consecutive case series[J].Arch Womens Ment Health,2020,23(3):441-445

    • [12] ZHANG F,HAN L,WANG J,et al.Clozapine induced de⁃ velopmental and cardiac toxicity on zebrafish embryos by elevating oxidative stress[J].Cardiovasc Toxicol,2021,21(5):399-409

    • [13] REN J,BI Y,SOWERS J R,et al.Endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in cardiovascular dis⁃ eases[J].Nat Rev Cardiol,2021,18(7):499-521

    • [14] RUAN Y,ZENG J,JIN Q,et al.Endoplasmic reticulum stress serves an important role in cardiac ischemia/reper⁃ fusion injury(Review)[J].Exp Ther Med,2020,20(6):268-279

    • [15] 史有阳,郝炜,吴春宇,等.斑马鱼心脏损伤模型的建立及桔梗提取物对其心脏损伤的干预作用研究[J].江苏中医药,2020,52(5):82-85

    • [16] BHAGAT J,ZANG L,NISHIMURA N,et al.Zebrafish:an emerging model to study microplastic and nanoplastic toxicity[J].Sci Total Environ,2020,728:138707

    • [17] BOWLEY G,KUGLER E,WILKINSON R,et al.Zebraf⁃ ish as a tractable model of human cardiovascular disease [J].Br J Pharmacol,2022,179(5):900-917

    • [18] DRAKHLIS L,BISWANATH S,FARR C M,et al.Hu⁃ man heart ⁃forming organoids recapitulate early heart and foregut development[J].Nat Biotechnol,2021,39(6):737-746

    • [19] TAN C M J,LEWANDOWSKI A J.The transitional heart:from early embryonic and fetal development to neonatal life[J].Fetal Diagn Ther,2020,47(5):373-386

    • [20] KNUTSON A K,WILLIAMS A L,BOISVERT W A,et al.HIF in the heart:development,metabolism,ischemia,and atherosclerosis[J].J Clin Invest,2021,131(17):e137557

    • [21] HU H,TIAN M,DING C,et al.The C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP)transcription factor functions in endoplas⁃ mic reticulum stress⁃induced apoptosis and microbial in⁃ fection[J].Front Immunol,2018,9:3083

    • [22] FU X,CUI J,MENG X,et al.Endoplasmic reticulum stress,cell death and tumor:Association between endo⁃ plasmic reticulum stress and the apoptosis pathway in tu⁃ mors(Review)[J].Oncol Rep,2021,45(3):801-808

    • [23] LUO X,O'NEILL K L,HUANG K.The third model of Bax/Bak activation:a Bcl ⁃2 family feud finally resolved?[J].F1000Res,2020,9:935

    • [24] TRONGTORSAK A,KITTIPIBUL V,MAHABIR S,et al.Effects of bromocriptine in peripartum cardiomyopathy:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Heart Fail Rev,2022,27(2):533-543