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通讯作者:

吕金如,E-mail:hathe_YY_617@163.com

中图分类号:R459.7

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)12-1656-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231206

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 7
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参考文献 8
PANCHAL A R,BERG K M,HIRSCH K G,et al.2019 American Heart Association Focused Update on ad⁃ vanced cardiovascular life support:use of advanced air⁃ ways,vasopressors,and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation during cardiac arrest:an update to the Amer⁃ ican Heart Association Guidelines for cardiopulmonary re⁃ suscitation and emergency cardiovascular care[J].Circu⁃ lation,2019,140(24):e881-e894
参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
YANNOPOULOS D,BARTOS J A,AUFDERHEIDE T P,et al.American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovas⁃ cular Care Committee.The evolving role of the cardiac catheterization laboratory in the management of patients with out ⁃of ⁃hospital cardiac arrest:a scientific statement from the American Heart Association[J].Circulation,2019,139(12):e530-e552
参考文献 12
OKADA N,MATSUYAMA T,MORITA S,et al.Osborn wave is related to ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia in hypothermic patients[J].Circ J,2020,84(3):445-455
参考文献 13
吴昊,张华忠,张劲松,等.应用控制性低温治疗心肺复苏术后患者[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(12):1732-1734
参考文献 14
朱轶,陈旭锋,吕金如,等.高敏肌钙蛋白T对急性心肌炎需ECMO支持的预测价值[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(3):352-356
参考文献 15
WEBER C,DEPPE A C,SABASHNIKOV A,et al.Left ventricular thrombus formation in patients undergoing femoral veno ⁃ arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygen⁃ ation[J].Perfusion,2018,33(4):283-288
参考文献 16
CONNOLLY A,TREW M L,SMAILL B H,et al.Local gradients in electrotonic loading modulate the local effec⁃ tive refractory period:implications for arrhythmogenesis in the infarct border zone[J].IEEE Trans Biomed Eng,2015,62(9):2251-2259
参考文献 17
MÜLLER J,BEHNES M,SCHUPP T,et al.Electrical storm reveals worse prognosis compared to myocardial in⁃ farction complicated by ventricular tachyarrhythmias in ICD recipients[J].Heart Vessels,2021,36(11):1701-1711
参考文献 18
ZHANG T,GUAN Y Z,LIU H.Association of acidemia with short⁃term mortality of acute myocardial infarction:a retrospective study base on MIMIC ⁃Ⅲ database[J].Clin Appl Thromb Hemost,2020,26:1076029620950837
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:回顾分析体外心肺复苏(extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation,ECPR)患者在体外膜肺氧合(extracorpo- real membrane oxygenation,ECMO)早期(72 h内)的室颤/室速(ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia,VF/VT)发生率、危险因素及对预后的影响。方法:纳入2017年1月—2023年3月南京医科大学第一附属医院急诊中心的ECPR患者,根据ECMO运行72 h内是否发作VF/VT分为VF/VT组和nVF/VT组,回归分析ECMO支持下VF/VT发作的危险因素,并探究VF/VT对临床预后的影响。结果:95例患者,年龄(50.02±15.93)岁,其中男66.32%,28 d存活率51.58%,VF/VT的发生率为33.33%。组间比较显示,nVF/VT 组持续性肾替代治疗使用率、ECMO启动时间、乳酸均高于VF/VT组,VF/VT肌钙蛋白T(troponin T,TnT)呈高水平趋势;VF/VT组的pH值显著低于nVF/VT组。逐步法多因素Logistic回归显示,发生VF/VT后,TNT维持高水平的风险显著增大(OR=18.156,95%CI:3.620~91.059);ECMO启动时间延长(OR=1.118,95%CI:1.060~1.180)和pH值下降(OR=0.005,95%CI: 0.000~0.953)是VF/VT发生的独立危险因素。结论:在ECPR患者中,严重酸中毒或ECMO启动时间延长的患者在ECMO支持 72 h内发生VF/VT的风险明显增加,VF/VT发作并不影响主要临床预后,但可能会加重心肌损伤。

    Abstract

    Objective:To retrospectively analyzethe incidence,risk factors,and prognosis of ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia(VF/VT)within 72 hours of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation(ECPR)in patients supported by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation(ECMO). Methods:ECPR patients admitted to the Emergency Center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2017 to March 2023 were included. Patientswere divided into VF/VT group and nVF/VT group according to the occurrence of VF/VT within 72 hours of ECMO support. risk factors for VF/VT during ECMO support were analyzed through regression analysis,and the impact of VF/VT on clinical prognosis was explored. Results:A total of 95 patients with a mean age of(50.02±15.93)years were enrolled,with males accounting for 66.32%. The 28-day survival rate was 51.58%,and the incidence of VF/VT was 33.33%. Comparison among groups showed that the nVF/VT group had a higher rates of continuous renal replacement therapy,longer ECMO initiation time,and higher lactic acidlevels compared tothe VF/VT group.Troponin T(TnT)levels showed a trend of being higher in the VF/VT group,while the pH value was significantly lower in the VF/VT group compared to the nVF/VT group. Stepwise multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of maintaining high TNT levels significantly increased after VF/ VToccurrence,with an odds ratio(OR)of 18.156(95%CI:3.620-91.059). Prolonged ECMO initiation time(OR=1.118,95%CI:1.060- 1.180)and decreased pH value(OR=0.005,95%CI:0.000-0.953)were identified as independent risk factors for VF/VT occurrence. Conclusion:In patients with ECPR,the risk of VF/VT occurring within 72 hours of ECMO support issignificantly increased in patients with severe acidosis or prolonged ECMO initiation time. The onset of VF/VT does not affect the clinical prognosis but may exacerbate myocardial injury.

  • 心室颤动/室性心动过速(ventricular fibrillation/ ventricular tachycardia,VF/VT)是心跳骤停(cardiac arrest,CA)的常见心电图表现之一,通常出现可除颤心律代表着该患者良好预后[1-2]。体外心肺复苏 (extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation,ECPR) 是指将体外膜肺氧合技术(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)与传统心肺复苏(cardiopulmo⁃ nary resuscitation,CPR)相结合的新技术,因为 ECMO能提供稳定的氧合血液,以临时替代心肺功能,为逆转CA病因、改善心功能及纠正VF/VT提供时间和机会[3]。也有文献认为,急性心肌梗死 (acute myocardial infarction,AMI)伴发 VF/VT 可能代表着不良预后[4]。当前认为 VF/VT 首要的治疗原则是稳定患者的血流动力学状况[5],常规治疗可考虑除颤和/或药物治疗,如常规治疗无效,则ECMO也能作为挽救性治疗[6⁃7]。有趣的是,在临床实践中发现,ECPR 患者在 ECMO 治疗早期(通常是 72 h 之内),即使ECMO能提供稳定血/氧流量,仍有可能持续或间断发作VF/VT。而ECMO治疗过程中VF/VT 的发生率、临床意义及治疗原则等,目前研究较少,因此,本研究通过回顾性分析南京医科大学第一附属医院体外生命支持中心的ECPR患者,探讨早期 VF/VT发生率、危险因素及其对临床结局的影响。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究回顾性分析2017年1月—2023年3月南京医科大学第一附属医院体外生命支持中心考虑心源性猝死行ECPR治疗的127例患者的临床资料,且ECMO治疗时间≥72 h。ECPR启动标准:①有目击者的院外心跳骤停,10 min内开始有效的胸外按压或院内心跳骤停;②年龄≤65岁;③考虑由可逆原因导致的;④启动前的 CPR 时间≤60 min。排除标准:①治疗时间<72 h;②原发病考虑非心源性因素;③病历数据不完整;④家属要求终止治疗;⑤ 妊娠[8-9]。本研究经南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准(伦理号:2023⁃SR⁃467)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 收集的病例资料包括:①一般资料;ECMO启动时间是指被发现心跳骤停到 ECMO 成功转机的时间,ECMO运行的前72 h内是否发生VF/VT,记录主治医生或值班医生选择电除颤或者药物治疗;②检验检查结果包括:ECMO运转成功后立即记录心率 (HR)、平均动脉压(MAP),1 h内查动脉血气分析以及抽取静脉血检测血常规、生化、肌钙蛋白T(tropo⁃ nin T,TnT)、脑钠肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)、血糖等,24 h内按需检测血TnT、BNP,24~72 h内每 24 h 检测 TnT、BNP,72 h 以后根据患者情况每 24~48 h检测TnT、BNP,记录24 h内TnT、BNP的最大值为初始值、72 h 变化趋势及病程中的最高值;③临床预后:28 h存活率,住院天数,重症监护室(inten⁃ sive care unit,ICU)住院天数,持续肾替代治疗 (continuous renal replacement treatment,CRRT)和机械通气(mechanical ventilation,MV)使用率及持续时间,主动脉内球囊反搏(intra⁃aortic ballon pump, IABP)使用率,出血、栓塞并发症以及 ECMO 运转过程中悬浮红细胞(suspension red blood cells, PRBC)、新鲜冰冻血浆(fresh frozen plasma,FFP)、血小板(platelet,PLT)等血制品的消耗量(输注总量及平均值)。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用R4.0.5软件对数据进行统计分析,正态分布的连续性定量资料采用均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,独立样本 t 检验比较组间差异;非正态分布定量资料采用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,采用 Mann⁃Whitney U检验比较组间差异;采用频数和构成比描述定性资料分布情况,采用卡方检验比较组间差异或Fisher确切概率法比较组间差异。采用单因素Logistic回归分析进行变量筛选,以单因素回归分析中P <0.05的因素为自变量,采用逐步法行多因素 Logistic 回归分析,探索 ECMO 运行早期诱发 VF/VT 的危险因素。所有检验均为双侧检验,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 比较nVF/VT组和VF/VT组的一般基线资料

  • 总共127例符合入组标准的患者临床资料被采集,其中32例患者分别因ECMO支持时间<72 h(21例),原发病考虑非心源性因素(3例),病历数据不完整(5例),家属要求退出治疗(2例),妊娠(1例)而排除,最终 95 例患者被纳入统计分析。年龄 (50.02±15.93)岁,男63例(66.32%),独立样本t检验显示VF/VT(33例)组和nVF/VT(62例)组在年龄、身高、体重、体重指数、APACHE Ⅱ评分等方面无明显差异(P >0.05),VF/VT 组启动时间显著长于 nVF/ VT 组(P<0.001)。卡方检验表明两组在性别、合并症(既往明确的冠心病史、高血压、糖尿病、脑卒中)、烟酒史、原发病、MV 和 IABP 使用率等方面差异无统计学意义;nVF/VT 组的 CRRT 使用率高于 VF/VT组(74.19% vs.51.52% P=0.016,表1)。

  • 表1 两组间一般资料对比

  • Table1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between the VF/VT and nVF/VT groups

  • 2.2 比较nVF/VT组和VF/VT组的生命体征及检验指标

  • 两组间初始生命体征及血液检测指标结果如下:独立样本 t 检验显示,两组的初始血红蛋白、红细胞比容、K+、Ca2+、白蛋白差异无统计学意义(P >0.05),VF/VT组上机后1 h内动脉血气的pH值显著低于nVF/VT组(P=0.015)。经Mann⁃Whitney U检验结果显示,两组初始HR、MAP、PLT、肌酐、Pho3+、Mg2+ 、天门冬氨酸转氨酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、血糖、TnT峰值、 BNP峰值差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05),VF/VT组乳酸(lactic acid,Lac)显著高于nVF/VT组(P=0.01)。卡方检验结果显示,两组TnT趋势差异有统计学意义 (P <0.001),即 nVF/VT 组患者的 TnT 在 72 h之内呈现下降趋势可能性明显大于 VF/VT 组。两组间 BNP趋势差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表2)。

  • 2.3 比较nVF/VT组和VF/VT组的预后

  • 经Mann⁃Whitney U检验结果显示,两组血制品治疗量(PRBC、PLT、FFP)及平均每日治疗量 (aPRBC、aPLT、aFFP),ECMO、CRRT、MV 治疗时间和ICU住院天数组间差异无统计学意义(P >0.05),即 VF/VT 并未增加 ECMO 支持过程中的血制品消耗,说明 VF/VT 不增加 ECMO 相关血细胞破坏,同时,VF/VT 也并不增加 ECMO、CRRT、MV 的支持时间以及ICU住院时间。经卡方检验,两组间28 d存活率、出血、栓塞等并发症构成差异无统计学意义 (P >0.05,表3)。

  • 2.4 ECMO支持72 h内发生VF/VT的危险因素分析

  • 分别以患者一般资料、生命体征和检验资料为自变量,以是否发生 VF/VT 为因变量,进行单因素 Logistic回归分析,再以单因素分析中P <0.05的因素为自变量,采用逐步法进行多因素Logistic回归分析,探索发生VF/VT的独立影响因素,结果显示,启动时间、pH和TNT趋势与VF/VT的发生有关,也就是说与nVF/VT组相比,发生VF/VT后,TNT维持高水平风险显著增大(OR=18.156,95% CI:3.620~91.059);启动时间越长(OR=1.118,95%CI:1.060~1.180),pH值越低OR=0.005,95%CI:0.000~0.953),发生VF/VT风险越高(表4)。

  • 表2 两组间生命体征、检验结果对比

  • Table2 Comparison of vital signs and laboratory test between the VF/VT and nVF/VT groups

  • 表3 两组间预后的对比

  • Table3 Comparison of prognosis between the VF/VT and nVF/VT groups

  • *:Fisher确切概率法。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究结果显示,ECPR 患者 72 h 内 VF/VT 发生率高达34.74%。可能和以下原因有关:①文献认为 VF/VT 的发生和冠状动脉灌注密切相关[10-11], ECPR 患者无论何种原发病,冠脉均可能存在长时间的低灌注,甚至是无灌注状态。组间比较发现,相比nVF/VT组,VF/VT组的pH较低而Lac较高;多因素回归分析说明,ECMO启动时间和pH是VF/VT 发作的独立危险因素;②本研究所有 ECPR患者均行亚低温治疗,体温设定在33~35℃。低体温会可能会诱发低血钾,降低心血管的稳定性,延长QT间期,而诱发各种心律失常[12-13]

  • 本研究发现无论电除颤或者药物如胺碘酮、利多卡因等均能终止ECMO支持早期VF/VT的发作,本研究有11例患者经历除颤,其中7例行2次以上除颤,部分患者(6例)在除颤后继续给予药物维持,由于除颤例数太少,无法做出亚组分析。根据 2020AHA心肺复苏指南:终止VF/VT发作应首选电除颤,或者可考虑静脉注射抗心律失常药物,如胺碘酮、β受体阻滞剂[16]。但该指南并未指出针对 ECMO 支持下发作VF/VT 的特殊终止策略,本研究认为VF/VT 的有效控制需要综合管理,ECMO 能有效替代心肺功能,对ECMO支持下发作的VF/VT,除颤是否必须,尚值得探讨。VA⁃ECMO支持下,除颤可能加重心肌损伤,既往研究表明,TnT能预测心肌炎是否需要ECMO 支持治疗,可见TnT 能较好地反映心肌损伤的严重程度[14]。本研究除颤患者中,有3 例除颤后TnT明显升高,其余6例TnT均维持在较高水平;另一方面,不除颤可能造成心脏无效收缩,而加重左心血流淤滞、肺水肿等[115]。本研究发现除颤或者抗心律失常药物,均能有效终止ECMO支持过程中发生的 VF/VT,且 VF/VT 发作并没有恶化 ECPR 患者的预后,因此,推测 ECPR 患者 ECMO 支持早期发作VF/VT患者,除颤可能并不是必须的。

  • 文献报道 VF/VT 的总体存活率为 8%~15%[6],本研究因为排除治疗时间短于 72 h 的患者,因此 ECPR 患者的总体存活率比文献报道高,达 51.58%。提示ECMO对难治性循环衰竭以及VF/VT 的挽救性支持治疗可能是有效的,主要因为ECMO提供的有效循环替代能为寻找并解决心脏可逆性原因提供时间和机会。研究表明AMI是CA最常见的原因,也是VF/VT最常见的可逆性原因[116],6%~10%的AMI患者可能发生VF/VT[17]。本研究AMI患者发生 VF/VT 的概率最高,约占原发病因的 60.61%,但各原发病之间差异并无统计学意义。本中心ECMO成功运转后,常规通过冠状动脉造影、肺动脉 CTA、心电图、宏基因组学等辅助检查明确病因,并积极针对可逆性病因行确定性治疗。最终本研究所有患者在ECMO 撤机后,均无致命性VF/VT 发作。因此,纠正可逆性原因,对逆转 VF/VT 是最关键的。ECMO支持、病因治疗等综合治疗方案可能都为VF/VT的逆转提供帮助。

  • 表4 影响VF/VT发生的单因素及多因素回归分析

  • Table4 Univariate and multivariable regression analysis of factors influencing the ccurrence of VF/VT

  • 本研究发现,ECMO 运行初始阶段,相比 nVF/ VT 组,VF/VT 组的 pH 更低,Lac 更高,pH 值降低是 VF/VT 发作的独立危险因素。文献表明酸中毒是 AMI再灌注后诱发VF/VT的重要因素[18];乳酸是无氧代谢的主要产物,能作为器官灌注的标志,长期器官低灌注,甚至无灌注状态,能导致乳酸明显升高,并加重酸中毒。有研究发现,ECPR可能导致更长时间的复苏,而产生进行性代谢紊乱,相比传统 CPR,早期乳酸升高、酸中毒更严重,但 ECPR 最终仍能改善患者预后,可能与 VA⁃ECMO 能提供长时间稳定的氧合有关,有利于纠正器官缺氧[6]。本研究显示,ECMO启动时间越长,VF/VT发作的可能性越大,有效的循环支持、更快地逆转缺氧状态是纠正高乳酸血症及酸中毒的关键,也可能是提升VF/ VT患者生存率的重要因素,因此对CA患者选择合适的时机尽快运行ECMO可能是改善预后的关键举措。同时早期液体复苏以保证器官灌注、纠正水电解质、平衡酸碱等综合治疗也非常重要。如ECMO转机后仍持续存在无法逆转的高乳酸血症和酸中毒,也应考虑及早进行CRRT。

  • 随着 ECMO 技术的发展及其在急诊的推广, ECPR会越来越深刻地改变现有的心源性猝死的生存链环节,同时,越来越多的ECPR相关问题会得到足够的重视,并不断解决这些问题。本研究因VF/ VT例数有限,并未对除颤和非除颤患者进行亚组分析,多次除颤或除颤合并药物控制等因素是否影响预后也需要增加样本以进一步实验证明。同时,本研究仅是单中心回顾性研究,后期可能进行多中心合作,行随机对照试验研究,进一步验证。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] PANCHAL A R,BARTOS J A,CABAÑAS J G,et al.Adult basic and advanced life support writing group.part 3:adult basic and advanced life support:2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resus⁃ citation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care[J].Circula⁃ tion,2020,142(16suppl2):S366-S468

    • [2] YANNOPOULOS D,BARTOS J,RAVEENDRAN G,et al.Advanced reperfusion strategies for patients with out⁃of ⁃hospital cardiac arrest and refractory ventricular fibrilla⁃ tion(ARREST):a phase 2,single centre,open⁃label,ran⁃ domised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2020,396(10265):1807-1816

    • [3] KO K,KIM Y H,LEE J H,et al.The effects of extracorpo⁃ real cardiopulmonary resuscitation according to covariate adjustment[J].ASAIO J,2023,69(2):191-197

    • [4] TAKADA T,SHISHIDO K,HAYASHI T,et al.Impact of late ventricular arrhythmias on cardiac mortality in pa⁃ tients with acute myocardial infarction[J].J Interv Cardi⁃ ol,2019,2019:5345178

    • [5] ELSOKKARI I,SAPP J L.Electrical storm:prognosis and management[J].Prog Cardiovasc Dis,2021,66:70-79

    • [6] BARTOS J A,GRUNAU B,CARLSON C,et al.Improved survival with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscita⁃ tion despite progressive metabolic derangement associat⁃ ed with prolonged resuscitation[J].Circulation,2020,141(11):877-886

    • [7] SIELATYCKI P,CHLABICZ M,SAWICKI R,et al.A 39⁃ year ⁃ old woman with ventricular electrical storm treated with emergency cardiac defibrillation followed by multi⁃ disciplinary management[J].Am J Case Rep,2022,23:e935710

    • [8] PANCHAL A R,BERG K M,HIRSCH K G,et al.2019 American Heart Association Focused Update on ad⁃ vanced cardiovascular life support:use of advanced air⁃ ways,vasopressors,and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation during cardiac arrest:an update to the Amer⁃ ican Heart Association Guidelines for cardiopulmonary re⁃ suscitation and emergency cardiovascular care[J].Circu⁃ lation,2019,140(24):e881-e894

    • [9] RICHARDSON A S C,TONNA J E,NANJAYYA V,et al.Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults.interim guideline consensus statement from the extracor⁃ poreal life support organization[J].ASAIO J,2021,67(3):221-228

    • [10] MIRAGLIA D,MIGUEL L A,ALONSO W.The evolving role of novel treatment techniques in the management of patients with refractory VF/pVT out⁃of⁃hospital cardiac ar⁃ rest[J].Am J Emerg Med,2020,38(3):648-654

    • [11] YANNOPOULOS D,BARTOS J A,AUFDERHEIDE T P,et al.American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovas⁃ cular Care Committee.The evolving role of the cardiac catheterization laboratory in the management of patients with out ⁃of ⁃hospital cardiac arrest:a scientific statement from the American Heart Association[J].Circulation,2019,139(12):e530-e552

    • [12] OKADA N,MATSUYAMA T,MORITA S,et al.Osborn wave is related to ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia in hypothermic patients[J].Circ J,2020,84(3):445-455

    • [13] 吴昊,张华忠,张劲松,等.应用控制性低温治疗心肺复苏术后患者[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(12):1732-1734

    • [14] 朱轶,陈旭锋,吕金如,等.高敏肌钙蛋白T对急性心肌炎需ECMO支持的预测价值[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(3):352-356

    • [15] WEBER C,DEPPE A C,SABASHNIKOV A,et al.Left ventricular thrombus formation in patients undergoing femoral veno ⁃ arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygen⁃ ation[J].Perfusion,2018,33(4):283-288

    • [16] CONNOLLY A,TREW M L,SMAILL B H,et al.Local gradients in electrotonic loading modulate the local effec⁃ tive refractory period:implications for arrhythmogenesis in the infarct border zone[J].IEEE Trans Biomed Eng,2015,62(9):2251-2259

    • [17] MÜLLER J,BEHNES M,SCHUPP T,et al.Electrical storm reveals worse prognosis compared to myocardial in⁃ farction complicated by ventricular tachyarrhythmias in ICD recipients[J].Heart Vessels,2021,36(11):1701-1711

    • [18] ZHANG T,GUAN Y Z,LIU H.Association of acidemia with short⁃term mortality of acute myocardial infarction:a retrospective study base on MIMIC ⁃Ⅲ database[J].Clin Appl Thromb Hemost,2020,26:1076029620950837

  • 参考文献

    • [1] PANCHAL A R,BARTOS J A,CABAÑAS J G,et al.Adult basic and advanced life support writing group.part 3:adult basic and advanced life support:2020 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resus⁃ citation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care[J].Circula⁃ tion,2020,142(16suppl2):S366-S468

    • [2] YANNOPOULOS D,BARTOS J,RAVEENDRAN G,et al.Advanced reperfusion strategies for patients with out⁃of ⁃hospital cardiac arrest and refractory ventricular fibrilla⁃ tion(ARREST):a phase 2,single centre,open⁃label,ran⁃ domised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2020,396(10265):1807-1816

    • [3] KO K,KIM Y H,LEE J H,et al.The effects of extracorpo⁃ real cardiopulmonary resuscitation according to covariate adjustment[J].ASAIO J,2023,69(2):191-197

    • [4] TAKADA T,SHISHIDO K,HAYASHI T,et al.Impact of late ventricular arrhythmias on cardiac mortality in pa⁃ tients with acute myocardial infarction[J].J Interv Cardi⁃ ol,2019,2019:5345178

    • [5] ELSOKKARI I,SAPP J L.Electrical storm:prognosis and management[J].Prog Cardiovasc Dis,2021,66:70-79

    • [6] BARTOS J A,GRUNAU B,CARLSON C,et al.Improved survival with extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscita⁃ tion despite progressive metabolic derangement associat⁃ ed with prolonged resuscitation[J].Circulation,2020,141(11):877-886

    • [7] SIELATYCKI P,CHLABICZ M,SAWICKI R,et al.A 39⁃ year ⁃ old woman with ventricular electrical storm treated with emergency cardiac defibrillation followed by multi⁃ disciplinary management[J].Am J Case Rep,2022,23:e935710

    • [8] PANCHAL A R,BERG K M,HIRSCH K G,et al.2019 American Heart Association Focused Update on ad⁃ vanced cardiovascular life support:use of advanced air⁃ ways,vasopressors,and extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation during cardiac arrest:an update to the Amer⁃ ican Heart Association Guidelines for cardiopulmonary re⁃ suscitation and emergency cardiovascular care[J].Circu⁃ lation,2019,140(24):e881-e894

    • [9] RICHARDSON A S C,TONNA J E,NANJAYYA V,et al.Extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults.interim guideline consensus statement from the extracor⁃ poreal life support organization[J].ASAIO J,2021,67(3):221-228

    • [10] MIRAGLIA D,MIGUEL L A,ALONSO W.The evolving role of novel treatment techniques in the management of patients with refractory VF/pVT out⁃of⁃hospital cardiac ar⁃ rest[J].Am J Emerg Med,2020,38(3):648-654

    • [11] YANNOPOULOS D,BARTOS J A,AUFDERHEIDE T P,et al.American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovas⁃ cular Care Committee.The evolving role of the cardiac catheterization laboratory in the management of patients with out ⁃of ⁃hospital cardiac arrest:a scientific statement from the American Heart Association[J].Circulation,2019,139(12):e530-e552

    • [12] OKADA N,MATSUYAMA T,MORITA S,et al.Osborn wave is related to ventricular fibrillation and tachycardia in hypothermic patients[J].Circ J,2020,84(3):445-455

    • [13] 吴昊,张华忠,张劲松,等.应用控制性低温治疗心肺复苏术后患者[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(12):1732-1734

    • [14] 朱轶,陈旭锋,吕金如,等.高敏肌钙蛋白T对急性心肌炎需ECMO支持的预测价值[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2022,42(3):352-356

    • [15] WEBER C,DEPPE A C,SABASHNIKOV A,et al.Left ventricular thrombus formation in patients undergoing femoral veno ⁃ arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygen⁃ ation[J].Perfusion,2018,33(4):283-288

    • [16] CONNOLLY A,TREW M L,SMAILL B H,et al.Local gradients in electrotonic loading modulate the local effec⁃ tive refractory period:implications for arrhythmogenesis in the infarct border zone[J].IEEE Trans Biomed Eng,2015,62(9):2251-2259

    • [17] MÜLLER J,BEHNES M,SCHUPP T,et al.Electrical storm reveals worse prognosis compared to myocardial in⁃ farction complicated by ventricular tachyarrhythmias in ICD recipients[J].Heart Vessels,2021,36(11):1701-1711

    • [18] ZHANG T,GUAN Y Z,LIU H.Association of acidemia with short⁃term mortality of acute myocardial infarction:a retrospective study base on MIMIC ⁃Ⅲ database[J].Clin Appl Thromb Hemost,2020,26:1076029620950837