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通讯作者:

孙重期,E-mail:cqsun@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R734.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)12-1668-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231208

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探索应用在真实世界中免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI)治疗肺癌患者的安全性及有效性。方法:本项多中心回顾性研究,分析了4家医院从2018年1月1日—2022年9月31日接受ICI治疗的1022例肺癌患者的临床资料。结果:本研究纳入的人群中,有577例(56.5%)患者发生了不同程度的免疫相关不良事件(immune-related adverse event,irAE)。发生比例较高的为内分泌系统(41.4%)、肺部(14.5%)、心脏(13.5%)等。比较2组患者的临床特征,结果显示:美国东部肿瘤协作组体力状态评分(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group,ECOG)、程序性死亡配体-1(programmed death ligand 1, PD-L1)表达情况、肺癌病理类型、表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibi- tors,EGFR-TKI)治疗史、烟酒嗜好以及既往慢性病史的组间差异具有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。与未出现irAE患者相比,出现 irAE 的患者有更高的疾病控制率(95.8% vs. 89.6%,P<0.001)和更长的中位无进展生存期(11.1个月vs. 9.4个月,log-rank P< 0.001)。结论:真实世界中,应用ICI治疗的肺癌患者irAE发生率较高,累及广泛,影响因素较多,但多以轻症为主;且irAE的发生可能与更好的疾病控制率及无进展生存期有关。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the safety and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)received by real - world lung cancer patients. Methods:In this multi-center retrospective study,the clinical data of 1022 lung cancer patients treated with ICIs from January 1,2018,to September 31,2022,in four hospitals were analyzed. Results:Among the included population,577 patients (56.5%)experienced varying degrees of immune - related adverse events(irAEs). The most common systems affected were the endocrine system(41.4%),lungs(14.5%),and heart(13.5%). Comparing the clinical characteristics between the two groups, significant differences were observed in Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group(ECOG)performance status,PD - L1 expression,lung cancer pathology type,history of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy,tobacco and alcohol habits,and previous chronic diseases(all P < 0.05). Patients who experience irAEs had a higher disease control rate(95.8% vs. 89.6%,P < 0.001) and longer median progression - free survival(11.1 months vs. 9.4 months,log - rank P < 0.001)compared to those who did not experience irAEs. Conclusion:In the real world,the incidence of irAEs in lung cancer patients treated with ICIs is relative high,with extensive involvement and many influencing factors,but most cases are mild. The incidence of irAEs may be associated with better disease control rates and progression-free survival.

  • 程序性死亡受体⁃1(programmed death receptor⁃ 1,PD⁃1)和程序性死亡配体⁃1(programmed death ligand⁃1,PD⁃L1)在肿瘤免疫逃逸中的作用机制及其在肿瘤免疫治疗中的应用是当前肿瘤学研究的热点之一。研究证实,PD⁃1/PD⁃L1通路是介导肿瘤微环境中肿瘤细胞逃避免疫监视并促进肿瘤发生发展的关键成分[1-3]。免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI)对包括肺癌在内的多种实体瘤都表现出良好的抗肿瘤效应[4]。基于Keynote⁃ 189和Keynote⁃407研究报告的结果[5-6],中国国家医药产品管理局于2019年3月 28日批准帕博利珠单抗用于转移性非小细胞肺癌。其他PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂,包括卡瑞利珠单抗、信迪利单抗和替雷利珠单抗等也已在中国陆续获批。目前,PD⁃1/PD⁃L1单药治疗或PD⁃1/PD⁃L1联合化疗已成为晚期肺癌的一线标准治疗方案。

  • 然而,ICI在通过激活体内免疫系统发挥抗肿瘤作用的同时,也会导致一系列毒性事件,即免疫相关不良事件(immune ⁃ related adverse event,irAE)[7-8]。据统计,在接受ICI治疗的晚期肺癌患者中,任意级别 irAE 的发生率在 24%至 38%之间[9-11];且 irAE 与肺癌患者病情控制及生存期延长之间存在潜在关联[12-13]。然而,上述报道的数据均来自于随机临床试验(randomized clinical trial,RCT),鲜有基于较大样本量的真实世界中肺癌ICI治疗安全性及有效性的报道。与纳入排除标准均严格的临床试验相比,真实世界中的临床实践显然更为复杂,单纯基于 RCT 数据的 Meta 分析难以反映临床实践中的真实情况。因此,本课题组开展了这项较大样本量、多中心、真实世界回顾性研究,评估接受ICI治疗的Ⅲ~Ⅳ 期肺癌患者的疗效以及安全性,为中国肺癌患者提供免疫治疗安全性及有效性方面的研究证据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本项多中心回顾性研究旨在评估真实世界中接受PD⁃1/PD⁃L1 ICI治疗的肺癌患者的安全性以及疗效,并调查免疫治疗过程中出现 irAE 的类型和分布。本研究回顾了2018年1月1日—2022年9月 31 日于南京医科大学第一附属医院、溧阳市人民医院、常州市肿瘤医院、无锡市人民医院接受 PD⁃1/ PD⁃L1 ICI治疗的肺癌患者。纳入标准:①年龄≥18 岁;②经病理证实为Ⅲ~Ⅳ期肺癌的患者,包括非小细胞肺癌和小细胞肺癌患者;③接受ICI治疗至少2次,并且有影像学报告可供评估至少 1 次疗效的患者。本研究共纳入 1 022 例肺癌患者。本研究经过南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准 (2021⁃SR⁃311)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 资料收集

  • 通过查阅患者病历记录,收集了患者的人口统计学特征和临床特征,包括年龄、性别、合并症、临床分期、肿瘤组织学类型、美国东部肿瘤协作组体力状态评分(Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, ECOG)、表皮生长因子受体⁃酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epi⁃ dermal growth factor receptor ⁃ tyrosine kinase inhibi⁃ tors,EGFR⁃TKI)耐药情况、PD⁃L1表达状态、免疫治疗期间的治疗方案、ICI治疗线数、ICI治疗次数以及吸烟饮酒嗜好;通过影像系统收集患者 ICI 治疗前后的影像学资料;通过检验系统收集患者 ICI 治疗前后的实验室检查资料。

  • 1.2.2 治疗方案

  • 所有研究对象均接受过至少2次ICI药物治疗,联合或不联合其他治疗方式不受限制。所有ICI药物的用法用量均遵照药品说明书中对应的标准剂量。

  • 1.2.3 疗效评估及irAE评价

  • 近期疗效按实体瘤疗效评价标准(RECIST1.1) 进行评价,将治疗效果分为:完全缓解(complete re⁃ sponse,CR)、部分缓解(partial response,PR)、疾病稳定(stable disease,SD)、疾病进展(progressive disease, PD);疾病控制率(disease control rate,DCR)=(CR+ PR+ SD)/总例数×100%,客观缓解率(objective re⁃ sponse rate,ORR)=(CR+PR)/总例数×100%。远期生存情况通过无进展生存期(progression⁃free survival, PFS)和中位无进展生存期(median progression ⁃free survival,mPFS)进行评价,PFS定义为开始ICI治疗至第1次发生疾病进展或任何原因死亡的时间间隔。

  • 通过病历记录、检验报告系统以及影像学系统,记录患者接受ICI治疗期间发生的所有不良反应信息,以不良事件评价标准(CTCAE)5.0版为依据进行评价,包括不良反应的类别和分级。irAE的定义标准[14-16]:①经由病理确诊;②经由至少2名肿瘤科医师共同确认,肺炎相关irAE经由至少1名影像科医师确认;③采用基于irAE的治疗方法可改善其临床表现。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用统计软件SPSS 26.0对数据进行统计分析,图表使用 GraphPad Prism 8.0 绘制。描述性统计用于总结各组的病史和临床参数。符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,两组间的比较采用独立样本的 t 检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料以中位数表示。计数资料以例数(百分率)表示,组间比较采用Pearson卡方检验。采用Kaplan⁃Meier 法对患者的PFS进行生存分析、绘制生存曲线,并采用 Log⁃Rank 检验比较生存曲线间的差异。P<0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 一般资料

  • 本研究共纳入 1 022 例接受 PD⁃1/PD⁃L1 ICI 治疗的Ⅲ~Ⅳ期肺癌患者。研究人群的年龄为(66.25± 8.74)岁,其中,男813例(79.5%),女209例(20.5%); 383 例为肺鳞状细胞癌(37.5%),447 例为肺腺癌 (43.7%),192 例为小细胞肺癌(18.8%)。患者中 274 例为Ⅲ期患者(26.8%),748 例为Ⅳ期患者 (73.2%);有411例的患者进行了PD⁃L1表达情况的检测(40.2%),其中,243例的患者(59.1%)PD⁃L1表达为阳性(TPS≥1% 或 CPS≥1),余 168 例患者 (40.9%)的PD⁃L1表达为阴性(表1)。

  • 2.2 两组患者人口学及临床特征的比较

  • 本研究将所有患者按照是否出现 irAE 分成有 irAE组和无irAE组,进一步比较两组间的人口学及临床特征,结果显示:ECOG 评分较差的一组出现 irAE 的频率更高[无 irAE vs.有 irAE(下同);26.5% vs.33.8%,P=0.012];PD ⁃L1 表达阳性的患者出现irAE 的频率更高(20.0% vs.26.7%,P=0.025);肺鳞癌的患者更易出现 irAE(33.3% vs.40.7%,P= 0.048);使用PD⁃L1 ICI治疗的患者较使用PD⁃1类的患者出现 irAE 的频率更低(17.3% vs.12.7%,P= 0.037);既往 EGFR ⁃TKI 治疗失败的患者更易出现 irAE(11.2% vs.7.5%,P=0.037);在出现 irAE 的患者中,往往有更佳的疾病控制率(CR+PR+SD,89.9% vs.96%,P=0.001);此外既往有烟酒不良嗜好、既往有慢性病史的人群也更易出现irAE(表1)。

  • 表1 1022例肺癌患者的临床基线资料

  • Table1 Clinical baseline data of 1022 patients with lung cancer

  • a:指免疫治疗期间所使用的联合方案,除化疗外,部分患者接受靶向药物以及放疗;b:包括高血压、糖尿病、心血管疾病、脑血管疾病、慢性阻塞性肺病以及慢性肾脏病。

  • 2.3 不同ICI药物及其相关irAE

  • 本研究中所有患者使用的治疗药物主要为11种已上市的 ICI,包括 8 种 PD⁃1 ICI 及 3 种 PD⁃L1。所有患者的中位ICI治疗次数为8次,应用最多的药物为信迪利单抗(n=246),其次为替雷利珠单抗(n= 236)、卡瑞利珠单抗(n=149)以及度伐利尤单抗(n= 98)。中位 ICI 治疗次数最多的药物为纳武利尤单抗(11次),其次为帕博利珠单抗和特瑞普利单抗,两者的中位ICI治疗次数均为10次(表2)。在1 022例使用ICI治疗的患者中,共有577例(56.5%)患者出现了不同程度的irAE,irAE发生次数共计794次,不同药物引起的irAE发生情况及严重程度详见表2。

  • 2.4 不同种类irAE的发生频率及严重程度

  • 本研究中 irAE 最常累及的器官或系统为内分泌系统,共观察到329例irAE(41.4%);其次为肺部 115例(14.5%)以及心脏107例(13.5%)。发生内分泌系统irAE的329例患者中,大多数表现为甲状腺功能异常(227例),其中226例患者症状较轻,irAE 评级为1~2级,以亚临床甲状腺功能减退或甲状腺功能减退为主,多无临床症状;仅1例患者经过2次 ICI 治疗后出现了甲状腺危象(3 级 irAE)。发生肺部 irAE 的 115 例患者中,有 81 例出现 1~2 级 irAE,其中有15例为无症状肺炎,仅在定期的CT扫描评估中发现;34例出现3~5级irAE。发生心脏irAE的 107例患者中,有95例出现1~2级irAE,表现为无症状或仅有轻微的胸闷、胸痛等不适,伴或不伴有心电图的改变;12例出现3~5级irAE,其中有1例因治疗期间中出现恶性心律失常而死亡。此外,其他未具体分类的irAE中,有1例死亡患者,是由于第2周期 ICI治疗后2日,出现突发的高热伴呼吸困难,后因迅速出现的全身多器官衰竭而死亡,本研究回顾该病例后考虑为5级的细胞因子释放综合征(患者有白细胞介素⁃6的异常升高)。其余irAE症状相对较轻,未出现5级irAE(表3)。

  • 表2 不同免疫治疗药物的治疗周期以及免疫相关不良事件例数

  • Table2 Treatment cycles and number of irAEsfor different immunotherapy drugs

  • 2.5 irAE的发生与ICI治疗疗效的关系

  • 本研究可进行PFS评价的患者共978例,其中肺腺癌患者427例(43.7%),肺鳞状细胞癌患者367例 (37.5%),小细胞肺癌患者 184 例(18.8%)。比较 978例患者中有irAE组和无irAE组患者之间的疗效差异,结果显示:与未出现irAE患者相比,出现irAE 的患者有更高的DCR(95.8% vs.89.6%,P<0.001)和更长的 mPFS(9.4 个月 vs.11.1 个月,log ⁃ rank P<0.001),差异均有统计学意义(表4,图1)。按照肺癌病理类型,进一步分层分析发现:在肺腺癌患者中,与未出现irAE患者相比,出现irAE的患者有更高的 DCR(85.4% vs.95.2%,P=0.001)和更长的 mPFS(8.6个月vs.11.0个月,log⁃rank P=0.004),差异有统计学意义。对于肺鳞状细胞癌患者及小细胞肺癌患者来说,有irAE组和无irAE组患者之间的疗效差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表4)。

  • 表3 免疫相关不良事件例数以及严重程度分级

  • Table3 Numberof irAEsandseveritygrading

  • 表4 978例可评价患者的治疗反应及mPFS

  • Table4 Treatment response and mPFS of 978 evalu⁃ ablepatients

  • 3 讨论

  • ICI是目前国内外应用最为广泛的抗肿瘤免疫治疗手段。ICI能够抑制PD⁃1和PD⁃L1结合,恢复T 淋巴细胞的的杀伤作用,增强免疫反应,消灭肿瘤细胞。但与此同时,人体正常组织免疫反应同步增强,受到 T 细胞攻击,导致免疫耐受失衡,相关不良反应随之发生,称为irAE[16-19]。本课题组开展这项多中心、回顾性研究,意在探索真实世界中使用PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂肺癌患者irAE的发生、影响因素及其与预后之间的关系。

  • 图1 irAE与无进展生存期的生存曲线分析

  • Figure1 Survival curve analysis of immune ⁃ related adverse event

  • 本研究共入组1 022例接受PD⁃1/PD⁃L1抑制剂治疗的Ⅲ~Ⅳ期肺癌患者。其中577例出现了irAE,总发生率为56.5%,这与既往真实世界研究[20(] 发生率约50%)结果类似。有研究显示irAE往往涉及多种器官组织,发病谱广泛有研究显示irAE性(30%~40%)、乏力(16%~24%)、内分泌系统不良反应(1%~10%)、眼毒性(1%~24%)、神经毒性(约 6%)、免疫性肺炎(<5%)、肝炎(2.0%~7.6%)、结肠炎(约8%)、心脏(0.06%~2.40%)以及肾毒性(约2%)等[20]。对比发现,本研究结果与上述基本一致,但心脏毒性的发生率更高(14%)。究其原因,一方面可能在于将心肌肌钙蛋白T(cTNT)指标纳入心脏评估标准,与既往研究采用的心肌肌钙蛋白 I(cTnI)相比,cTNT在维持时间和稳定性方面均较高,提高了阳性检出率;另一方面,本研究纳入的化疗与免疫治疗联合治疗的患者比例大(90.3%),抗肿瘤药物毒性增加,导致心血管系统损伤的发生率升高。需要说明的是,心脏相关的免疫反应多为1~2级(88.8%),但也存在因此死亡的患者1例,因此在临床上应密切关注存在cTNT异常的患者,及时处理[22-23]。此外,还记录到了皮肤毛细血管增生,但由于该种不良反应特异性明显,仅见于使用卡瑞利珠单抗的患者,且均处于1~2级,并未出现任何严重不良反应,这与既往研究类似[24-26],故本研究中未特别列出。

  • 与此同时,为了进一步明确危险因素,本研究分析了患者的基线特征,发现免疫治疗后肺癌患者 irAE的发生受患者体能状况、PD⁃L1表达状态、肺癌亚型、ICI种类、既往EGFR⁃TKI治疗史、烟酒不良嗜好、基础疾病情况等多种因素影响。其中,值得关注的是,使用PD⁃L1 ICI治疗的患者较使用PD⁃1类 ICI 出现 irAE 的频率更低,造成这一现象的机制尚未有明确报道,Okiyama 等[27] 猜测这可能与两种药物不同的作用靶点有关。由于PD⁃1抑制剂在影响 PD⁃1/PD⁃L1通路的同时,也抑制PD⁃1和PD⁃L2的结合,促进T细胞的免疫活化,恢复T细胞杀伤功能;而 PD⁃L1抑制剂针对性较强,仅与肿瘤细胞上PD⁃L1结合,巨噬细胞上PD⁃L2稳态得以维持,免疫平衡,不良反应的发生率降低[28-29]

  • Socinski等[13] 就应用免疫抑制剂治疗的肺癌患者进行研究,发现irAE的发生与抗肿瘤疗效存在一定相关性,近年来类似报道相继出现,许多研究表明irAE的出现与患者的良好预后呈正相关[30-31]。在本研究中,同样对此进行了分析。生存曲线显示,发生 irAE 的肺癌患者 DCR、mPFS 均显著优于未发生irAE 者。这可能与ICI 的作用机制部分相关:抑制T细胞负性调控因子免疫检查点,活化T细胞,激活免疫系统,在有效抗肿瘤的同时,导致irAE 的发生,故称 irAE 为 T 细胞激活的“旁观者效应”[34-35]。这一现象表明 irAE 的发生可能成为预测患者预后情况的标志物。此外,按照病理类型,进一步分层发现irAE和疗效的正相关关系主要存在于肺腺癌中,原因目前尚未有明确报道。

  • 本研究仍存在一些不足之处:首先,作为回顾性研究,纳入的病例数和随访时间相对有限;例如在根据病理类型进行的亚组分析中,仅肺腺癌组中表现出irAE的发生与预后的相关性,但由于分组后病例数较少,因此这一结论并不能完全反映出真实世界的全貌。其次,部分irAE的评估和分级依赖管床医师的主观评价(例如乏力、瘙痒等),且可能存在病历记录不及时的情况,因此不同研究间这类 irAE 的发生率差异较大。故后续需要更大样本量的多中心研究或者前瞻性研究进一步评估ICI在真实世界中的安全性及有效性。

  • 综上所述,本研究发现真实世界中,免疫治疗的不良反应发生率较高,受到影响的系统或器官较多,但多数患者以轻症为主(1~2级),对患者的治疗过程影响小,但仍有部分irAE 会威胁患者生命,在肺癌患者进行免疫治疗的过程中需要临床医生警惕可能发生的irAE。此外,发生irAE的患者存在更高的DCR和更长的PFS,这一结果预示着较好的近期疗效及远期预后。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] RIBAS A,WOLCHOK J D.Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade[J].Science,2018,359(6382):1350-1355

    • [3] WEI S C,DUFFY C R,ALLISON J P.Fundamental mech⁃ anisms of immune checkpointblockade therapy[J].Can⁃ cer Discov,2018,8(9):1069-1086

    • [4] 王梦玮,徐天蔚,王朝霞.PD⁃1/PD⁃L1免疫检查点抑制剂在肺癌临床研究中的进展[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(7):1084-1094

    • [5] GANDHI L,RODRIGUEZ ⁃ ABREU D,GADGEEL S,et al.Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in metastaticnon ⁃ small⁃cell lung cancer[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(22):2078-2092

    • [6] PAZ⁃ARES L,LUFT A,VICENTE D,et al.Pembrolizum⁃ ab plus chemotherapy for squamous non ⁃ small ⁃ celllung cancer[J].N Engl J Med,2018,379(21):2040-2051

    • [7] POSTOW M A,SIDLOW R,HELLMANN M D.Immune⁃ related adverse events associated with immune check⁃ point blockade[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(2):158-168

    • [8] MICHOT J M,BIGENWALD C,CHAMPIAT S,et al.Im⁃ mune ⁃ related adverse events with immune checkpoint blockade:a comprehensive review[J].Eur J Cancer,2016,54:139-148

    • [9] ANTONIA S J,BORGHAEI H,RAMALINGAM S S,et al.Four⁃year survival with nivolumab in patients with previ⁃ ously treated advanced non ⁃ small ⁃ cell lung cancer:a pooled analysis[J].Lancet Oncol,2019,20:1395-1408

    • [10] SOCINSKI M A,JOTTE R M,CAPPUZZO F,et al.Atezoli⁃zumab for first ⁃line treatment of metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(24):2288-301

    • [11] PAZ ⁃ARES L,VICENTE D,TAFRESHI A,et al.A ran⁃ domized,placebo ⁃ controlled trial of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in patients with metastatic squamous NSCLC:protocol ⁃ specified final analysis of KEYNOTE ⁃ 407[J].J Thorac Oncol,2020,15:1657-1669

    • [12] HARATANI K,HAYASHI H,CHIBA Y,et al.Associa⁃ tion of immune⁃related adverse events with nivolumab effi⁃ cacy in non ⁃ small ⁃ cell lung cancer[J].JAMA Oncol,2018,4(3):374-378

    • [13] SOCINSKI M A,JOTTE R M,CAPPUZZO F,et al.Asso⁃ ciation of immune ⁃ related adverse events with efficacy of atezolizumab in patients with non⁃small cell lung cancer:pooled analyses of the phase 3 IMpower130,IMpower132,and IMpower150 randomized clinical trials[J].JAMA On⁃ col,2023,9(4):527-535

    • [14] 中国临床肿瘤学会指南工作委员.CSCO免疫检查点抑制剂相关的毒性管理指南2023[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2023:1-192

    • [15] BRAHMER J R,LACCHETTI C,SCHNEIDER B J,et al.National comprehensive cancer network.management of immune⁃related adverse events in patients treated with im⁃ mune checkpoint inhibitor therapy:American society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline[J].J Clin Oncol,2018,36(17):1714-1768

    • [16] THOMPSON J A.New NCCN guidelines:recognition and management of immunotherapy⁃related toxicity[J].J Natl Compr Canc Netw,2018,16(5S):594-596

    • [17] COUZIN ⁃ FRANKEL J.Breakthrough of the year 2013.Cancer immunotherapy[J].Science,2013,342(6165):1432-1433

    • [18] BAJWA R,CHEEMA A,KHAN T,et al.Adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors(programmed death⁃1 in⁃ hibitors and cytotoxic T⁃lymphocyte⁃associated protein⁃4 inhibitors):results of a retrospective study[J].J Clin Med Res,2019,11(4):225-236

    • [19] KUMAR P,SAINI S,PRABHAKAR B S.Cancer immuno⁃ therapy with check point inhibitor can cause autoimmune adverse events due to loss of Treg homeostasis[J].Semin Cancer Biol,2020,64:29-35

    • [20] TOPALIAN SL,HODI F S,BRAHMER J R,et al.Safety,activity,and immune correlates of anti ⁃PD ⁃1 antibody in cancer[J].N Engl J Med,2012,366(26):2443-2454

    • [21] VADDEPALLY R,DODDAMANI R,SODAVARAPU S,et al.Review of immune⁃related adverse events(irAEs)in non ⁃ small ⁃ cell lung cancer(NSCLC)⁃ their incidence,management,multiorgan irAEs,and rechallenge[J].Bio⁃ medicines,2022,10(4):790

    • [22] JOHNSON D B,BALKO J M,COMPTON M L,et al.Ful⁃ minant myocarditis with combination immune checkpoint blockade[J].N Engl J Med,2016,375(18):1749-1755

    • [23] RUBIO⁃INFANTE N,RAMÍREZ⁃FLORES Y A,CASTIL⁃ LO E C,et al.A systematic review of the mechanisms in⁃ volved in immune checkpoint inhibitors cardiotoxicity and challenges to improve clinical safety[J].Front Cell Dev Biol,2022,10:851032

    • [24] WANG R,SHI M,JI M,et al.Real world experience with camrelizumab in patients with advanced non ⁃ small cell lung cancer:a prospective multicenter cohort study(NO⁃ AH⁃LC⁃101)[J].Transl Lung Cancer Res,2023,12(4):786-796

    • [25] YIN L,LIU K C,LV W F,et al.Predicting outcome in combination treatment of TACE and camrelizumab for ad⁃ vanced hepatocellular carcinoma:tumor hypervascularity and reactive cutaneous capillary endothelial proliferation [J].Drug Des Devel Ther,2022,16:3421-3429

    • [26] WANG F,QIN S,SUN X,et al.Reactive cutaneous capil⁃ lary endothelial proliferation in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with camrelizumab:data de⁃ rived from a multicenter phase 2 trial[J].J Hematol On⁃ col,2020,13(1):47

    • [27] OKIYAMA N,TANAKA R.Immune ⁃ related adverse events in various organs caused by immune checkpoint in⁃ hibitors[J].Allergol Int,2022,71(2):169-178

    • [28] MAYOUX M,ROLLER A,PULKO V,et al.Dendritic cells dictate responses to PD ⁃L1 blockade cancer immu⁃ notherapy[J].Sci Transl Med,2020,12(534):7431

    • [29] YEARLEY JH,GIBSON C,YU N,ET al.PD⁃L2 expres⁃ sion in human tumors:relevance to anti⁃PD⁃1 therapy in cancer[J].Clin Cancer Res,2017,23(12):3158-3167

    • [30] KICHENADASSE G,MINERS J O,MANGONI A A,et al.Multiorgan immune ⁃ related adverse events during treatment with atezolizumab[J].J Natl Compr Canc Netw,2020,18(9):1191-1199

    • [31] SHANKAR B,ZHANG J,NAQASH A R,et al.Multisys⁃ tem immune ⁃ related adverse events associated with im⁃ mune checkpoint inhibitors for treatment of non ⁃ small cell lung cancer[J].JAMA Oncol,2020,6(12):1952-1956

    • [32] DAS S,JOHNSON D B.Immune ⁃ related adverse events and anti ⁃tumor efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors [J].J Immunother Cancer,2019,7(1):306

    • [33] RIEDER D,TRAJANOSKI Z.Checking immunotoxicity risks of checkpoint blockade[J].Nat Cancer,2023,4(6):779⁃780

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SUN C,MEZZADRA R,SCHUMACHER T N.Regulation and function of the PD ⁃ L1Checkpoint[J].Immunity,2018,48(3):434-452

    • [2] RIBAS A,WOLCHOK J D.Cancer immunotherapy using checkpoint blockade[J].Science,2018,359(6382):1350-1355

    • [3] WEI S C,DUFFY C R,ALLISON J P.Fundamental mech⁃ anisms of immune checkpointblockade therapy[J].Can⁃ cer Discov,2018,8(9):1069-1086

    • [4] 王梦玮,徐天蔚,王朝霞.PD⁃1/PD⁃L1免疫检查点抑制剂在肺癌临床研究中的进展[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(7):1084-1094

    • [5] GANDHI L,RODRIGUEZ ⁃ ABREU D,GADGEEL S,et al.Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in metastaticnon ⁃ small⁃cell lung cancer[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(22):2078-2092

    • [6] PAZ⁃ARES L,LUFT A,VICENTE D,et al.Pembrolizum⁃ ab plus chemotherapy for squamous non ⁃ small ⁃ celllung cancer[J].N Engl J Med,2018,379(21):2040-2051

    • [7] POSTOW M A,SIDLOW R,HELLMANN M D.Immune⁃ related adverse events associated with immune check⁃ point blockade[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(2):158-168

    • [8] MICHOT J M,BIGENWALD C,CHAMPIAT S,et al.Im⁃ mune ⁃ related adverse events with immune checkpoint blockade:a comprehensive review[J].Eur J Cancer,2016,54:139-148

    • [9] ANTONIA S J,BORGHAEI H,RAMALINGAM S S,et al.Four⁃year survival with nivolumab in patients with previ⁃ ously treated advanced non ⁃ small ⁃ cell lung cancer:a pooled analysis[J].Lancet Oncol,2019,20:1395-1408

    • [10] SOCINSKI M A,JOTTE R M,CAPPUZZO F,et al.Atezoli⁃zumab for first ⁃line treatment of metastatic nonsquamous NSCLC[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(24):2288-301

    • [11] PAZ ⁃ARES L,VICENTE D,TAFRESHI A,et al.A ran⁃ domized,placebo ⁃ controlled trial of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in patients with metastatic squamous NSCLC:protocol ⁃ specified final analysis of KEYNOTE ⁃ 407[J].J Thorac Oncol,2020,15:1657-1669

    • [12] HARATANI K,HAYASHI H,CHIBA Y,et al.Associa⁃ tion of immune⁃related adverse events with nivolumab effi⁃ cacy in non ⁃ small ⁃ cell lung cancer[J].JAMA Oncol,2018,4(3):374-378

    • [13] SOCINSKI M A,JOTTE R M,CAPPUZZO F,et al.Asso⁃ ciation of immune ⁃ related adverse events with efficacy of atezolizumab in patients with non⁃small cell lung cancer:pooled analyses of the phase 3 IMpower130,IMpower132,and IMpower150 randomized clinical trials[J].JAMA On⁃ col,2023,9(4):527-535

    • [14] 中国临床肿瘤学会指南工作委员.CSCO免疫检查点抑制剂相关的毒性管理指南2023[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2023:1-192

    • [15] BRAHMER J R,LACCHETTI C,SCHNEIDER B J,et al.National comprehensive cancer network.management of immune⁃related adverse events in patients treated with im⁃ mune checkpoint inhibitor therapy:American society of clinical oncology clinical practice guideline[J].J Clin Oncol,2018,36(17):1714-1768

    • [16] THOMPSON J A.New NCCN guidelines:recognition and management of immunotherapy⁃related toxicity[J].J Natl Compr Canc Netw,2018,16(5S):594-596

    • [17] COUZIN ⁃ FRANKEL J.Breakthrough of the year 2013.Cancer immunotherapy[J].Science,2013,342(6165):1432-1433

    • [18] BAJWA R,CHEEMA A,KHAN T,et al.Adverse effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors(programmed death⁃1 in⁃ hibitors and cytotoxic T⁃lymphocyte⁃associated protein⁃4 inhibitors):results of a retrospective study[J].J Clin Med Res,2019,11(4):225-236

    • [19] KUMAR P,SAINI S,PRABHAKAR B S.Cancer immuno⁃ therapy with check point inhibitor can cause autoimmune adverse events due to loss of Treg homeostasis[J].Semin Cancer Biol,2020,64:29-35

    • [20] TOPALIAN SL,HODI F S,BRAHMER J R,et al.Safety,activity,and immune correlates of anti ⁃PD ⁃1 antibody in cancer[J].N Engl J Med,2012,366(26):2443-2454

    • [21] VADDEPALLY R,DODDAMANI R,SODAVARAPU S,et al.Review of immune⁃related adverse events(irAEs)in non ⁃ small ⁃ cell lung cancer(NSCLC)⁃ their incidence,management,multiorgan irAEs,and rechallenge[J].Bio⁃ medicines,2022,10(4):790

    • [22] JOHNSON D B,BALKO J M,COMPTON M L,et al.Ful⁃ minant myocarditis with combination immune checkpoint blockade[J].N Engl J Med,2016,375(18):1749-1755

    • [23] RUBIO⁃INFANTE N,RAMÍREZ⁃FLORES Y A,CASTIL⁃ LO E C,et al.A systematic review of the mechanisms in⁃ volved in immune checkpoint inhibitors cardiotoxicity and challenges to improve clinical safety[J].Front Cell Dev Biol,2022,10:851032

    • [24] WANG R,SHI M,JI M,et al.Real world experience with camrelizumab in patients with advanced non ⁃ small cell lung cancer:a prospective multicenter cohort study(NO⁃ AH⁃LC⁃101)[J].Transl Lung Cancer Res,2023,12(4):786-796

    • [25] YIN L,LIU K C,LV W F,et al.Predicting outcome in combination treatment of TACE and camrelizumab for ad⁃ vanced hepatocellular carcinoma:tumor hypervascularity and reactive cutaneous capillary endothelial proliferation [J].Drug Des Devel Ther,2022,16:3421-3429

    • [26] WANG F,QIN S,SUN X,et al.Reactive cutaneous capil⁃ lary endothelial proliferation in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated with camrelizumab:data de⁃ rived from a multicenter phase 2 trial[J].J Hematol On⁃ col,2020,13(1):47

    • [27] OKIYAMA N,TANAKA R.Immune ⁃ related adverse events in various organs caused by immune checkpoint in⁃ hibitors[J].Allergol Int,2022,71(2):169-178

    • [28] MAYOUX M,ROLLER A,PULKO V,et al.Dendritic cells dictate responses to PD ⁃L1 blockade cancer immu⁃ notherapy[J].Sci Transl Med,2020,12(534):7431

    • [29] YEARLEY JH,GIBSON C,YU N,ET al.PD⁃L2 expres⁃ sion in human tumors:relevance to anti⁃PD⁃1 therapy in cancer[J].Clin Cancer Res,2017,23(12):3158-3167

    • [30] KICHENADASSE G,MINERS J O,MANGONI A A,et al.Multiorgan immune ⁃ related adverse events during treatment with atezolizumab[J].J Natl Compr Canc Netw,2020,18(9):1191-1199

    • [31] SHANKAR B,ZHANG J,NAQASH A R,et al.Multisys⁃ tem immune ⁃ related adverse events associated with im⁃ mune checkpoint inhibitors for treatment of non ⁃ small cell lung cancer[J].JAMA Oncol,2020,6(12):1952-1956

    • [32] DAS S,JOHNSON D B.Immune ⁃ related adverse events and anti ⁃tumor efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors [J].J Immunother Cancer,2019,7(1):306

    • [33] RIEDER D,TRAJANOSKI Z.Checking immunotoxicity risks of checkpoint blockade[J].Nat Cancer,2023,4(6):779⁃780