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通讯作者:

施杲旸,E-mail:376683777@qq.com

中图分类号:R736.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)12-1681-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231210

参考文献 1
HENG Y,YANG Z,ZHOU L,et al.Risk stratification for lateral involvement in papillary thyroid carcinoma pa⁃ tients with central lymph node metastasis[J].Endocrine,2020,68(2):320-328
参考文献 2
FENG J W,YANG X H,WU B Q,et al.Predictive factors for central lymph node and lateral cervical lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma[J].Clin Transl Oncol,2019,21(11):1482-1491
参考文献 3
YANG Z,HENG Y,ZHOU J,et al.Central and lateral neck involvement in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients with or without thyroid capsular invasion:a multi ⁃ center analysis[J].Front Endocrinol(Lausanne),2023,14:1138085
参考文献 4
LIU C,XIAO C,CHEN J,et al.Risk factor analysis for predicting cervical lymph node metastasis in papillary thy⁃ roid carcinoma:a study of 966 patients[J].BMC Cancer,2019,19(1):622
参考文献 5
中华医学会内分泌学分会,中华医学会外科学分会,中国抗癌协会头颈肿瘤专业委员会,等.甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌指南[J].中华核医学与分子影像杂志,2013,33(2):96-115
参考文献 6
HAUGEN B R.2015 American thyroid association man⁃ agement guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer:what is new and what has changed?[J].Cancer,2017,123(3):372-381
参考文献 7
LI Y,GAO X,GUO T,et al.Development and validation of nomograms for predicting the risk of central lymph node metastasis of solitary papillary thyroid carcinoma of the isthmus[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2023,149(16):14853-14868
参考文献 8
ISAACS J D,LUNDGREN C I,SIDHU S B,et al.The del⁃ phian lymph node in thyroid cancer[J].Ann Surg,2008,247(3):477-482
参考文献 9
SANTRAC N,BESIC N,BUTA M,et al.Lymphatic drain⁃ age,regional metastases and surgical management of pap⁃ illary thyroid carcinoma arising in pyramidal lobe⁃a single institution experience[J].Endocr J,2014,61(1):55-59
参考文献 10
IYER N G,KUMAR A,NIXON I J,et al.Incidence and significance of Delphian node metastasis in papillary thy⁃ roid cancer[J].Ann Surg,2011,253(5):988-991
参考文献 11
ISAACS J D,MCMULLEN T P,SIDHU S B,et al.Predic⁃ tive value of the Delphian and level VI nodes in papillary thyroid cancer[J].ANZ J Surg 2010,80(11):834-838
参考文献 12
YAN Y,WANG Y,LIU N,et al.Predictive value of the Delphian lymph node in cervical lymph node metastasis of papillary thyroid carcinoma[J].Eur J Surg Oncol,2021,47(7):1727-1733
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:评估并分析甲状腺乳头状癌气管周围淋巴结转移相关危险因素,以及喉前淋巴结对气管周围淋巴结转移的预测能力。方法:回顾性分析本院645例因甲状腺乳头状癌行手术治疗的患者资料。按照中国甲状腺癌诊疗指南(2022年版) 推荐的手术指征和切除范围,根据术前触诊、超声检查和穿刺病理的结果行甲状腺切除和淋巴结清扫术。结果:645例中,215例 (33.3%)术后病理证实气管周围淋巴结转移。单因素分析提示气管周围淋巴结转移与年龄<45岁、癌灶最大径≥1 cm、腺内播散、腺外侵犯、多发灶、癌灶累及双叶、喉前淋巴结转移有关。多因素分析提示年龄<45岁、喉前淋巴结转移是气管周围淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。喉前淋巴结转移对气管周围淋巴结转移的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、准确度分别为 21.4%、93.7%、63.0%、70.5%、69.6%。结论:在年轻、喉前淋巴结转移的甲状腺乳头状癌患者中要仔细评估气管周围淋巴结情况。喉前淋巴结转移对气管周围淋巴结转移有一定预测作用,评估喉前淋巴结有助于制定气管周围淋巴结处理策略,但目前仍需要更多循证医学证据以帮助临床医生更好地决策。

    Abstract

    Objective:To evaluate and analyze the risk factors associated with tracheal lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC),as well as the predictive ability of pretracheal lymph node involvement for tracheal lymph node metastasis. Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of 645 patients who underwent surgical treatment for PTC in our hospital. According to the surgical indications and resection scope recommended in the Chinese Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Guidelines(2022 edition),thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection were performed based on preoperative palpation, ultrasound examination,and fine - needle aspiration biopsy results. Results:Among the 645 cases,215 cases(33.3%)were pathologically confirmed to have tracheal lymph node metastasis after surgery. Univariate analysis suggested that tracheal lymph node metastasis was associated with age <45 years,maximum tumor diameter ≥1 cm,intraglandular spread,extraglandular invasion, multifocal lesions,involvement of both lobes,and pretracheal lymph node metastasis. Multivariate analysis indicated that age <45 years and pretracheal lymph node metastasis were independent risk factors for tracheal lymph node metastasis. The sensitivity,specificity, positive predictive value,negative predictive value,and accuracy of pretracheal lymph node involvement in predicting tracheal lymph node metastasis were 21.4%,93.7%,63.0%,70.5%,and 69.6%,respectively. Conclusion:In young patients with PTC and pretracheal lymph node metastasis,careful evaluation of tracheal lymph node status is necessary. Pretracheal lymph node involvement has a certain predictive role in tracheal lymph node metastasis. Assessing pretracheal lymph nodes can help formulate strategies for managing tracheal lymph nodes,but more evidence from evidence-based medicine is still needed to facilitate better decision-making.

  • 甲状腺癌是最常见的内分泌恶性肿瘤,其发病率在近10年大幅上升。其中甲状腺乳头状癌(pap⁃ illary thyroid carcinoma,PTC)是甲状腺恶性肿瘤中最常见的类型,占甲状腺癌的80%~85%[1]。PTC起源于甲状腺滤泡上皮细胞,侵袭性弱,患者预后较好,存活时间较长,但局部淋巴结转移发生率高达 90%,且淋巴结转移与初次手术后恶性肿瘤局灶复发和耐药性呈正相关[2]

  • 喉前淋巴结作为喉和甲状腺区域淋巴引流一部分,与气管前淋巴结、气管旁淋巴结共同构成了中央区淋巴结。喉前淋巴结在颈部其他恶性肿瘤 (如喉癌)中被认为是淋巴结转移和肿瘤复发的独立危险因素,在PTC中亦逐渐受到关注。目前各国指南对 PTC 中临床未发现淋巴结转移(clinical N stage 0,cN0)患者行中央区淋巴结预防性清扫存在部分争议,喉前淋巴结作为中央区淋巴结组成部分,喉前淋巴结转移状态能否指导中央区其他区域淋巴结个体化清扫,这一问题值得深入研究。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究纳入2020年3—12月南京医科大学第一附属医院同一甲状腺外科治疗组内,首次行甲状腺癌根治术且病理确诊为甲状腺乳头状癌的连续患者,共计645例。所有手术均由同一位主任医师主刀完成。前瞻性收集患者临床资料、术前检查结果和病理结果,并统计淋巴结转移率,本研究经南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准,患者均签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 所有患者均经外科医生系统评估并明确手术指征后行,根据中国甲状腺癌诊疗指南(2022年版) 推荐的手术指征和切除范围,行甲状腺癌根治术。甲状腺腺叶切除范围依照指南推荐,喉前淋巴结、气管周围淋巴结常规行清扫,侧颈区淋巴结不做预防性清扫。而对于术前触诊、超声、甲状腺增强CT、穿刺病理怀疑侧区淋巴结转移的患者,则行治疗性侧颈区淋巴结清扫术。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 对于连续变量,根据数据是否正态分布,分别采用均数±标准差(x-±s)、中位数(四分位数)[M P25P75)]进行描述;对于分类变量,则采用绝对计数和占比百分数。采用t检验、卡方检验或Fisher精确检验比较不同变量在的差异,Logistic回归分析确定喉前淋巴结转移的独立相关因素,P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 患者特征

  • 在 645 例中,男性患者 176 例(27.3%),男女比例为1∶2.7。患者年龄(43±12)岁,(18~72岁),其中 130 例(20.2%)年龄≥45岁。甲状腺功能方面,本院甲状腺功能检测正常值范围为促甲状腺激素(thyroid stimulating hormone,TSH)0.270~4.200 mIU/L、抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(thyroid peroxidase antibody, TPOAb)<34.0 IU/mL、抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体(thyro⁃ globulin,TgAb)<115.0 IU/mL。患者检测结果显示, 78 例(12.1%)TSH 升高超过正常值上限,111 例 (17.2%)TgAb 异常升高,105例(16.3%)TPOAb异常升高。术前超声检查提示,222 例(34.4%)存在甲状腺弥漫性病变。甲状腺左叶癌灶直径为(0.96± 0.77)cm,最大值为 5 cm;甲状腺右叶癌灶直径为 (1.04±0.82)cm,最大值为 6.5 cm;347 例(53.9%)癌灶最大径≥1 cm。每位患者均行甲状腺腺叶切除和淋巴结清扫。术后病理显示,237例(36.7%)为多灶结节,结节个数最多者为7枚;166例(25.8%)癌灶累及双叶;179例(27.8%)表现为腺外侵犯,16例(2.5%) 存在甲状腺腺内播散。在合并病理改变方面,206例 (31.9%)同时存在结节性甲状腺肿,169例(26.2%)合并慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎。术后常规病理证实, 215 例(33.3%)存在气管周围淋巴结转移,73 例 (12.9%)存在喉前淋巴结转移,98例(15.2%)侧颈区淋巴结转移。

  • 2.2 气管周围淋巴结转移特征

  • 在215例病理证实气管周围淋巴结转移的患者中(表1),男69例(32.1%),女146例(67.9%),男女比为2.1∶1。患者年龄(40±11)岁,(19~72岁),其中 29 例(13.5%)年龄≥45 岁。46 例(21.4%)病理证实喉前淋巴结转移,82例(38.1%)同时存在侧颈区淋巴结转移。

  • 单因素分析提示气管周围淋巴结转移与年龄<45 岁(OR=0.508,95%CI:0.324~0.797,P=0.003),癌灶最大径≥1 cm(OR=0.435,95%CI:0.309~0.612,P<0.001),腺内播散(OR=0.109,95%CI:0.031~0.387, P<0.001),腺外侵犯(OR=0.68,95%CI:0.475~0.973, P=0.035),多发灶(OR=0.507,95% CI:0.362~0.71, P<0.001),癌灶累及双叶(OR=0.438,95%CI:0.304~0.63,P<0.001),喉前淋巴结转移(OR=0.246,95%CI: 0.148~0.409,P<0.001)有关(表2)。

  • 选取单因素分析中P <0.05的变量进行多因素分析。如表3和图1所示,年龄≥45岁是气管周围淋巴结转移的保护性因素(OR=0.393,95%CI:0.178~0.865,P=0.02),喉前淋巴结转移是气管周围淋巴结转移的独立危险因素(OR=2.791,95% CI:1.097~7.104,P=0.031)。

  • 2.3 喉前淋巴结转移对气管周围淋巴结转移的预测能力

  • 利用喉前淋巴结转移预测气管周围(气管前/ 旁)淋巴结转移,其灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度分别为 21.4%、93.7%、63.0%、 70.5%与69.6%。ROC曲线下面积为0.576(95%CI: 0.527~0.624,P<0.001,图2)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 甲状腺乳头状癌患者中出现中央区淋巴结转移的概率≥30%[3],而淋巴结转移亦是肿瘤复发的危险因素[4]。再次手术增加了手术风险和术后并发症,因此初次手术中淋巴结的处理对患者预后非常重要。2012 年中国甲状腺结节及分化型甲状腺癌指南建议行预防性中央区淋巴结清扫[5]。然而,考虑到中央区淋巴结清扫,尤其是气管周围淋巴结清扫可能增加甲状旁腺功能减退、喉返神经损伤等手术并发症,且预后改善程度并不确切,2015年美国甲状腺协会(American Thyroid Association,ATA)指南推荐对临床发现中央区淋巴结转移(clinical N stage1a, cN1a)患者行治疗性中央区淋巴结清扫,然而对cN0 患者是否须行预防性中央区淋巴结清扫存在争议,尤其对T1/T2期患者已不再推荐行预防性中央区淋巴结清扫[46]。因此通过探讨气管周围淋巴结转移的危险因素,旨在进一步指导中央区淋巴结清扫。

  • 表1 两组患者的临床资料比较

  • Table1 Comparison of clinical data between two groups of patients

  • 表2 气管周围淋巴结转移相关危险因素的单因素分析

  • Table2 Univariate analysis of risk factors associated with tracheal lymph node metastasis

  • 表3 气管周围淋巴结转移相关危险因素的Logistic多因素分析

  • Table3 Logistic multivariate analysis of risk factors asso⁃ ciated with tracheal lymph node metastasis

  • 图1 气管周围淋巴结转移相关因素的森林图分析

  • Figure1 Forest plot analysis of factors associated with tracheal lymph node metastasis

  • 图2 喉前淋巴结预测气管周围淋巴结的ROC曲线

  • Figure2 ROC curve for predicting tracheal lymph node metastasis based on pretracheal lymph node

  • 气管周围淋巴结转移与年龄的关系在先前研究中的结论尚不明确。Liu[7] 等分析了甲状腺乳头状癌气管周围淋巴结转移的危险因素,提示>40岁是气管周围淋巴结转移的高危因素。本研究显示<45岁是气管周围淋巴结转移的独立危险因素,与其他研究结果一致[24],提示年轻患者在术前、术中均应需仔细评估淋巴结情况。

  • 喉前淋巴结又称Delphian淋巴结,1948年由哈佛医学院学生Raymond V. Randall首次命名[8],并正式在 Thyroidand Its Related Diseases 中引用[9]。他认为,喉前淋巴结可以预测甲状腺内病变情况。喉前淋巴结最早在喉癌中受到关注,喉前淋巴结转移的喉癌患者更容易出现其他颈部淋巴结转移和肿瘤复发,病死率增加,预后相对较差。因此,在喉癌中喉前淋巴结被视为独立的预后不良因素[8]。喉前淋巴结主要引流区域为喉、甲状腺腺叶、甲状腺峡部和锥状叶,而后再引流至气管周围淋巴结和侧颈区淋巴结。有研究表明,喉前淋巴结转移患者气管周围淋巴结转移率相比无喉前淋巴结转移患者升高了5~8倍,侧颈区淋巴结转移率升高了3.5~4.0 倍[10],亦有研究显示喉前淋巴结与气管周围淋巴结相比,喉前淋巴结对侧颈区淋巴结转移预测更为准确[11]。因此,喉前淋巴结能否作为前哨淋巴结预测气管周围和侧颈区淋巴结转移受到了重视。

  • Yan 等[12] 研究表明,喉前淋巴结转移的 cN0 患者,气管周围淋巴结转移率显著升高。本研究显示,气管周围淋巴结转移患者中,63%出现喉前淋巴结转移,29.5%未发现喉前淋巴结转移,两者差异有统计学意义,多因素分析提示喉前淋巴结转移是气管周围淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。因此,若能在术中对喉前淋巴结进行冰冻病理分析,其结果对是否行气管周围淋巴结清扫有指导意义。本研究表明,喉前淋巴结转移对气管周围淋巴结转移的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度分别为 21.4%、93.7%、63.0%、70.5%、69.6%,特异度、阴性预测值和准确度较高。对 T1/2 期进行亚组分析提示,喉前淋巴结转移对气管周围淋巴结转移的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确度分别为21.3%、93.5%、58.8%、73.0%、71.4%,阴性预测值和准确度更高,说明排他性更强,可用于排除性诊断。气管周围淋巴结清扫会加剧下位甲状旁腺血供破坏风险和严重程度,增加甲状旁腺功能低下可能。因此,综合患者情况和癌灶位置等特征,喉前淋巴结转移对气管周围淋巴结受累有一定预测性。评估喉前淋巴结有助于制定气管周围淋巴结处理策略,若喉前淋巴结未转移,是否需进行下一步中央区其他区域淋巴结清扫值得探讨,但目前仍需要更多循证医学证据以帮助临床医生更好地决策。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] HENG Y,YANG Z,ZHOU L,et al.Risk stratification for lateral involvement in papillary thyroid carcinoma pa⁃ tients with central lymph node metastasis[J].Endocrine,2020,68(2):320-328

    • [2] FENG J W,YANG X H,WU B Q,et al.Predictive factors for central lymph node and lateral cervical lymph node metastases in papillary thyroid carcinoma[J].Clin Transl Oncol,2019,21(11):1482-1491

    • [3] YANG Z,HENG Y,ZHOU J,et al.Central and lateral neck involvement in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients with or without thyroid capsular invasion:a multi ⁃ center analysis[J].Front Endocrinol(Lausanne),2023,14:1138085

    • [4] LIU C,XIAO C,CHEN J,et al.Risk factor analysis for predicting cervical lymph node metastasis in papillary thy⁃ roid carcinoma:a study of 966 patients[J].BMC Cancer,2019,19(1):622

    • [5] 中华医学会内分泌学分会,中华医学会外科学分会,中国抗癌协会头颈肿瘤专业委员会,等.甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌指南[J].中华核医学与分子影像杂志,2013,33(2):96-115

    • [6] HAUGEN B R.2015 American thyroid association man⁃ agement guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer:what is new and what has changed?[J].Cancer,2017,123(3):372-381

    • [7] LI Y,GAO X,GUO T,et al.Development and validation of nomograms for predicting the risk of central lymph node metastasis of solitary papillary thyroid carcinoma of the isthmus[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2023,149(16):14853-14868

    • [8] ISAACS J D,LUNDGREN C I,SIDHU S B,et al.The del⁃ phian lymph node in thyroid cancer[J].Ann Surg,2008,247(3):477-482

    • [9] SANTRAC N,BESIC N,BUTA M,et al.Lymphatic drain⁃ age,regional metastases and surgical management of pap⁃ illary thyroid carcinoma arising in pyramidal lobe⁃a single institution experience[J].Endocr J,2014,61(1):55-59

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