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通讯作者:

徐向东,E-mail:xuxdong2@mail.sysu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R736.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)12-1686-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231211

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参考文献 2
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
HUANG T Y,VIOLA YU W H,CHIANG F Y,et al.Prog⁃ nostic indicators of non⁃transection nerve injury and vocal fold motion impairment after thyroid surgery ⁃ correlation between intraoperative neuromonitoring findings and peri⁃ operative voice parameters[J].Front Endocrinol(Laus⁃ anne),2021,30(12):755231
参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
CIROCCHI R,AREZZO A,D’ANDREA V,et al.Intra⁃ operative neuromonitoring versus visual nerve identifica⁃ tion for prevention of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in adults undergoing thyroid surgery[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2019,1(1):CD012483
参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
肖富亮,林云,潘新良.早期cN0PTC预防性中央区淋巴结清扫的临床研究[J].山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报,2023,37(1):64-71
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨术中神经监测(intraoperative neuromonitoring,IONM)对分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid carcinoma, DTC)患者主观语音结局的影响。方法:回顾性分析从2018年9月—2019年3月在中山大学第一附属医院接受甲状腺手术的 DTC患者,分为IONM组和非IONM组,采用倾向评分匹配法(propensity score matching,PSM),比较两组患者的临床基线特征和术后主观语音结果。结果:在预防性中央区淋巴结清扫亚组中,两组患者术后1个月、6个月的声音障碍指数-10(voice handi- cap index-10,VHI-10)总分及甲状腺癌特异性生活质量(thyroid cancer specific quality of life,THYCA-QoL)问卷的声音领域均无统计学差异(P > 0.05)。在靠近或侵犯后包膜亚组中,IONM组术后1个月、6个月的THYCA-QoL问卷中的声音领域评分中位数(四分位数)均为0.00(0.00,0.00),低于非IONM组的0.00(0.00,33.33),差异有统计学意义(P=0.034)。均值均为5.73,明显低于非IONM组的15.66(P=0.029)。VHI-10问卷两组差异无统计学意义。结论:IONM对DTC患者及预防性中央区淋巴结清扫术亚组患者的主观发声障碍没有显著影响,但可明显改善靠近后包膜高危组患者术后主观声音异常。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to investigate the effects of intraoperative neuromonitoring(IONM)on postoperative voice outcomes of by differentiated thyroid cancer(DTC). Methods:We assessed patients with DTC underwent thyroid surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from September 2018 to March 2019. According to whether IONM was used or not,the patients were divided into IONM group and non - IONM group. Clinicopathological characteristics and voice outcomes between IONM and non - IONM patients with DTC were compared using propensity score matching(PSM). Results:In the whole population and the subgroup of lymph node dissection in the prevention center,there was no statistical difference between the two groups in the total score of the voice handicap index - 10(VHI-10)and the voice field of the thyroid cancer specific quality of life(THYCA-QoL)questionnaire 1 and 6 months after surgery(P>0.05). In the subgroup of approaching or invading the posterior capsule,the median(quartile)THYCA- QoL voice score in the IONM group at 1 month and 6 months after surgery was 0.00(0.00,0.00)lower than in the non-IONM group 0.00 (0.00,33.33),(P=0.034). The score of THYCA-QoL in the IONM group was 5.73 lower than that in the non-IONM group 15.66(P= 0.029). There was no statistical difference in the VHI - 10 questionnaire. Conclusion:IONM has no significant effect on subjective phonation disorder in patients with DTC and subgroup patients with preventive central lymphadenectomy. However,it can significantly improve the subjective voice abnormalities of patients in the approaching or invading the posterior capsule subgroup after surgery.

  • 分化型甲状腺癌(differentiated thyroid cancer, DTC)为最常见的甲状腺恶性肿瘤,以手术切除为主要治疗方法,喉返神经(recurrent laryngeal nerve, RLN)损伤为最常见的甲状腺手术并发症[1-2]。研究表明,短暂性 RLN 麻痹的发生率为 2.26%,永久性 RLN麻痹的发生率为0.05%[3],导致术后声音嘶哑、发声困难、窒息等症状,影响患者术后生活质量。因此,术中保存RLN的结构和功能是减少甲状腺术后并发症的关键因素。

  • 术中神经监测(intraoperative neuromonitoring, IONM)作为神经识别的辅助手段已经被证实是一种可靠的术中神经保护技术。一项随机研究表明,与单独的视觉识别相比,IONM 在统计学上可以降低术后喉镜中声带麻痹的发生率[4]。有研究证实声音障碍量表与术后声带麻痹存在强相关性[5],然而部分术中损伤不一定引起可视喉镜下的器质性声带活动异常,但会导致术后声音变化甚至发声障碍[6]。关于术后主观声音结局的评估主要包括声音障碍指数⁃10(voice handicap index⁃10,VHI⁃10)量表及甲状腺癌特异性生活质量(thyroid cancer specific quality of life,THYCA⁃QoL)问卷,每份问卷在器质性和功能性发音障碍中同等重要[7]

  • 本研究是一项DTC患者的回顾性研究,以VHI⁃ 10 问卷[8-10] 和 THYCA⁃QoL 问卷中的声音领域标准化得分[11-13] 作为研究终点,主观评估手术后语音预后,探讨IONM对于DTC术后发声障碍的影响。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 1.1.1 总体人群

  • 本研究纳入中山大学附属第一医院从2018年 9 月—2019 年 3 月诊断为甲状腺癌的患者,术前完善喉镜提示声带无异常、术后病理分型为DTC。排除标准:既往颈部放射史、颈部手术史、年龄<18岁、术前喉镜提示声带活动异常及问卷结果异常(VHI⁃ 10>0或THYCA⁃QoL问卷中的声音领域>2)、肿瘤分期≥Ⅱ期及信息缺失的患者。按术中是否使用神经监测分为IONM组和非IONM组。

  • 1.1.2 亚组人群

  • 所有患者术前均于中山大学附属第一医院行甲状腺超声检查,超声科医师检查提示为“肿物紧贴”“侵犯后包膜”及“肿物与后包膜分界不清”,并由1名外科医师阅片复核,将此部分患者定义为肿物紧贴或侵犯后包膜的高危人群。术前查体及影像学检查未见淋巴结转移且术中行预防性中央区 (Ⅵ及Ⅶ区)清扫的患者定义为预防性中央区淋巴结清扫高危人群。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 IONM

  • 本研究使用美敦力NIM3.0系统监测RLN,该系统可分为监测仪主机、刺激端设备、记录端设备、连接组件等。记录电极为气管插管表面电极,刺激电极为单极探针,术中使用单极探针电刺激 RLN,形成神经冲动并传导至支配肌肉产生肌电信号,形成肌电图,进而判断神经功能的完整性。术中均使用 IONM标准化操作步骤,四步法探测神经肌电信号,术中应用“十字交叉法”定位RLN走形区域,配合精细点测鉴别神经及其分支。刺激探针电流强度设定为1~3 mA[7]

  • 1.2.2 声音评估

  • 所有患者术前均行电子喉镜检查,以客观评估声带功能。收集患者术后 1、6 个月的 VHI⁃10 量表及 THYCA⁃QoL 问卷(声音领域),评估患者术后主观发声障碍。问卷通过纸质、邮件、微信、问卷星等方式发放和收集,由1名接受问卷培训的临床医生收集数据。患者3 d内未回复,重复发送2次;若超过 3次未获取该患者回访信息,则此患者定义为失访。

  • VHI⁃10量表是一种经过验证的、可靠的语音质量自我评估工具,可以对声带功能进行主观评估[8]。中文版被证明具有良好的信度和效度[9]。量表共由 10 个问题组成,每个问题都采用 5 分制评分,从 0 (从不)到4(总是)。评估参数为每个患者VHI⁃10量表总分(范围0~40分),分数越高提示发声障碍程度越高。异常声音的定义为总分>11分[10]

  • THYCA⁃QoL 问卷是评估甲状腺癌患者生命质量的测评工具。中文版本已被证实有良好信效度。问卷共24个题项,每个题项以4分制评分,1分为“完全没有”,4分为“非常”,其中声音领域包含2个问题,2个题目的平均分为该领域粗分,粗分按标准化转换为0~100分,分数越高表示越不舒服,生活质量越差[11-13]

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 连续变量包括年龄、肿瘤大小、VHI⁃10和THY⁃ CA⁃QoL评分,用均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,采用t检验。VHI⁃10 和 THYCA⁃QoL 评分加用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75]描述,采用非参数秩和检验(Mann⁃ Whitney 检验)比较。分类变量描述为频率和百分比,采用Fisher检验。采用倾向评分匹配法(propen⁃sity score matching,PSM)对IONM组和非IONM组患者进行匹配,以调整基线变量的差异。在给定基线协变量的情况下,使用多变量逻辑回归模型计算个体的倾向得分。采用计算机技术与倾向评分的 20%标准差卡钳值进行最接近的可用评分匹配,且不进行替代选择。所有患者、侵犯或靠近后包膜亚组和预防性中央区淋巴结清扫亚组分别行 PSM 分析。所有分析均采用 Stata/MP 14.0 软件。P<0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 总体人群

  • PSM后得到119对匹配的患者,匹配后IONM组和非 IONM 组患者基线特征上差异无统计学意义 (表1)。

  • PSM后IONM组与非IONM组患者VHI⁃10评分比较结果显示,两组的VHI⁃10评分在术后1、6个月均有下降趋势,但两组评分结果差异无统计学意义 (P >0.05)。两组在术后 1 个月及 6 个月异常语音 (VHI⁃10评分>11分)比例均较低,两组比较差异也无统计学意义(P=0.759,P=0.167,表2)。PSM 后 IONM 组与非 IONM 组患者术后 1、6 个月 THYCA ⁃ QoL问卷中声音领域的评分比较,也未见明显统计学差异(P=0.704,表2)。

  • 2.2 侵犯或靠近后包膜亚组分析

  • PSM 前 IONM 组和非 IONM 组患者的基线临床病理特征比较,在手术方式上,IONM组行全甲状腺切除术比例高于非IONM组(65.96% vs.40.91%,P= 0.007),IONM组发生同侧或双侧颈部淋巴结清扫的患者比例高于非 IONM 组(73.91% vs.55.81%,P= 0.016),IONM组对甲状腺后包膜侵犯率明显高于非 IONM 组(36.71% vs.15.91%,P=0.010)。PSM 后得到36对匹配的患者,匹配后两组患者基线特征上差异均无统计学意义(表3)。

  • 在本亚组中,IONM组与非IONM组患者VHI⁃10 评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。IONM组异常语音比例低于非IONM 组,但差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表4)。两组患者术后1、6个月THYCA⁃ QoL问卷中声音领域的评分比较,IONM组均值和中位数均低于非IONM组(P=0.029,P=0.034,表4)。

  • 2.3 预防中央区淋巴结清扫亚组分析

  • PSM 前 IONM 组和非 IONM 组患者的基线临床病理特征比较,在手术方式上,IONM组行全甲状腺切除术比例高于非IONM组(62.50% vs.33.33%,P=0.00 2),IONM组对甲状腺后包膜侵犯率明显高于非 IONM组(12.82% vs.2.78%,P=0.031)。PSM后得到 33 对匹配的患者,基线特征上差异无统计学意义 (表5)。

  • 在本亚组中,IONM 组与非 IONM 组患者术后 1 个月和 6 个月所有语音结局,包括 VHI⁃10 量表、 THYCA⁃QoL问卷中声音领域评分,以及异常语音的比例,两组差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05,表6)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究以患者主观声音异常作为终点指标,提供喉镜检查无法捕捉的发声感知情况。应用声音异常评估神经监测临床效能,更加便利、易实施。其次,探究神经监测对高危亚组人群的意义,提示侵犯或靠近后包膜亚组术中使用神经监测可明显获益,预防性中央区淋巴结清扫术并未从中获益,可指导临床术前选择,减少耗材费用。

  • 既往研究对于神经监测对甲状腺患者术后声音影响多以可视喉镜下的声带麻痹作为主要研究终点,一项2009年的随机临床研究表明,与单独可视化神经解剖相比,神经监测降低了术后喉镜下短暂性但非永久性RLN麻痹的发生率[4]。本研究中总人群术后1、6个月的IONM组的VHI⁃10评分均比非 IONM组高,但无明显统计学差异,这可能是多种因素造成的。首先,从操作角度来看,IONM的常规使用存在争议,因为神经刺激可能是神经疲劳和增加暂时性或永久性 RLN 麻痹发生率的原因。有研究表明,0.5~1.0 mA低脉冲神经刺激对RLN功能是安全的[6]。本实验刺激最大电流强度为3 mA,可能存在一定的神经损伤风险。而且,术中牵扯伤、器械钝性伤为非肉眼性迟发损伤,尤其以牵拉腺体时 Berry 韧带对神经造成的损伤最为常见,恢复时间在 1个月之内[14]。上述结论仍缺乏较高的循证医学证据。其次,从术者角度分析,本研究术者均为副高级职称以上的甲状腺外科医生,具有丰富的甲状腺手术经验,可熟练掌握RLN 解剖显露方法,相对性减少了IONM的技术优势。但对小容量甲状腺外科手术的专科医师,IONM 技术可成为其强有力的入门辅助工具,有效提升神经识别率,降低游离解剖神经过程中损伤的风险,缩短甲状腺手术神经解剖的学习曲线[15]。相对于 IONM 组,外科医生在非 IONM组中操作可能会更精细、谨慎,这可能与好的声音结局相关。最后,从患者角度分析,不同患者对术后声音质量敏感性及需求不同,相对于其他劳务工作者,教师、新闻主播及声音相关艺术工作者对声音质量要求较高,会影响实验结果。高质量声音职业的术后发声评估可成为进一步的研究方向[16]。术后声音变化除RLN损伤,也与气管插管及喉带肌固定甲状腺周围神经丛损伤相关。这些非特异性声音变化不会引起喉镜下的声带麻痹,但会影响主观声音衡量,影响患者的声音相关生活质量[17]。相对于未应用 IONM 的患者,应用 IONM 的患者对术后发声障碍更为关注,可能提高主观声音评估标准,增加VHI评分。对于靠近后包膜的高危人群,本研究中不同声音问卷结局的评估结果不全相同,这可能与较小的样本量相关,需要多中心前瞻性大样本的高质量研究支持。

  • 表1 倾向评估匹配后两组患者临床资料比较

  • Table1 Characteristics of patients after PSM

  • 表2 倾向评估匹配后两组患者VHI⁃10和THYCA⁃QoL评分

  • Table2 Comparison of IONM vs non⁃IONM with two kinds of questionnaires in total patients(after PSM)

  • VHI⁃10评分样本量为238例,THYCA⁃QoL评分样本量为210例。

  • 表3 倾向评估匹配前后侵犯或靠近后包膜亚组的基线比较

  • Table3 Characteristics of approaching or invading the posterior capsule subgroup before and after PSM

  • *:PSM前部分数据缺失。

  • 表4 侵犯或靠近后包膜亚组是否神经监测声音障碍比较(倾向评分匹配后)

  • Table4 Comparison of IONM vs non ⁃ IONM with two kinds of questionnaires in approaching or invading the posterior capsule subgroup(after PSM)

  • VHI⁃10评分样本量为72例,THYCA⁃QoL评分样本量为65例。

  • 表5 倾向评估匹配前后预防性中央区淋巴结清扫术亚组的基线比较

  • Table5 Characteristics of preventive central lymphadenectomy subgroup before and after PSM

  • *:PSM前部分数据缺失。

  • Sugitani等[18] 研究表明,术前超声提示肿物肿瘤和气管之间的钝角具有很高的侵袭风险,即靠近及侵犯后包膜的人群更易侵袭神经,术中损伤风险更大。本研究对于术前靠近及侵犯后包膜患者,IONM 组术后1、6个月THYCA⁃QoL评分较非IONM组显著降低,可明显改善术后患者主观发声异常,为靠近后包膜患者术前选择神经监测提供理论支持,而 VHI⁃10量表中,IONM组评分有降低趋势,但无统计学明显差异,可能与问卷侧重方向相关,需要进一步大样本前瞻性数据支持。

  • 表6 预防性中央区淋巴结清扫亚组是否神经监测声音障碍比较(倾向评分匹配后)

  • Table6 Comparison of IONM vs non⁃IONM with two kinds of questionnaires in preventive central lymphadenectomy sub⁃ group(after PSM)

  • VHI⁃10评分样本量为66例,THYCA⁃QoL评分样本量为59例。

  • 肖富亮等[19] 荟萃分析显示,未行预防性中央区淋巴结清扫时,甲状腺腺叶及甲状腺全切术后暂时性喉返神经损伤发生率分别为6%、11%,而回顾性分析表明,对应发生率为3.3%、9.3%,对比发现,预防性中央区淋巴结清扫术后喉镜下 RLN 损伤发生率并未升高。本研究进一步证明,与总人群相比,预防性中央区淋巴结清扫术后患者主观声音评分并未见明显升高。RLN 监测对该亚组术后主观发声异常及发声障碍发生率无显著改变。因此,应积极行预防性中央区淋巴结清扫,以清除可能存在的隐匿恶性淋巴结,前提是手术团队的水平能够不增加术后并发症的风险。并且对于该类人群,IONM 无明显获益,为非必要选择。

  • 本研究是单中心的回顾性研究,存在一定的偏倚。此外,靠近或侵犯后包膜及预防性中央区淋巴结清扫患者的样本量较小,研究结果有一定的局限性。本研究中心术者均为副高级职称以上高年资甲状腺外科医师,对处于学习曲线初期的医生,神经监测的神经保护作用仍需进一步论证。对于术后更短期的发声障碍评估也可为进一步研究目标,更大样本以及更多的前瞻性研究和随机对照试验将进一步验证神经监测在总体人群及高危人群的应用价值。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LIDDY W,WU C W,DIONIGI G,et al.Varied recurrent laryngeal nerve course is associated with increased risk of nerve dysfunction during thyroidectomy:results of the surgical anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thy⁃ roid surgery study,an international multicenter prospec⁃ tive anatomic Monitoring Study Group[J].Thyroid,2021,31(11):1730-1740

    • [2] Miranda⁃Filho A,Lortet⁃Tieulent J,Freddie B,et al.Thy⁃ roid cancer incidence trends by histology in 25 countries:a population ⁃ based study[J].Lancet Diabetes Endocri⁃ nol.2021,9(4):225-234

    • [3] KU D,HUI M,CHEUNG P,et al.Meta⁃analysis on contin⁃ uous nerve monitoring in thyroidectomies[J].Head Neck,2021,43(12):3966-3978

    • [4] ZHU Y M,GAO D S,LIN J Q,et al.Intraoperative neuro⁃ monitoring in thyroid and parathyroid surgery[J].Laparo⁃ endosc Adv Surg Tech A,2021,31(1):18-23

    • [5] DAGGUMATI S,PANOSSIAN H,SATALOFF R T,et al.Vocal fold paresis:incidence,and the relationship be⁃ tween voice handicap index and laryngeal EMG findings [J].J Voice,2019,33(6):940-944

    • [6] AYGUN N,CELAYIR M F,ISGOR A,et al.The effect of strap muscle transection on voice and swallowing changes after thyroidectomy in patients without laryngeal nerve in⁃ jury[J].Ann R Coll Surg Engl,2022,104(7):517-524

    • [7] YAŞAR Ö C,TAHIR E,KEMAL Ö,et al.Organic and functional dysphonias:comparison of self⁃assessment pro⁃ tocols by confirmatory factor analysis[J].Logoped Phoni⁃ atr Vocol,2022,13:1-8

    • [8] LAM P K Y,CHAN K M,HO W K,et al.Cross⁃cultural adaptation and validation of the Chinese voice handicap Index⁃10[J].Laryngoscope,2006,116(7):1192-1198

    • [9] 孙辉.中国甲状腺及甲状旁腺手术中神经监测指南(2023版)[J].中国实用外科杂志,2023,43(1):23-33

    • [10] ROSEN C A,LEE A S,OSBORNE J,et al.Development and validation of the voice handicap index⁃10[J].Laryn⁃ goscope,2004,114(9):1549-1556

    • [11] ARFFA R E,KRISHNA P,JACQUELINE G S,et al.Nor⁃ mative values for the voice handicap Index ⁃ 10[J].J Voice,2012,26(4):462-465

    • [12] LAN Y,LUO Y K,ZHANG M B,et al.Quality of life in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients undergoing ra⁃ diofrequency ablation or surgery:a comparative study[J].Front Endocrinol(Lausanne),2020,15(11):249

    • [13] LAN Y,JIN Z,ZHANG Y,et al.Factors associated with health⁃related quality of life in papillary thyroid microcar⁃ cinoma patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation:a cross⁃sectional prevalence study[J].Int J Hyperthermia,2020,37(1):1174-1181

    • [14] HUANG T Y,VIOLA YU W H,CHIANG F Y,et al.Prog⁃ nostic indicators of non⁃transection nerve injury and vocal fold motion impairment after thyroid surgery ⁃ correlation between intraoperative neuromonitoring findings and peri⁃ operative voice parameters[J].Front Endocrinol(Laus⁃ anne),2021,30(12):755231

    • [15] OLSON S L,INGRAM M C E,GRAFFY P M,et al.Effect of surgeon volume on pediatric thyroid surgery outcomes:A systematic review[J].J Pediatr Surg,2022,57(9):208-215

    • [16] ALAROUJ H,ALTHEKERALLAH J M,ALALI H,et al.A Comparative study utilizing the voice handicap Index ⁃ 10(VHI⁃10)in teachers and the general population of Ku⁃ wait[J].J Voice,2022,36(2):289.e1-289.e10

    • [17] CIROCCHI R,AREZZO A,D’ANDREA V,et al.Intra⁃ operative neuromonitoring versus visual nerve identifica⁃ tion for prevention of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in adults undergoing thyroid surgery[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2019,1(1):CD012483

    • [18] SUGITANI I,ITO Y,TAKEUCHI D,et al.Indications and strategy for active surveillance of adult low⁃risk papil⁃ lary thyroid microcarcinoma:consensus statements from the Japan Association of Endocrine Surgery Task Force on Management for Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma [J].Thyroid,2021,31(2):183-192

    • [19] 肖富亮,林云,潘新良.早期cN0PTC预防性中央区淋巴结清扫的临床研究[J].山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报,2023,37(1):64-71

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LIDDY W,WU C W,DIONIGI G,et al.Varied recurrent laryngeal nerve course is associated with increased risk of nerve dysfunction during thyroidectomy:results of the surgical anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in thy⁃ roid surgery study,an international multicenter prospec⁃ tive anatomic Monitoring Study Group[J].Thyroid,2021,31(11):1730-1740

    • [2] Miranda⁃Filho A,Lortet⁃Tieulent J,Freddie B,et al.Thy⁃ roid cancer incidence trends by histology in 25 countries:a population ⁃ based study[J].Lancet Diabetes Endocri⁃ nol.2021,9(4):225-234

    • [3] KU D,HUI M,CHEUNG P,et al.Meta⁃analysis on contin⁃ uous nerve monitoring in thyroidectomies[J].Head Neck,2021,43(12):3966-3978

    • [4] ZHU Y M,GAO D S,LIN J Q,et al.Intraoperative neuro⁃ monitoring in thyroid and parathyroid surgery[J].Laparo⁃ endosc Adv Surg Tech A,2021,31(1):18-23

    • [5] DAGGUMATI S,PANOSSIAN H,SATALOFF R T,et al.Vocal fold paresis:incidence,and the relationship be⁃ tween voice handicap index and laryngeal EMG findings [J].J Voice,2019,33(6):940-944

    • [6] AYGUN N,CELAYIR M F,ISGOR A,et al.The effect of strap muscle transection on voice and swallowing changes after thyroidectomy in patients without laryngeal nerve in⁃ jury[J].Ann R Coll Surg Engl,2022,104(7):517-524

    • [7] YAŞAR Ö C,TAHIR E,KEMAL Ö,et al.Organic and functional dysphonias:comparison of self⁃assessment pro⁃ tocols by confirmatory factor analysis[J].Logoped Phoni⁃ atr Vocol,2022,13:1-8

    • [8] LAM P K Y,CHAN K M,HO W K,et al.Cross⁃cultural adaptation and validation of the Chinese voice handicap Index⁃10[J].Laryngoscope,2006,116(7):1192-1198

    • [9] 孙辉.中国甲状腺及甲状旁腺手术中神经监测指南(2023版)[J].中国实用外科杂志,2023,43(1):23-33

    • [10] ROSEN C A,LEE A S,OSBORNE J,et al.Development and validation of the voice handicap index⁃10[J].Laryn⁃ goscope,2004,114(9):1549-1556

    • [11] ARFFA R E,KRISHNA P,JACQUELINE G S,et al.Nor⁃ mative values for the voice handicap Index ⁃ 10[J].J Voice,2012,26(4):462-465

    • [12] LAN Y,LUO Y K,ZHANG M B,et al.Quality of life in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma patients undergoing ra⁃ diofrequency ablation or surgery:a comparative study[J].Front Endocrinol(Lausanne),2020,15(11):249

    • [13] LAN Y,JIN Z,ZHANG Y,et al.Factors associated with health⁃related quality of life in papillary thyroid microcar⁃ cinoma patients undergoing radiofrequency ablation:a cross⁃sectional prevalence study[J].Int J Hyperthermia,2020,37(1):1174-1181

    • [14] HUANG T Y,VIOLA YU W H,CHIANG F Y,et al.Prog⁃ nostic indicators of non⁃transection nerve injury and vocal fold motion impairment after thyroid surgery ⁃ correlation between intraoperative neuromonitoring findings and peri⁃ operative voice parameters[J].Front Endocrinol(Laus⁃ anne),2021,30(12):755231

    • [15] OLSON S L,INGRAM M C E,GRAFFY P M,et al.Effect of surgeon volume on pediatric thyroid surgery outcomes:A systematic review[J].J Pediatr Surg,2022,57(9):208-215

    • [16] ALAROUJ H,ALTHEKERALLAH J M,ALALI H,et al.A Comparative study utilizing the voice handicap Index ⁃ 10(VHI⁃10)in teachers and the general population of Ku⁃ wait[J].J Voice,2022,36(2):289.e1-289.e10

    • [17] CIROCCHI R,AREZZO A,D’ANDREA V,et al.Intra⁃ operative neuromonitoring versus visual nerve identifica⁃ tion for prevention of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury in adults undergoing thyroid surgery[J].Cochrane Database Syst Rev,2019,1(1):CD012483

    • [18] SUGITANI I,ITO Y,TAKEUCHI D,et al.Indications and strategy for active surveillance of adult low⁃risk papil⁃ lary thyroid microcarcinoma:consensus statements from the Japan Association of Endocrine Surgery Task Force on Management for Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma [J].Thyroid,2021,31(2):183-192

    • [19] 肖富亮,林云,潘新良.早期cN0PTC预防性中央区淋巴结清扫的临床研究[J].山东大学耳鼻喉眼学报,2023,37(1):64-71