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通讯作者:

岳震,E-mail:yzicu5336@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R651.11

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)12-1694-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231212

参考文献 1
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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PADAYACHY L C,PADAYACHY V,GRAHAM U,et al.The relationship between transorbital ultrasound measure⁃ ment of the optic nerve sheath diameter(ONSD)and inva⁃ sively measured ICP in children[J].Childs Nerv Syst,2016,32(10):1769-1778
参考文献 23
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参考文献 24
王婧,谷亮,张献礼,等.儿童重型颅脑损伤后颅内压与视神经鞘直径的相关性[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(12):1778-1780
参考文献 25
王旭,杨丽娟,刘晓宇,等.超声测量成人视神经鞘直径诊断颅内高压症:Meta分析[J].中国医学影像技术,2022,38(10):1464-1469
参考文献 26
ALETREBY W,ALHARTHY A,BRINDLEY P G,et al.Optic nerve sheath diameter ultrasound for raised intra⁃ cranial pressure:a literature review and meta ⁃analysis of its diagnostic accuracy[J].J Ultrasound Med,2022,41(3):585-595
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:依靠超声测量视神经鞘直径(optic nerve sheath diameter,ONSD)在神经重症患者术后建立有效预测颅内压 (intracranial pressure,ICP)的方法。方法:连续监测52例神经重症患者术后有创ICP,使用经眼眶超声测量视神经鞘在垂直和水平方向上直径的平均值,采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析ONSD诊断颅内高压的效能,并评估该方法的灵敏度和特异度。结果:所有患者的双眼平均ONSD[(5.27±0.47)mm]和有创ICP[(11.77±6.18)mmHg]相关性良好(r=0.79,P<0.01)。ROC 曲线得到 ONSD 诊断颅内高压(ICP≥20 mmHg)的最佳临界值为 5.625 mm,诊断的灵敏度为 74.3%,特异度为90.4%。同时获得ICP为5、10、15、25 mmHg对应的ONSD临界值为5.175、5.325、5.375、5.825 mm。结论:床旁超声经眼眶测量ONSD可以判断ICP变化,尤其在神经重症患者有创ICP或影像学检查受限的情况下,可以动态、快捷、无创地评估ICP,具有显著的临床应用价值,值得推广。

    Abstract

    Objective:To establish an effective method for predicting intracranial pressure(ICP)by measuring optic sheath diameter (ONSD)using ultrasonography. Methods:52 patients with severe neurological conditions were continuously monitored for postoperative invasive ICP. The mean diameter of the optic nerve sheath in vertical and horizontal directions was measured by transorbital ultrasound. The diagnostic efficacy of ONSD in intracranial hypertension was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC)curve,and the sensitivity and specificity of the method were evaluated. Results:The mean binocular ONSD(5.27±0.47)mm was well correlated with invasive ICP(11.77±6.18)mmHg in all patients(r=0.79,P < 0.01). ROC curve showed that the ONSD cutoff for detecting intracranial hypertension(ICP≥20 mmHg)was 5.625 mm,with a sensitivity of 74.3% and a specificity of 90.4% . Meanwhile,the ONSD cutoff corresponding to ICP 5,10,15 and 25 mmHg were 5.175,5.325,5.375 and 5.825 mm. Conclusions: Bedside ultrasound measurements of ONSD through orbit can determine changes of ICP,especially in the case of invasive ICP or limited imaging examinatior in patients with severe neurological conditions . The ICP can be evaluated dynamically,quickly and non- invasively,which has significant clinical application value and is worthy of promotion.

  • 颅内压(intracranial pressure,ICP)增高是颅脑损伤的一种严重并发症,特别是在神经重症患者中尤为严重。颅高压与颅脑损伤的不良预后密切相关,早期发现和及时处理颅高压会进一步降低脑损伤与脑死亡[1-3]。目前有多种监测ICP的方法,其中有创ICP监测须依靠侵入性的操作,可能导致出血、感染、功能障碍等严重并发症[4-6]。神经重症患者由于病情危重,住院周期长,需要进行ICP长程监测,然而有创ICP放置时间过长会增加感染风险。影像学检查如计算机断层扫描和磁共振成像虽然可以用于提供ICP升高的直接证据,如颅内出血、弥漫性脑沟淡化、中线移位、脑积水等,但是对神经危重症患者而言,生命体征不稳定以及各种引流管、监测设备的使用在某种程度上限制了外出影像学检查的可行性。此外,ICP是高度动态变化的指标,其数值可以从正常基线瞬间快速升高。因此,建立一个可靠的、动态且无创的ICP评估方法是非常必要的[7-8]

  • 视神经是中枢神经系统的一部分,为视神经鞘所包绕。视神经鞘来自于颅内硬脑膜与蛛网膜在视神经管的延续,ICP 的变化可直接传递到视神经鞘。在正常ICP条件下,视神经鞘内只有少量脑脊液,而当ICP升高时脑脊液经过蛛网膜下腔进入视神经与视神经鞘之间的蛛网膜下腔,从而引起视神经鞘扩张。研究表明急性ICP改变后几分钟内,视神经鞘直径(optic nerve sheath diameter,ONSD)会出现增宽,可以实时反映ICP的变化[9-11]

  • 超声经眼眶测量ONSD的方法对存在有创ICP 监测禁忌、需要长期监测 ICP 以及危重患者 ICP 的监测具有优势。目前的文献中,有研究将超声为基础的ONSD测量与有创测量的ICP进行关联[12-13]。同时很少有对多个ICP梯度的临界值进行明确的研究。本研究探讨了神经重症患者术后ONSD与有创ICP的相关性,并探索ICP变化时ONSD的临界阈值,期待部分替代有创ICP监测,发挥动态监测ICP的效果。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性分析2022年5月—2023年5月在南京医科大学第一附属医院神经外科监护病房治疗的急性颅脑损伤患者。纳入标准包括:年龄≥18岁;所有患者在全麻下进行脑内血肿清除术;术中放置有创ICP 监测;有完整的人口统计学数据和基线临床特征。排除标准包括:年龄<18岁,既往有眼眶骨折、眼科疾病及佩戴义眼患者。本研究经院伦理委员会批准,所有患者均签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 超声经眼眶测量ONSD

  • 患者于术后每日 8 点测量双眼 ONSD 值,以避免昼夜节律的变化以及医源性操作对ICP的影响。患者取仰卧位5 min,闭眼,头保持正中位,清洁眼睑周围皮肤,使用透明贴膜覆盖患者眼睑处,避免耦合剂入眼。测量使用迈瑞便携式彩色多普勒M8超声系统,采用高频 12 MHz 线性换能器探头,选择机械指数低(mechanical index,MI<0.3)的经眶超声以最大程度地保证患者安全。将线阵探头分别沿水平面及纵行切面轻柔放置在眼睑上,轻微倾斜探头,直到在眼球后可以看到边缘清晰的线性低回声结构,即为视神经鞘。标准图像要求视神经应尽可能位于屏幕的中心,进行彩色多普勒,可见位于视神经鞘中央的视网膜中央动静脉。视神经鞘在视乳头下3 mm 进行测量,每侧眼球2个平面各测量3次,取其平均值(图1)。双眼同时测量 ONSD,并计算双眼平均 ONSD,同时记录有创ICP监护的数值。

  • 图1 经眼眶超声测量视神经鞘直径

  • Figure1 Diameter of optic nerve sheath measured by orbital ultrasound

  • 1.2.2 有创ICP监测方法

  • 患者因怀疑或证实存在ICP增高,在脑内血肿清除术后,于术区放置脑实质内连续的ICP监测探头装置(美国强生Codman有创ICP监测仪,型号82⁃ 6631),术中连接 ICP 监测仪并校零,通过 ICP 监测仪动态显示ICP。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用 SPSS19.0 统计学软件对数据进行统计学分析。正态分布的计量资料采用t检验,以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,计数资料以率表示。非正态分布的数据以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示。对 ONSD 和有创 ICP 行 Pearson 相关系数检验。采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线分析 ONSD 诊断 ICP 的效能,使用约登指数计算ONSD 最佳临界值,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 患者双侧眼球ONSD值的比较

  • 纳入术后行有创ICP监测及超声测量ONSD患者共52例,中位年龄60岁,其中男35例,女17例,脑出血37例,脑外伤15例。对52例患者术后共275次监测分析,单侧 ONSD 的数值在 3 次测量后计算平均值,左眼 ONSD 为(5.27±0.47)mm,右眼 ONSD 为 (5.26±0.48)mm,双眼平均 ONSD 为(5.27±0.47)mm (表1)。双眼行配对资料 t 检验,双眼 ONSD 差值 (0.015±0.166)mm,双眼 ONSD 差异无统计学意义 (P=0.138)。同时行Pearson相关性检验,双眼ONSD 值相关性高(r=0.938,P<0.01)。

  • 表1 患者一般临床特征及ONSD检查

  • Table1 General clinical features and ONSD examination of patients

  • 2.2 基于超声的ONSD与有创ICP的相关性研究

  • 测量所有患者的双眼平均ONSD、有创ICP值进行比较,评估整个队列中ONSD与ICP的相关性。在整个队列中,行Pearson相关系数检验,ONSD值与有创ICP值有良好的相关性(r=0.79,P<0.01,图2)。

  • 2.3 ONSD临界值判断ICP的准确性

  • 为了更好地应用超声 ONSD 预测 ICP 值,计算不同有创ICP所对应的ONSD临界值至关重要。临床上ICP≥20 mmHg提示ICP增高,需要临床干预处理,行双眼 ONSD 平均值及有创 ICP 的 ROC 曲线进行分析,ROC 曲线下面积(area unde curve,AUC)为 0.908(图3)。根据最佳约登指数计算 ICP≥20mmHg 的最佳 ONSD 临界值为 5.625 mm(灵敏度 74.3%,特异度90.4%,阳性预测值53.1%,阴性预测值 96%)。同时计算了 ICP 值为 5、10、15、25 mmHg 对应的 ONSD 临界值,见表2。有创 ICP 在 5~25 mmHg 之间时 ONSD 的诊断效能良好(AUC 为 0.863~0.991)。ONSD可以作为无创ICP监测的重要工具。ONSD≥5.875 mm提示有创ICP≥25 mmHg的灵敏度及特异度均较高,AUC=0.991。

  • 图2 ONSD与有创ICP的相关性

  • Figure2 Correlation between ONSD and invasive ICP

  • 3 讨论

  • ICP 增高常见于脑出血、颅脑外伤、颅内感染、脑血管病和脑肿瘤等脑疾病,可引起严重不良后果。神经重症监护病房收治的多为急性重症脑损伤患者,其中难治性 ICP 增高(ICP>20 mmHg),且标准治疗不奏效的比例约占 20%,病死率高达 80%~100%[14-15]。颅内高压可在早期无征兆的情况下发生并可引起难治性ICP[16]。有研究发现,早期判断ICP增高并及时有效干预,可以减少甘露醇用量,降低肾功能损害,缩短患者ICU治疗时间,明显改善患者预后[17-18]。目前ICP监测的方法包括有创和无创 ICP 监测。有创 ICP 监测包括腰椎穿刺、脑室引流管压力监测、微型压电应变传感器监测等,有置管失败、继发颅内出血以及导管相关性感染等风险,Johnson等[19] 报道有创ICP的并发症发生率可高达 32.8%。无创 ICP 监测包括经颅多普勒、闪光视觉诱发电位、经眼眶多普勒超声等,其中经眼眶多普勒超声因其操作方便、快捷、费用低廉、可重复性强,近年来成为无创 ICP 监测的热点[20-21]。本研究报告经眶超声测量 ONSD 与有创监测 ICP 比较,分析个体 ONSD 与 ICP 的相关性以及治疗过程中 ONSD和ICP的动态变化,有利于动态评估病情。

  • 图3 应用ONSD诊断ICP的ROC曲线

  • Figure3 ROC curve of ICP diagnosed by ONSD

  • 表2 有创ICP与双眼平均ONSD临界值关系

  • Table2 Relationship between invasive ICP and mean ONSD critical value in both eyes

  • 本研究发现双眼ONSD没有差异,双眼ONSD的相关性显著(r=0.938,P<0.01),与近期文献一致[22]。正是由于脑脊液循环的存在,局部脑出血、外伤等造成颅内压力的改变会通过蛛网膜下腔传导到全脑,进而同时影响双侧ONSD,因此ONSD可在一定程度上反映ICP水平。但是一些眼部疾病也会影响到ONSD,所以在进行 ONSD 测量前,要排除如眼球缺损、眼损伤、视神经损伤、视神经管骨折以及与异常眼压相关的疾病等。

  • 多项研究表明超声测量ONSD与有创ICP有良好的相关性[22-23]。王婧等[24] 对 78 例患儿的研究证实,床旁超声检查测量所得 ONSD 与有创 ICP 监护所测得的 ICP 相关性较高(r=0.802)。ICP 增高组 ONSD 平均直径明显高于ICP正常组别(P <0.01)。研究同时得出儿童ONSD判断ICP增高的最佳临界点为4.2 mm,灵敏度为86.1%,特异度为92.9%。另有研究报道ONSD是颅脑损伤患者不良预后的独立预测因素,可以用于预测病情的转归[19]。尽管ON⁃ SD 和 ICP 之间有着显著相关性,但是在预测 ICP>20 mmHg的ONSD临界值方面,各研究尚不统一。目前多项研究表明,ONSD 的最佳临界值波动在 4.5~6.6 mm[25-26],可能与不同研究的颅内高压标准、入组患者危重程度以及测量时间等差异有关。术中将有创ICP装置放置在脑组织中,并记录术后5 d内的 ICP监测数据,可以更加真实有效地反映术后ICP变化。本研究结果显示,ONSD与ICP相关性合理(r= 0.79,P<0.01),这表明ONSD变化能够反映ICP的改变,可以替代有创ICP监测,成为无创ICP监测的重要方法。当ICP≥20 mmHg时,最佳ONSD临界值为 5.625 mm,AUC为0.908,该阈值具有较高的颅高压区分能力。与前期研究结果比较,本研究的 ONSD 阈值偏高,可能是在测量视神经鞘时,经过视神经动静脉层面能更准确地测量视神经鞘的最大直径。同时为了确定不同 ICP 下的 ONSD 值,还计算了ICP在5、10、15和25 mmHg 时ONSD 的临界值分别为5.175、5.325、5.375、5.875 mm。结果显示当ICP 在正常范围时,ONSD也呈正相关的变化趋势,为严重神经重症患者早期预警ICP增高提供更多的参考价值。

  • 本研究仍然具有局限性,首先在病种方面,仅纳入了脑出血及脑外伤患者,并没有涉及到脑梗死、颅内肿瘤等相关病种。虽然意识到不同疾病导致的颅高压会带来相同的病理生理变化,并导致相似的临床结局,但是不同疾病本身的特点没有考量在内。其次,本研究样本量相对较少,在未来的研究中,有必要联合多中心进行大样本的前瞻性研究进一步佐证本研究结果。

  • 综上所述,床旁超声经眼眶测量ONSD 可以有效判断ICP变化,尤其对神经重症患者不方便进行有创ICP监测或影像学检查的情况下,可以动态、快捷、无创地测量ONSD评估ICP,具有显著的临床应用价值,值得推广。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] AKERLUND C A,DONNELLY J,ZEILER F A,et al.Im⁃ pact of duration and magnitude of raised intracranial pres⁃ sure on outcome after severe traumatic brain injury:a CENTER⁃TBI high⁃resolution group study[J].PLoS One,2020,15(12):e0243427

    • [2] CHESNUT R M,AGUILERA S,BUKI A,et al.Perceived utility of intracranial pressure monitoring in traumatic brain injury:a seattle international brain injury consensus conference consensus ⁃ based analysis and recommenda⁃ tions[J].Neurosurgery,2023,93(2):399-408

    • [3] KRISHNAMOORTHY V,KOMISAROW J M,LASKOW⁃ ITZ D T,et al.Multiorgan dysfunction after severe trau⁃ matic brain injury:epidemiology,mechanisms,and clini⁃ cal management[J].Chest,2021,160(3):956-964

    • [4] FERNANDO S M,TRAN A,CHENG W,et al.Diagnosis of elevated intracranial pressure in critically ill adults:systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].BMJ,2019,366:l4225

    • [5] 中国医师协会神经外科医师分会,中国神经创伤专家委员会.中国颅脑创伤颅内压监测专家共识[J].中华神经外科杂志,2011,27(10):1073-1074

    • [6] SACCO T L,DAVIS J G.Management of intracranial pres⁃ sure part II:nonpharmacologic interventions[J].Dimens Crit Care Nurs,2019,38(2):61-69

    • [7] CZOSNYKA M,HUTCHINSON P J,BALESTRERI M,et al.Monitoring and interpretation of intracranial pressure after head injury[J].Acta Neurochir Suppl,2006,96:114-118

    • [8] 高文文,赵海康.无创颅内压监测在神经外科疾病中的应用前景[J].中国临床神经外科杂志,2020,25(1):54-56

    • [9] WANG L J,CHEN L M,CHEN Y,et al.Ultrasonography assessments of optic nerve sheath diameter as a noninva⁃ sive and dynamic method of detecting changes in intracra⁃ nial pressure[J].JAMA Ophthalmol,2018,36(3):250-256

    • [10] CHEN L M,WANG L J,HU Y,et al.Ultrasonic measure⁃ ment of optic nerve sheath diameter:a non⁃invasive surro⁃ gate approach for dynamic,real ⁃time evaluation of intra⁃ cranial pressure[J].Br J Ophthalmol,2019,103(4):437-441

    • [11] VIJAY P,LAL B B,SOOD V,et al.Dynamic optic nerve sheath diameter(ONSD)guided management of raised in⁃ tracranial pressure in pediatric acute liver failure[J].Hepatol Int,2021,15(2):502-509

    • [12] WANG L J,ZHANG Y,LI C,et al.Ultrasonographic op⁃ tic nerve sheath diameter as a noninvasive marker for in⁃ tracranial hypotension[J].Ther Adv Neurol Disord,2022,15:17562864211069744

    • [13] JENJITRANANT P,TUNLAYADECHANONT P,PRA⁃ CHANUKOOL T,et al.Correlation between optic nerve sheath diameter measured on imaging with acute patholo⁃ gies found on computed tomography of trauma patients ⁃ ScienceDirect[J].Eur J Radiol,2020,125:108875

    • [14] CARNEY N,TOTTEN AM,O’REILLY C,et al.Guide⁃ lines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury,fourth edition[J].Neurosurgery,2017,80(1):6-15

    • [15] GODOY D A,SUAREZ P D G,MOSCOTE⁃SALAZAR L R,et al.Side effects of indomethacin in refractory post ⁃ traumatic intracranial hypertension:a comprehensive case study and review[J].Bull Emerg Trauma,2017,5(3):143-151

    • [16] KINOSHITA K.Traumatic brain injury:pathophysiology for neurocritical care[J].J Intensive Care,2016,4:29

    • [17] 晁洪露,季晶,林超,等.颅内压监测在严重颅脑外伤中的应用研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(12):1636-1637

    • [18] 蒋宽,许文辉,吴达,等.持续颅内压监测对重型颅脑损伤患者病死率的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(12):1820-1822

    • [19] JOHNSON J R,IDRIS Z,ABDULLAH J M,et al.Preva⁃ lence of shunt dependency and clinical outcome in pa⁃ tients with massive intraventricular haemorrhage treated with endoscopic washout and external ventricular drainage [J].Malays J Med,2017,24(1):40-46

    • [20] HAWRYLUK G W J,CITERIO G,HUTCHINSON P,et al.Intracranial pressure:current perspectives on physiolo⁃ gy and monitoring[J].Intensive Care Med,2022,48(10):1471-1481

    • [21] MULLER S J,HENKES E,GOUNIS M J,et al.Non⁃inva⁃ sive intracranial pressure monitoring[J].J Clin Med,2023,12(6):2209

    • [22] PADAYACHY L C,PADAYACHY V,GRAHAM U,et al.The relationship between transorbital ultrasound measure⁃ ment of the optic nerve sheath diameter(ONSD)and inva⁃ sively measured ICP in children[J].Childs Nerv Syst,2016,32(10):1769-1778

    • [23] WANG L J,YAO Y,FENG L S,et al.Noninvasive and quantitative intracranial pressure estimation using ultraso⁃ nographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter [J].Sci Rep,2017,7:42063

    • [24] 王婧,谷亮,张献礼,等.儿童重型颅脑损伤后颅内压与视神经鞘直径的相关性[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(12):1778-1780

    • [25] 王旭,杨丽娟,刘晓宇,等.超声测量成人视神经鞘直径诊断颅内高压症:Meta分析[J].中国医学影像技术,2022,38(10):1464-1469

    • [26] ALETREBY W,ALHARTHY A,BRINDLEY P G,et al.Optic nerve sheath diameter ultrasound for raised intra⁃ cranial pressure:a literature review and meta ⁃analysis of its diagnostic accuracy[J].J Ultrasound Med,2022,41(3):585-595

  • 参考文献

    • [1] AKERLUND C A,DONNELLY J,ZEILER F A,et al.Im⁃ pact of duration and magnitude of raised intracranial pres⁃ sure on outcome after severe traumatic brain injury:a CENTER⁃TBI high⁃resolution group study[J].PLoS One,2020,15(12):e0243427

    • [2] CHESNUT R M,AGUILERA S,BUKI A,et al.Perceived utility of intracranial pressure monitoring in traumatic brain injury:a seattle international brain injury consensus conference consensus ⁃ based analysis and recommenda⁃ tions[J].Neurosurgery,2023,93(2):399-408

    • [3] KRISHNAMOORTHY V,KOMISAROW J M,LASKOW⁃ ITZ D T,et al.Multiorgan dysfunction after severe trau⁃ matic brain injury:epidemiology,mechanisms,and clini⁃ cal management[J].Chest,2021,160(3):956-964

    • [4] FERNANDO S M,TRAN A,CHENG W,et al.Diagnosis of elevated intracranial pressure in critically ill adults:systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].BMJ,2019,366:l4225

    • [5] 中国医师协会神经外科医师分会,中国神经创伤专家委员会.中国颅脑创伤颅内压监测专家共识[J].中华神经外科杂志,2011,27(10):1073-1074

    • [6] SACCO T L,DAVIS J G.Management of intracranial pres⁃ sure part II:nonpharmacologic interventions[J].Dimens Crit Care Nurs,2019,38(2):61-69

    • [7] CZOSNYKA M,HUTCHINSON P J,BALESTRERI M,et al.Monitoring and interpretation of intracranial pressure after head injury[J].Acta Neurochir Suppl,2006,96:114-118

    • [8] 高文文,赵海康.无创颅内压监测在神经外科疾病中的应用前景[J].中国临床神经外科杂志,2020,25(1):54-56

    • [9] WANG L J,CHEN L M,CHEN Y,et al.Ultrasonography assessments of optic nerve sheath diameter as a noninva⁃ sive and dynamic method of detecting changes in intracra⁃ nial pressure[J].JAMA Ophthalmol,2018,36(3):250-256

    • [10] CHEN L M,WANG L J,HU Y,et al.Ultrasonic measure⁃ ment of optic nerve sheath diameter:a non⁃invasive surro⁃ gate approach for dynamic,real ⁃time evaluation of intra⁃ cranial pressure[J].Br J Ophthalmol,2019,103(4):437-441

    • [11] VIJAY P,LAL B B,SOOD V,et al.Dynamic optic nerve sheath diameter(ONSD)guided management of raised in⁃ tracranial pressure in pediatric acute liver failure[J].Hepatol Int,2021,15(2):502-509

    • [12] WANG L J,ZHANG Y,LI C,et al.Ultrasonographic op⁃ tic nerve sheath diameter as a noninvasive marker for in⁃ tracranial hypotension[J].Ther Adv Neurol Disord,2022,15:17562864211069744

    • [13] JENJITRANANT P,TUNLAYADECHANONT P,PRA⁃ CHANUKOOL T,et al.Correlation between optic nerve sheath diameter measured on imaging with acute patholo⁃ gies found on computed tomography of trauma patients ⁃ ScienceDirect[J].Eur J Radiol,2020,125:108875

    • [14] CARNEY N,TOTTEN AM,O’REILLY C,et al.Guide⁃ lines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury,fourth edition[J].Neurosurgery,2017,80(1):6-15

    • [15] GODOY D A,SUAREZ P D G,MOSCOTE⁃SALAZAR L R,et al.Side effects of indomethacin in refractory post ⁃ traumatic intracranial hypertension:a comprehensive case study and review[J].Bull Emerg Trauma,2017,5(3):143-151

    • [16] KINOSHITA K.Traumatic brain injury:pathophysiology for neurocritical care[J].J Intensive Care,2016,4:29

    • [17] 晁洪露,季晶,林超,等.颅内压监测在严重颅脑外伤中的应用研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(12):1636-1637

    • [18] 蒋宽,许文辉,吴达,等.持续颅内压监测对重型颅脑损伤患者病死率的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(12):1820-1822

    • [19] JOHNSON J R,IDRIS Z,ABDULLAH J M,et al.Preva⁃ lence of shunt dependency and clinical outcome in pa⁃ tients with massive intraventricular haemorrhage treated with endoscopic washout and external ventricular drainage [J].Malays J Med,2017,24(1):40-46

    • [20] HAWRYLUK G W J,CITERIO G,HUTCHINSON P,et al.Intracranial pressure:current perspectives on physiolo⁃ gy and monitoring[J].Intensive Care Med,2022,48(10):1471-1481

    • [21] MULLER S J,HENKES E,GOUNIS M J,et al.Non⁃inva⁃ sive intracranial pressure monitoring[J].J Clin Med,2023,12(6):2209

    • [22] PADAYACHY L C,PADAYACHY V,GRAHAM U,et al.The relationship between transorbital ultrasound measure⁃ ment of the optic nerve sheath diameter(ONSD)and inva⁃ sively measured ICP in children[J].Childs Nerv Syst,2016,32(10):1769-1778

    • [23] WANG L J,YAO Y,FENG L S,et al.Noninvasive and quantitative intracranial pressure estimation using ultraso⁃ nographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter [J].Sci Rep,2017,7:42063

    • [24] 王婧,谷亮,张献礼,等.儿童重型颅脑损伤后颅内压与视神经鞘直径的相关性[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2018,38(12):1778-1780

    • [25] 王旭,杨丽娟,刘晓宇,等.超声测量成人视神经鞘直径诊断颅内高压症:Meta分析[J].中国医学影像技术,2022,38(10):1464-1469

    • [26] ALETREBY W,ALHARTHY A,BRINDLEY P G,et al.Optic nerve sheath diameter ultrasound for raised intra⁃ cranial pressure:a literature review and meta ⁃analysis of its diagnostic accuracy[J].J Ultrasound Med,2022,41(3):585-595