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通讯作者:

陈晓东,E-mail:xiaodongc_xy@aliyun.com

中图分类号:R514

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)12-1719-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231216

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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:观察术中持续吸入低浓度氧和纯氧对非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥(off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting, OPCABG)患者心肌损伤的影响,拟探究OPCABG患者术中的适宜吸入氧浓度(fraction of inspired oxygen,FiO2)。方法:选择 OPCABG患者100例,年龄48~78岁,体重指数(body mass index,BMI)21.7~33.9 kg/m2 ,美国麻醉医师协会分级(American soci- ety of anesthesiologists physical status classification system,ASA)Ⅲ~Ⅳ级,采用随机数字表法分为2组:低浓度氧组(L组,n=49) 和纯氧组(H 组,n=51)。常规行丙泊酚、芬太尼联合顺式阿曲库铵麻醉诱导并气管插管机械通气后,调节两组吸入氧浓度 (fraction of inspired oxygen,FiO2)分别为40%和100%,并维持到手术结束,术中采用容量控制通气模式,潮气量6~8 mL/kg,吸呼比1∶2,两组均采用全凭静脉麻醉:持续泵注丙泊酚、右美托咪啶及顺式阿曲库铵,间断推注芬太尼,维持术中脑电双频指数 (bispectral index,BIS)值40~60。分别于术前1 d(T1)、麻醉诱导后(T2)、手术结束时(T3)、术后第1天(T4)及术后第3天(T5)采患者上肢静脉血样,测定血清肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase-MB,CK-MB)及血清脑利钠肽前体(pro brain natriuretic peptide, proBNP)的浓度,并于各时间点行经胸心脏超声(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)或经食道心脏超声(transesophageal echo- cardiography,TEE)检查,采用Simpson法测量患者左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)及心输出量(cardiac out- put,CO),记录术后机械通气时间、ICU住院时间及总住院时间。结果:与T1相比,L组和H组在T3~T5时,血清CK-MB浓度升高,在 T2~T5时,血清proBNP浓度升高;与L组相比,H组T3~T5时CK-MB浓度升高,T2~T5时proBNP浓度升高(P<0.05);与T1相比,L组和 H组T2时,LVEF值和CO值下降,L组T4~T5时,LVEF值和CO值升高,H组T5时,LVEF值和CO值升高;与L组相比,H组T4~T5时 LVEF值和CO值下降(P<0.05);与L组相比,H组患者机械通气时间延长(P<0.05),两组患者ICU住院时间、总住院时间相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:OPCABG患者术中持续吸入40%浓度氧,有助于减轻术后3 d内心肌损伤并改善左心功能。

    Abstract

    Objective:To observe the effects of sustained inhalation of low concentrations of oxygen and pure oxygen on perioperative myocardial injury in patients undergoing off - pump coronary artery bypass grafting(OPCABG),it is proposed to investigate the optimal fraction of inspired oxygen(FiO2)in patient undergoing OPCABG. Methods:A total of 100 patients with OPCABG that are aged 48 to 78 years,body mass index(BMI)of 21.7 to 33.9 kg/m2 ,and American society of anesthesiologists physical status classification system(ASA) grade Ⅲ~Ⅳ were selected. They were divided into 2 groups:low - concentration oxygen group(L group,n=49)and pure oxygen group(H group,n=51)using random number table. After the routine anesthesia induction of propofol and fentanyl combined with cis - atricuronium and mechanical ventilation after endotracheal intubation,the inhaled oxygen concentrations of the two groups were adjusted to 40% and 100%,respectively,and maintained until the end of the operation. Volume controlled ventilation mode was used during the operation,with a tidal volume of 6~8 mL/kg and an I/E ratio of 1∶2. Two groups of patients were given total intravenous anesthesia:continuous infusion of propofol,dexmedetomidine,and cis-atriammonium,intermittent infusion of fentanyl,to maintenance the BIS values of 40~60 during the operation. Blood samples were collected from the upper limb of patients on the day before surgery(T1),after induction of anesthesia(T2),at the end of surgery(T3),the first day after surgery(T4),and the third day after surgery(T5). The concentration of serum creatine kinase-MB(CK-MB)and pro brain natriuretic peptide(proBNP) were measured. Transthoracic echocardiography(TTE)or transesophageal echocardiography(TEE) examination was performed at each time point. The left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF)value and cardiac output(CO)value were measured by Simpson method. The duration of postoperative mechanical ventilation,ICU stay and total hospital stay were recorded. Results:Compared with T1,the concentration of serum CK-MB in group L and group H was increased at T3-5,and the concentration of serum proBNP was increased at T2 -5. Compared with group L,the concentration of CK-MB was increased at T3-5,and the concentration of proBNP was increased at T2-5 in group H(P < 0.05). Compared with T1,LVEF value and CO value decreased at T2 in group L and H,LVEF value and CO value increased at T4-5 in group L,LVEF value and CO value increased at T5 in group H,LVEF value and CO value decreased at T4-5 in group H(P < 0.05). Compared with group L,the mechanical ventilation time of patients in group H was prolonged(P < 0.05),and there was no significant difference in the length of ICU stay and total hospital stay between the two groups(P > 0.05). Conclusion:Continuous inhalation of 40% oxygen during OPCABG in patients can help reduce myocardial injury within 3 days after surgery and improve left heart function.

  • 非体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥(off⁃pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCABG)是在动态的心脏表面实施的精细的血管重建手术,不仅对外科医生要求很高,同时也挑战着麻醉医生的术中管理[1]。在血流重建前,本就缺血的心脏可能会经受机械挤压、位置搬动及血管阻断造成供血进一步减少[2];在血流重建后,也会经历短暂的缺血再灌注损伤,往往对患者围术期心脏功能造成一定的影响,增加围术期死亡风险[3]。术中吸入氧浓度(fraction of in⁃ spired oxygen,FiO2)的选择一直是困扰麻醉医生的难点,尤其对于施行 OPCABG 患者,低氧可能造成氧供不足,加重心肌缺血,而过度的氧供可能使本就暴露于缺血再灌注损伤下的心脏,遭受严重的氧化应激,加重心肌损伤[4],且高氧造成的肺不张、肺阻力升高[5],也会给心脏带来沉重的负担[6]。有研究显示,相比于40%浓度的氧,术中纯氧通气并不会造成老年人心脏术后的认知功能损伤[7],但两种氧浓度对OPCABG术后心脏功能的影响尚未明确[8]

  • 本研究结合血液中的心肌标志物指标和超声评估左心功能,在围术期动态观察FiO2 40%和100% 下OPCABG患者的心脏功能,拟探究适宜该类患者的FiO2

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 连续收集 2021 年 2 月—2022 年 6 月南京医科大学第一附属医院麻醉与围手术期医学科择期行OPCABG手术患者,共100例,其中,男61例,女39例,年龄 48~78 岁,体重指标(body mass index,BMI) 21.73~33.91 kg/m2,ASA分级 Ⅲ~Ⅳ级。本研究为前瞻性随机双盲对照研究,已获本院伦理委员会批准 (伦审号:2021⁃SR⁃588),并与患者签署知情同意书。

  • 纳入标准:①年龄>18 岁;②择期行 OPCABG 手术,且均为同一外科手术团队。排除标准:①术前氧合指数<300者;②术中需要单肺通气者;③术中需要体外循环、主动脉球囊反博或其他辅助循环装置者;④肝肾功能不全者;⑤术前存在经食道心脏超声 (TEE)禁忌证者。采用随机数字表法将患者分为2 组:低浓度氧组(L组,n=49)和纯氧组(H组,n=51)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 患者进入手术室后常规行心电图(ECG)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)监测,开放外周静脉通路,局麻下行桡动脉穿刺置管,监测有创动脉血压,麻醉诱导:静脉注射芬太尼3~5 ug/kg、丙泊酚1.0~2.0 mg/kg、顺式阿曲库铵0.15~0.20 mg/kg,可视喉镜下行气管插管,插管后连接Aestiva/5型麻醉机(Detex⁃Ohmeda公司,美国) 行容量控制下间歇正压通气,根据随机分组情况,调节吸入氧浓度,L组FiO2 40 %,H组FiO2 100 %,并维持到手术结束时,设定潮气量为6~8 mL/kg,通气频率 8~20 次/min,吸呼比 1∶2,呼气未正压(positive endexpiratory pressure,PEEP)5~10 cmH2O 之间,术中 SpO2降低且难以维持>92%者,予以剔除试验。达克罗宁润滑口咽部后,经口轻柔置入 GE Vivid E80 X7⁃2t食道超声探头(GE公司,美国)用于术中经食道心脏超声检查。麻醉维持:持续输注丙泊酚 2~6 mg/(kg·h)、顺式阿曲库铵2~4 μg/(kg·min)及右美托咪定0.2~0.7 μg/(kg·min),间断追加芬太尼,维持术中BIS值40~60。

  • 1.2.1 主要观察指标

  • 分别于术前 1 d(T1)、麻醉诱导后(T2)、手术结束时(T3)、术后第1天(T4)及术后第3天(T5)采患者上肢静脉血样2 mL,采用免疫抑制法测定血清肌酸激酶同工酶(creatine kinase⁃MB,CK⁃MB)的浓度,采用胶体金免疫层析法测定血清脑利钠肽前体(pro⁃ brain natriuretic peptide,proBNP)的浓度。

  • 1.2.2 次要观察指标

  • 于T1~T5分别行经胸心脏超声(TTE)/TEE检查,采用 Simpson 4C/2C 法 2 次测量患者左室射血分数 (left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)值后取平均值,并根据心率测算心输出量(cardiacoutput,CO) 值。记录术后机械通气时间、ICU住院时间及总住院时间。

  • 两组患者均由同一组有经验的麻醉医师实施麻醉过程,术中根据生命体征波动情况,使用血管活性药物维持循环稳定,当平均动脉血压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)<55 mmHg 时,使用去甲肾上腺素或去氧肾上腺素提高血压,当 MAP>90 mmHg 时,使用硝酸甘油或尼卡地平降低血压,使用艾司洛尔维持心率<80 次/min。并由另 1 名对分组不知情的麻醉医师实施心脏超声检查,这些麻醉人员均不参与数据的整理与分析。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析,正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本 t 检验;重复测量设计的计量资料在分析前行 Mauchly 球性检验,不满足 P>0.05 后,行重复测量设计的多元方差分析,计数资料比较采用χ2 检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 两组患者一般资料及手术时间比较

  • L组中有1例患者术中出现SpO2降低且难以维持>92%,予以剔除试验,另 99 名患者数据纳入统计分析。2组患者一般资料及手术时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05,表1)。

  • 2.2 两组手术患者在不同时间点血清 CK⁃MB 和 proBNP水平的比较

  • 与 T1相比,L 组和 H 组在 T3~T5时,血清 CK⁃MB 浓度升高,在 T2~T5时,血清 proBNP 浓度升高;与 L 组相比,H 组 T3~T5 时 CK ⁃ MB 浓度升高,T2~T5 时 proBNP浓度升高(P<0.05,表2)。

  • 2.3 两组手术患者在不同时间点LVEF值和CO值的比较

  • 与T1相比,L组和H组T2时,LVEF值和CO值下降,L组T4~T5时,H组T5时,LVEF值和CO值升高;与 L 组相比,H 组 T4~T5时 LVEF 值和 CO 值下降(P< 0.05,表3)。

  • 2.4 两组患者机械通气时间、ICU住院时间及总住院时间的比较

  • 与L组相比,H组患者机械通气时间延长(P< 0.05,表4),两组患者ICU住院时间、总住院时间相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表4)。

  • 3 讨论

  • OPCABG患者在围手术期心脏可能会经历严峻的考验。多数冠心病患者术前存在一定程度的心肌缺血及心功能不全[9],术中桥血管吻合期间,对心脏的压迫、吸引、搬动以及对冠脉的血流阻断,均会造成心肌的损伤,而血运重建后常常出现心肌顿抑,也反映了缺血再灌注损伤的存在。CK⁃MB是临床诊断急性心肌梗死的标志物,最早在心肌损伤后 3 h即可出现升高,9~30 h达到高峰,持续2~3 d,对心脏手术造成的心肌损伤具有良好的敏感性和特异性[10]。急性的心肌缺血可以迅速激活心脏的利钠肽系统,使proBNP分泌增多[11],有研究显示急性冠脉综合征患者血浆中proBNP水平增高的程度和持续时间,与心肌梗死范围和左心室功能不全的程度成正比[12],对心血管事件的预测能力甚至优于肌钙蛋白 T[13]。本研究检测了围手术期 CK ⁃MB 和 proBNP的动态变化,结果显示OPCABG会导致患者术后短时间内的 CK⁃MB 及 proBNP 的升高,这可能与手术造成的心肌损伤与心功能不全有关。手术结束时,两者水平都出现了明显的升高,在术后第1 天左右达到峰值,术后第3天,部分患者的血清CK⁃ MB及proBNP水平虽然没有恢复到术前,但也都出现了明显的下降,预示着术后患者的心功能逐渐恢复和改善。本研究也发现,与L组相比,H组在术后血清 CK⁃MB 及 proBNP 浓度升高更显著、持续时间更长,这可能与术中持续吸入纯氧有关,提示在严重的心肌缺血再灌注损伤下,适宜的氧供需平衡才是心肌保护的关键,过度的氧供反而会加重围术期的心肌损伤。

  • 表1 两组患者一般资料及手术时间比较

  • Table1 Comparison of baseline characteristics and operation tome between two groups

  • 表2 两组患者各时间点CK⁃MB及proBNP浓度的比较

  • Table2 Comparison of CK⁃MB and proBNP concentrations between two groups at each time point

  • 与T1时比较,a P<0.05;与L组比较,b P<0.05。

  • 表3 两组患者各时间点LVEF值和CO值的比较

  • Table3 Comparison of LVEF and CO values between two groups at each time point

  • 与T1时比较,a P<0.05;与L组比较,b P<0.05。

  • 表4 两组患者机械通气时间、ICU住院时间及总住院时间的比较

  • Table4 Comparison of mechanical ventilation time,ICU stay and total hospital stay between two groups

  • 与L组比较,a P<0.05。

  • 既往认为提高吸入氧浓度有助于增加氧供,减轻心跳骤停时心肌及脑的缺血缺氧[14];但亦有研究表明,在体外循环下的冠脉搭桥手术中,避免极端高氧可以降低患者术后的心肌损伤[15];且在单肺通气情况下,吸入60%的氧联合呼气末正压可以改善氧合、降低肺内分流、增加肺的动态顺应性[16]。近年来,围绕冠脉搭桥手术中适宜氧浓度的研究层出不穷,有学者认为,与中度高氧相比(即动脉血氧分压目标为 200~220 mmHg),更接近生理的氧策略 (即动脉血氧分压目标为130~150 mmHg)并不能减少体外循环下冠状动脉搭桥手术患者的心肌损伤,保守的给氧策略与乳酸水平升高或缺氧事件无关[17]。有研究显示[7],与40%浓度的氧相比,术中纯氧通气并不会造成老年人心脏术后的认知功能损伤,但两种氧浓度对 OPCABG 术后心脏功能的影响尚未明确。本就暴露于缺血再灌注损伤下的心脏,可能由于过度的氧供导致严重的氧化应激,加重心肌损伤及心功能不全[18]。且高浓度氧容易造成肺不张、肺阻力升高,增加心肌氧耗。

  • 术中 TEE 对心肌缺血造成的节段性室壁运动障碍具有敏感性,可以通过描绘左室形态结构,直观的定量的评估左心功能,并根据心率计算CO[19]。本研究通过TTE或TEE,动态的评估围手术期左心功能变化情况。结果显示,两组患者在实施麻醉后,均出现了短暂的LVEF 和CO 值的下降,随着冠状动脉血运的重建,在手术结束时,两组的LVEF值和CO值均恢复到了术前水平,L组甚至在术后第1 天及第 3 天均出现了 LVEF 值和 CO 值超过术前水平,而H组相较于L组则心功能好转的较慢、程度较轻;值得注意的是,与L组相比,H组在术后第1天及第3天的LVEF值和CO值均较低,提示可能术中过度氧供带来的心肌顿抑及围术期心功能抑制会持续一段时间。两组患者相比,H组机械通气时间延长,这提示术中持续吸入纯氧,可能会加重左心功能抑制,造成心输出量的下降,并加重肺不张的发生率,在术后短时间内影响患者心肺功能,造成患者脱机困难。两组患者ICU住院时间及总住院时间并无统计学差异,可能需要进一步的统计术后短时间内的不良事件发生情况,来证实高氧带来的潜在伤害。

  • 综上所述,在OPCABG手术中持续吸入40%浓度氧相较于纯氧能减轻术后3 d内的心肌损伤及左心功能不全,并缩短患者机械通气时间,但对患者 ICU住院时间及总住院时间没有显著影响。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] SULEIMAN M S,UNDERWOOD M,IMURA H,et al.Car⁃ dioprotection during adult and pediatric open heart sur⁃ gery[J].Biomed Res Int,2015,2015:712-721

    • [3] JERNRYD V,METZSCH C,ANDERSSON B,et al.The influence of ischemia and reperfusion time on outcome in heart transplantation[J].Clin Transplant,2020,34(5):138-140

    • [4] MORCIANO G,BONORA M,CAMPO G,et al.Mechanistic role of mPTP in ischemia⁃reperfusion injury[J].Adv Exp Med Biol,2017,982:169-189

    • [5] ERIKSSON K E,EIDHAGEN F,LISKA J,et al.Effects of inorganic nitrate on ischaemia⁃reperfusion injury after cor⁃ onary artery bypass surgery:a randomised controlled trial [J].Br J Anaesth,2021,127(4):547-555

    • [6] LAKSHMINRUSIMHA S,GUGINO S F,SEKAR K,et al.Inhaled nitric oxide at birth reduces pulmonary vascular resistance and improves oxygenation in preterm lambs [J].Children(Basel),2021,8(5):378

    • [7] SHAEFI S,SHANKAR P,MUELLER A L,et al.Intraop⁃ erative oxygen concentration and neurocognition after car⁃ diac surgery[J].Anesthesiology,2021,134(2):189-201

    • [8] SHAEFI S,MARCANTONIO E R,MUELLER A,et al.Intraoperative oxygen concentration and neurocognition after cardiac surgery:study protocol for a randomized con⁃ trolled trial[J].Trials,2017,18(1):600

    • [9] WONG N D.Epidemiological studies of CHD and the evo⁃ lution of preventive cardiology[J].Nat Rev Cardiol,2014,11(5):276-289

    • [10] LIM W Y,THEVARAJAH T M,GOHB T,et al.Paper mi⁃ crofluidic device for early diagnosis and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction via quantitative multiplex car⁃ diac biomarker detection[J].Biosens Bioelectron,2019,128:176-185

    • [11] BOER B P,VIEIRA M L,SAMPAIO R O,et al.Correla⁃ tion to NT ⁃ ProBNP and remodeling after cardiac surgery [J].Arq Bras Cardiol,2013,100(5):469-475

    • [12] JANUZZI J L,BUTLER J,ZANNAD F,et al.Prognostic implications of N⁃terminal pro⁃B⁃type natriuretic peptide and high⁃sensitivity cardiac troponin T in EMPEROR⁃pre⁃ served[J].JACC Heart Fail,2022,10(7):512-524

    • [13] WANG L,LIAO B,YU J,et al.Changes of cardiac tropo⁃ nin I and hypersensitive C⁃reactive protein prior to and af⁃ ter treatment for evaluating the early therapeutic efficacy of acute myocardial infarction treatment[J].Exp Ther Med,2020,19(2):1121-1128

    • [14] NEUMAR R W.Optimal oxygenation during and after car⁃ diopulmonary resuscitation[J].Curr Opin Crit Care,2011,17(3):236-240

    • [15] WEINREICH U M,THOMSEN L P,REES S E,et al.The effects of oxygen induced pulmonary vasoconstriction on bedside measurement of pulmonary gas exchange[J].J Clin Monit Comput,2016,30(2):207-214

    • [16] 宋田皓,王丽君,李彭依,等.不同水平呼气末正压通气联合60%吸入氧浓度对单肺通气患者氧合及术后肺部并发症的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(4):528-533

    • [17] SMIT B,SMULDERS Y M,DE WAARD M C,et al.Mod⁃ erate hyperoxic versus near ⁃ physiological oxygen targets during and after coronary artery bypass surgery:a ran⁃ domised controlled trial[J].Crit Care,2016,20:55

    • [18] LEE T L,LAI T C,LIN S R,et al.Conditioned medium from adipose ⁃ derived stem cells attenuates ischemia/re⁃ perfusion⁃induced cardiac injury through the microRNA⁃ 221/222/PUMA/ETS ⁃1 pathway[J].Theranostics,2021,11(7):3131-3149

    • [19] VESTEINSDOTTIR E,HELGASON K O,SVERRISSON K O,et al.Infections and outcomes after cardiac surgery⁃ The impact of outbreaks traced to transesophageal echo⁃ cardiography probes[J].Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2019,63(7):871-878

  • 参考文献

    • [1] DOENST T,BONOW R O,BHATT D L,et al.Improving terminology to describe coronary artery procedures:JACC review topic of the week[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2021,78(2):180-188

    • [2] SULEIMAN M S,UNDERWOOD M,IMURA H,et al.Car⁃ dioprotection during adult and pediatric open heart sur⁃ gery[J].Biomed Res Int,2015,2015:712-721

    • [3] JERNRYD V,METZSCH C,ANDERSSON B,et al.The influence of ischemia and reperfusion time on outcome in heart transplantation[J].Clin Transplant,2020,34(5):138-140

    • [4] MORCIANO G,BONORA M,CAMPO G,et al.Mechanistic role of mPTP in ischemia⁃reperfusion injury[J].Adv Exp Med Biol,2017,982:169-189

    • [5] ERIKSSON K E,EIDHAGEN F,LISKA J,et al.Effects of inorganic nitrate on ischaemia⁃reperfusion injury after cor⁃ onary artery bypass surgery:a randomised controlled trial [J].Br J Anaesth,2021,127(4):547-555

    • [6] LAKSHMINRUSIMHA S,GUGINO S F,SEKAR K,et al.Inhaled nitric oxide at birth reduces pulmonary vascular resistance and improves oxygenation in preterm lambs [J].Children(Basel),2021,8(5):378

    • [7] SHAEFI S,SHANKAR P,MUELLER A L,et al.Intraop⁃ erative oxygen concentration and neurocognition after car⁃ diac surgery[J].Anesthesiology,2021,134(2):189-201

    • [8] SHAEFI S,MARCANTONIO E R,MUELLER A,et al.Intraoperative oxygen concentration and neurocognition after cardiac surgery:study protocol for a randomized con⁃ trolled trial[J].Trials,2017,18(1):600

    • [9] WONG N D.Epidemiological studies of CHD and the evo⁃ lution of preventive cardiology[J].Nat Rev Cardiol,2014,11(5):276-289

    • [10] LIM W Y,THEVARAJAH T M,GOHB T,et al.Paper mi⁃ crofluidic device for early diagnosis and prognosis of acute myocardial infarction via quantitative multiplex car⁃ diac biomarker detection[J].Biosens Bioelectron,2019,128:176-185

    • [11] BOER B P,VIEIRA M L,SAMPAIO R O,et al.Correla⁃ tion to NT ⁃ ProBNP and remodeling after cardiac surgery [J].Arq Bras Cardiol,2013,100(5):469-475

    • [12] JANUZZI J L,BUTLER J,ZANNAD F,et al.Prognostic implications of N⁃terminal pro⁃B⁃type natriuretic peptide and high⁃sensitivity cardiac troponin T in EMPEROR⁃pre⁃ served[J].JACC Heart Fail,2022,10(7):512-524

    • [13] WANG L,LIAO B,YU J,et al.Changes of cardiac tropo⁃ nin I and hypersensitive C⁃reactive protein prior to and af⁃ ter treatment for evaluating the early therapeutic efficacy of acute myocardial infarction treatment[J].Exp Ther Med,2020,19(2):1121-1128

    • [14] NEUMAR R W.Optimal oxygenation during and after car⁃ diopulmonary resuscitation[J].Curr Opin Crit Care,2011,17(3):236-240

    • [15] WEINREICH U M,THOMSEN L P,REES S E,et al.The effects of oxygen induced pulmonary vasoconstriction on bedside measurement of pulmonary gas exchange[J].J Clin Monit Comput,2016,30(2):207-214

    • [16] 宋田皓,王丽君,李彭依,等.不同水平呼气末正压通气联合60%吸入氧浓度对单肺通气患者氧合及术后肺部并发症的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(4):528-533

    • [17] SMIT B,SMULDERS Y M,DE WAARD M C,et al.Mod⁃ erate hyperoxic versus near ⁃ physiological oxygen targets during and after coronary artery bypass surgery:a ran⁃ domised controlled trial[J].Crit Care,2016,20:55

    • [18] LEE T L,LAI T C,LIN S R,et al.Conditioned medium from adipose ⁃ derived stem cells attenuates ischemia/re⁃ perfusion⁃induced cardiac injury through the microRNA⁃ 221/222/PUMA/ETS ⁃1 pathway[J].Theranostics,2021,11(7):3131-3149

    • [19] VESTEINSDOTTIR E,HELGASON K O,SVERRISSON K O,et al.Infections and outcomes after cardiac surgery⁃ The impact of outbreaks traced to transesophageal echo⁃ cardiography probes[J].Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2019,63(7):871-878