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通讯作者:

曹洋,E-mail:caoyang@jsph.org.cn

中图分类号:R57

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2023)12-1764-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20231224

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目录contents

    摘要

    红细胞分布宽度(red blood cell distribution width,RDW)是一种简便且廉价的、反映外周血中红细胞体积异质性的参数,近年来作为新型炎性标志物,或结合其他实验室指标,在各种病理状况的临床结果评估、诊疗和预后方面显示出独有的优势。文章就RDW及其衍生物与消化系统炎症和肿瘤疾病的关系及其可能的病理生理机制的研究进展作一综述。

    Abstract

    Red blood cell distribution width(RDW)is a simple and cheap parameter to reflect the heterogeneity of red blood cell volume in peripheral blood. In recent years,as a new inflammatory marker,or combined with other laboratory indexes,it shows unique advantages in clinical outcome evaluation,diagnosis,treatment and prognosis of various pathological conditions. This article reviews research progress of RDW and its derivatives in the relationship between digestive system inflammation and tumor diseases and their possible pathophysiological mechanisms.

  • 红细胞分布宽度(red blood cell distribution width,RDW)是由血细胞分析仪测量获得,反映外周血中红细胞大小可变性和异质性的参数,通常用于缺铁性贫血、骨髓功能障碍以及其他血液系统疾病的鉴别诊断[1]。近年来研究发现,RDW与其他炎症指标(如C反应蛋白、红细胞沉降率和白介素⁃6、可溶性转铁蛋白受体等)显著相关[2-3],成为预测多种疾病发生和发展的标志和独立危险因素[4-6]。作为一类新的炎性生物标志物,RDW 及其衍生物如 RDW ⁃ 血小板比率(RDW to platelet ratio,RPR)、 RDW ⁃ 淋巴细胞比率(RDW to lymphocyte ratio, RLR)、血红蛋白⁃RDW 比率(hemoglobin to RDW ra⁃ tio,HRR)等在评估消化系统疾病的严重程度和预后方面发挥关键作用,然而其病理生理机制目前尚不明确。本综述深入探讨了RDW及其衍生物在常见消化系统炎症和肿瘤疾病中的研究现状及其可能的病理生理机制。

  • 1 肝脏疾病

  • 1.1 代谢相关脂肪性肝病(metabolic associated fat⁃ ty liver disease,MAFLD)

  • 由于MAFLD在全球的流行及其带来的严重临床结果,快速诊断和进一步肝纤维化分期成为当前的关键目标,因此寻找简单的无创血清学标志物仍然是一个值得探索的问题,而 RDW 及其衍生物被认为是这一领域的潜在候选指标。目前研究较多的为 RDW 和 RPR 两个参数。Kang 等[7] 首次发现 RDW升高与MAFLD的晚期纤维化独立相关,随后的研究在校正了年龄、性别、肌酐、血红蛋白等危险因素后,发现 RPR 也是预测 MAFLD 患者晚期纤维化的独立因素[8]。但他们的研究仅引用传统的评分系统来评估RDW、RPR与肝纤维化程度的关系,并未通过基于肝活检标本的纵向研究方法来验证相关参数的诊断性能。Cengiz等[9] 用活检证实MAFLD 患者的血清样本计算 RPR 指数,发现 RPR 与 MAFLD的肝纤维化分期密切相关,且RPR的诊断性能与传统的纤维化评分相似。最近的一些研究根据 MAFLD严重程度分组后发现,随着脂肪肝的加重, RDW和RPR指数随之增高[10-11]。因此在MAFLD患者中,RDW及RPR的升高被认为是肝脏单纯脂肪变性进展为纤维化的迹象,可潜在地减少MAFLD人群对肝脏活检的需求。进一步研究RDW衍生参数在 MAFLD中的作用将加深我们对纤维化发生发展的认识,并有助于制定新的MAFLD防治策略。

  • 1.2 病毒性肝炎

  • 在全球范围内,慢性肝炎病毒感染仍然是一个具有挑战性的问题,因此对慢性肝炎患者病情的准确诊断不仅对于确定抗病毒治疗方案至关重要,也是决定预后的重要因素。通过常规体外实验室检测获得的非侵入性指标,比如RDW及其衍生物,在慢性肝炎的临床研究中显示出巨大的潜力。Lou等[11] 分析了RDW值与病毒性肝炎患者不同疾病状态之间的关系,发现在慢性乙肝患者中RDW值明显升高,且与病情严重程度相关。进一步分析表明,RDW 是乙肝患者3个月死亡率的独立预测因素。为早期发现肝炎肝硬化,及时干预治疗并降低肝癌发生率,在监测肝纤维化指标的同时,一些研究着重将 RLR、RPR、HRR 等参数应用于肝纤维化诊断和预后过程中。Wang等[12] 首先证实了RDW是乙肝患者纤维化发展和肝硬化严重程度的独立预测指标,当结合2个不同的参数后发现,RLR预测乙肝相关肝硬化能力优于RDW[13],RPR在慢性丙肝晚期纤维化方面显示出较好的诊断能力[14],而HRR联合传统的纤维化评分系统可以有效地预测乙肝失代偿期肝硬化患者的预后[15]。因此,对于病毒性肝炎感染患者,除了监测肝功能指标、传统肝纤维化评分和肝脏影像学变化外,基于简单经济的血常规检测参数 RLR、RPR 和 HRR 等也是预警纤维化进展的指标。然而,目前的研究极少分析RDW及其衍生物与肝纤维化具体分期之间的关系,也并没有与瞬时弹性成像、增强肝纤维化评分等新的无创评估方式进行比较,这些在未来的研究工作中可以重点阐明。

  • 1.3 自身免疫性肝病(autoimmune liver diseases, AILD)

  • AILD是一种累及肝脏和肝内胆管的自身免疫性炎症性疾病,包括自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis,AIH)、原发性胆汁性胆管炎(primary bili⁃ ary cholangitis,PBC)、原发性硬化性胆管炎(primary sclerosing cholangitis,PSC)[16],准确识别其组织学阶段是提高治疗反应和改善预后的前提。然而,进行肝活检的成本很高,其应用受到限制。因此,目前开发了各种非侵入性候选生物标志物来评估和预测AILD肝脏组织学,如腺苷脱氨酶、细胞角蛋白⁃18 死亡标志物M65、转化生长因⁃1、铁蛋白等[17],它们在疾病的早期识别、治疗反应、复发风险中发挥不同的作用,但其复杂和高成本的提取过程限制了在临床的广泛应用,因此简单经济的炎性指标如RDW 及其衍生物正逐渐被关注。研究表明[18-19],RDW水平与 AIH 患者的肝脏炎症程度和纤维化分期均呈正相关,且诊断性能优于传统的纤维化评分指数。对于已明确为抗线粒体自身抗体(anti⁃mitochondrial autoantibodies,AMA)阳性的PBC患者,RDW和RPR 均能可靠地预测其组织学严重程度[20]。因而在PBC 治疗和随访过程中,可以基于 RDW 和 RPR 值进行优化。RLR 则被证实能有效区分 PBC 早期和晚期肝硬化[21],可作为识别肝脏组织学分期有价值的补充。为开发一种简单、易于实现和高精度的 PBC 组织学分期的非侵入性预测方法,Tu 等[22] 在总胆汁酸和 RDW两项参数基础上建立了一种新的模型 (TR评分),并通过与多种模型对比后证实其有最高的PBC组织学分期诊断性能。PSC是一种以多灶性胆管狭窄和进展期肝病为特征的少见疾病[23],诊断主要依赖胆管影像学和肝脏组织病理学,目前尚没有相关文献研究RDW及其衍生物与PSC的关系。

  • 2 急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis,AP)

  • AP是一种以胰蛋白酶原异常激活为主要发病机制的炎症反应性疾病,急性发作时死亡率较高[24]。患者早期病情严重程度至关重要,确诊的中、重度患者需要尽早重症监护,以减少多器官损伤甚至衰竭等严重并发症的风险。目前,对 AP 严重程度及临床预后的评估有了新的策略,其中包括一类简单、敏感的炎性指标如 RDW 及其相关衍生物。Senol 等[25] 首先证实了入院时 RDW 升高是 AP 死亡率的独立危险因素。以14.35%为最佳临界值,RDW预测死亡率的灵敏度和特异度分别为88.2%和91.8%[26]。纳入血小板水平后发现,在早期阶段,RPR 预测急性胰腺炎患者严重程度具有更高的诊断准确性,同时 RPR 也是入院时预测死亡率的独立且显著的变量[27-28]。病理性钙信号是AP重要的细胞发病机制之一[29],有人提出将RDW和血清总钙结合,并衍生出 AP 特有的一种标志物,即红细胞分布宽度与血钙比值(red cell distribution width to serum calcium ratio,RCR)。一项动物实验表明[30],RCR是犬AP短期死亡率的良好预测指标。随后在对AP患者的研究中显示,RCR 可作为预测疾病发展的指标,同时与传统的预后评分系统相比,RCR 对 AP 严重程度和死亡率的预测作用更有优势[31-32]。然而,联合检测RCR 和传统的评分体系,可能在AP 的病情预测方面更具备临床诊断价值。

  • 3 慢性胃炎

  • 目前关于RDW及其衍生物在慢性胃炎中的研究较少。Tuzun 等[33] 发现,在自身免疫性胃炎患者中,RDW水平显著高于功能性消化不良患者,可作为鉴别诊断的指标。同样有研究[31] 强调慢性胃炎患者的RDW显著增加,并与多项实验室指标如血红蛋白、血小板、MCV值密切相关(P <0.05)。巴勒斯坦的一项病例对照研究发现[35],Hp(+)的慢性胃炎患者RDW 水平显著高于健康对照人群。我国学者分析了RDW 在慢性胃炎分型中的临床价值[36],结果表明慢性萎缩性胃炎患者的RDW值高于慢性非萎缩性胃炎患者,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。为更好地反映慢性胃炎患者胃黏膜萎缩程度和范围,胃炎评价系统 (operative link on gastritis assessment,OLGA)和基于肠化生的胃炎评价系统(operative link on gastritis assessment based on intestinal metaplasia,OLGIM)被提出并有利于胃癌风险分层[37]。未来可进一步探索 RDW及其衍生物与OLGA/OLGIM分期的关系,以便通过简单的炎性指标准确地了解潜在的患癌风险。

  • 4 炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD)

  • IBD是一种由环境因素和遗传因素相互作用而导致的非特异性炎症性疾病,已成为一个发病率稳步上升的全球性医疗问题[38]。早期发现IBD的疾病活动性对患者的治疗具有重要意义,并能够有效地预防并发症,从而改善预后和生活质量。近年来,症状量表、活动指数评分以及内窥镜评分等在检测 IBD疾病活动度方面应用广泛,包括RDW在内的多项临床参数也表现出显著的灵敏性和特异性。研究发现[39],活动期IBD患者的RDW水平显著高于非活动期IBD患者和正常对照组。当 RDW 临界值分别为 14.0%和 13.4%时,诊断活动性溃病性结肠炎和克罗恩病的灵敏度和特异度均较高[39-40]。随后的研究证实RDW可以用来判断IBD的疾病活动状态[41-43],且无论是否伴有贫血,RDW 水平均随疾病活动度的增加而升高。最新的一项国内研究[44] 检测并比较 IBD 血清中 RDW 和红细胞沉降率(eryth⁃ rocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)等炎症指标数值,发现 RDW 和 ESR 水平与疾病严重程度及活动程度均呈正相关(P <0.05)。因此,RDW是一个有前景的成本效益高的工具,可用于评估和监测 IBD 的疾病活动,但是否将其确立为可靠的活动指数还需要未来更广泛的研究。

  • 5 消化系统恶性肿瘤

  • 消化道恶性肿瘤是最常见的肿瘤类型之一,也是世界范围内主要的死亡原因之一。尽管癌症的诊断和治疗有了很大的进步,但区分肿瘤进展和预后的方法仍有待改进。越来越多的研究人员试图寻找有前途的生物标志物,其中 RDW 或联合其他指标的测定获得了较好的预测效果。一项 Meta分析显示,在消化系统肿瘤患者中,高RDW水平与肿瘤体积较大、分化程度较差、侵袭较深、淋巴结转移较早、临床分期较晚、癌胚抗原水平较高均有关[45]。对于结直肠癌患者,研究表明 RDW 与解剖位置也密切相关,可作为鉴别诊断的另一项指标[46]。且 RDW值越高,生存率越差[47]。随着临床治疗和管理的进步,根治性手术治疗无疑延长了患者的生存期。研究发现,术前 RDW 联合其他炎性指标可有效提高疾病诊断率[48],而术后的 RDW 水平是总生存率和复发的独立预测指标[49-50]。对于未及时行手术治疗发生血行转移的患者,HRR可以较准确地反映疾病的预后,且联合甲胎蛋白后能进一步提高其预测能力[51]。因此,作为一类有效的肿瘤预后标志物,结合传统的肿瘤指标来丰富患者的临床管理,并建立一个新型评分系统以更好地预测疾病的预后是合理可行的(表1)。

  • 表1 RDW及其衍生物与消化系统炎症和肿瘤疾病的关系

  • Table1 The relationship between RDW and its derivatives and digestive system inflammation and tumor diseases

  • 6 病理生理机制

  • 许多研究已经显示RDW及其相关衍生物和消化系统炎症和肿瘤疾病之间密切相关,然而其病理生理机制仍不明确,进一步了解其中的关系有助于更好地预防、识别、干预和治疗疾病。

  • 6.1 RDW与消化系统炎症和肿瘤疾病

  • RDW水平的增加反映了红细胞稳态的破坏,包括红细胞生成受损和红细胞代谢和存活异常。端粒长度缩短、贫血、炎症和氧化应激、营养缺乏(包括铁、叶酸和维生素B12)、红细胞碎裂和红细胞生成素功能异常均可影响红细胞体积的异质性。首先,慢性感染和肿瘤等消耗性疾病会引起端粒长度缩短,从而导致红系造血祖细胞衰老以及红系血细胞成熟受损[52]。其次,由于胃肠黏膜的持续失血、矿物质(如铁、叶酸、维生素 B12)的摄入或吸收减少、药物作用以及造血过程中的炎症损伤,消化系统疾病患者往往表现为贫血[53]。炎症和氧化应激在胃肠炎症性疾病和肿瘤患者中也普遍存在。在细胞因子白介素1、白介素6、肿瘤坏死因子⁃α、干扰素⁃γ作用下产生的慢性炎症,抑制了骨髓对促红细胞生成素(EPO)的反应性以及其诱导的红细胞成熟过程,使铁代谢受损,扰乱正常的造血过程[53-54]。氧化应激则会导致红细胞核酸蛋白、脂质破坏和骨架的重新排列,影响红细胞半衰期及变形性,从而导致红细胞大小不一[55]。红细胞碎裂现象在恶性肿瘤中很常见,尤其发生于癌症转移和接受细胞毒性化疗时[1]

  • 6.2 RDW衍生物与消化系统炎症和肿瘤疾病

  • 血小板是骨髓巨核细胞胞质裂解后脱落的细胞活性片段,通过分泌促炎细胞因子并与各种免疫细胞相互作用,促进炎症过程的发生和进展。低血小板计数代表疾病早期的进行性炎症。最近的研究表明,血小板减少还可以通过增加转化生长因子⁃β的表达和减少基质金属蛋白酶的表达来促进肝纤维化[56]

  • 血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)是反映宿主免疫反应和营养状况的指标,低 Hb 水平表明机体对外部入侵的抵抗力降低。研究表明,在贫血导致的低氧环境下,血管生成因子如缺氧诱导因子⁃1和血管生成素样蛋白4的表达会增加,以促进新生血管的形成,丰富的血管网络为肿瘤细胞提供了转移途径[57]。同时,Hb 可以作为内源性信号激活 ROS⁃NFγB 通路,促进肿瘤细胞的增殖和耐药性[58]

  • 淋巴细胞是白细胞的重要组成部分,在免疫监测中发挥重要作用。淋巴细胞数量的减少可能与免疫细胞的凋亡和功能障碍有关[59]。同时,淋巴细胞通过产生细胞因子促进抗肿瘤免疫和肿瘤细胞凋亡,抑制肿瘤的生长和转移[59]

  • 钙稳态失调是AP病理生理学的基础[60]。研究认为,腺泡内胰酶原的激活可能导致自身消化产生游离脂肪酸,与钙结合后发生“皂化”现象,从而导致患者发生低钙血症[61]。AP患者的低钙血症常预示胰腺坏死的发生,并提示重症急性胰腺炎的可能性。目前,低钙血症的发展已被包括在 AP 的预后评分系统中。

  • 综上,结合 RDW 后的衍生指标 RPR、RLR、 HRR、RCR等反映了机体免疫及炎症反应或组织学损害的严重程度,能更准确地评估消化系统炎症和肿瘤患者的进展和预后情况,有望成为一类更有效的疾病诊断和预后标志物。

  • 7 小结和展望

  • 作为一种非倾入性、可重复的病情评估和预后预测的指标,RDW及其相关衍生物提供了关于一般健康状况、临床结果、并发症和死亡率的有价值的信息,目前已成为临床标志物研究领域的热点,在消化系统疾病发生发展、诊断以及预后过程中发挥重要作用。但关于此方面的研究大多数属于回顾性病例分析,存在的影响因素较多,需要开展更多大样本量、长随访期的前瞻性研究以进一步明确 RDW及其衍生物作为消化系统炎症和肿瘤疾病标志物的有效性。另一方面,由于可能的病理生理机制较多,未来的研究应更加重视每个参数水平的变化对于消化系统疾病的潜在诊治意义。

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    • [34] LI T,HUANG A,ZHANG M,et al.Increased red blood cell volume distribution width:important clinical implica⁃ tions in predicting gastric diseases[J].Clin Lab,2017,63(7):1199-1206

    • [35] MWAFY S N,AFANA W M.Hematological parameters,serum iron and vitamin B12 levels in hospitalized pales⁃ tinian adult patients infected with helicobacter pylori:a case⁃control study[J].Hematol Transfus Cell Ther,2018,40(2):160-165

    • [36] 向治纬,杨晓红,田超.红细胞参数在慢性胃炎分型中的临床价值研究[J].中国全科医学,2016,19(8):920-924

    • [37] WANG X,ZHANG Q,HAN F,et al.The application of new gastric cancer screening score system for gastric can⁃ cer screening and risk assessment of gastric precancerous lesions in China[J].Scand J Gastroenterol,2023,58(1):34-37

    • [38] LIU D,SAIKAM V,SKRADA K A,et al.Inflammatory bowel disease biomarkers[J].Med Res Rev,2022,42(5):1856-1887

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    • [41] IPEK S,CEKIC C,ALPER E,et al.Can red cell distribu⁃ tion width be a marker of disease activity in ulcerative colitis?[J].Int J Clin Exp Med,2015,8(8):13848-13853

    • [42] OLIVEIRA A M,CARDOSO F S,RODRIGUES C G,et al.Can red cell distribution width be used as a marker of crohn’s disease activity?[J].GE Port J Gastroenterol,2015,23(1):6-12

    • [43] NASSRI A,MUFTAH M,NASSRI R,et al.Novel inflam⁃ matory⁃nutritional biomarkers as predictors of histological activity in Crohn’s disease[J].Clin Lab,2020,66(7).doi:10.7754/Clin.Lab.2019.190816

    • [44] 张慧.炎症性肠病血清RDW、ESR、ESR/CRP与疾病严重程度及疾病活动程度的关系[J].中国肛肠病杂志,2023,43(1):36-38

    • [45] ZHOU Y,LI X,LU Z,et al.Prognostic significance of red blood cell distribution width in gastrointestinal cancers:a meta⁃analysis[J].Medicine(Baltimore),2020,99(16):e1958 8

    • [46] FANCELLU A,ZINELLU A,MANGONI A A,et al.Red blood cell distribution width(RDW)correlates to the ana⁃ tomical location of colorectal cancer.implications for clin⁃ ical use[J].Gastrointest Cancer,2022,53(2):259-264

    • [47] YUKSEL C,ERŞEN O,CULCU S,et al.Prognostic role of red distribution width(RDW)value in gastric cancer[J].Coll Physicians Surg Pak,2021,31(1):21-26

    • [48] 陈万臣,辛莘,郭雅丽,等.术前外周血 NLR、PLR、 RDW 水平检测对结直肠癌早期诊断的应用价值[J].解放军医药杂志,2022,34(5):15-17

    • [49] SHOTA S,SAITO H,KONO Y,et al.Prognostic signifi⁃ cance of pre ⁃ and post ⁃ operative red ⁃ cell distribution width in patients with gastric cancer[J].Gastrointest Surg,2020,24(5):1010-1017

    • [50] GOLRIZ M,RAMOUZ A,ALI H A,et al.Prognostic val⁃ ue of red blood cell distribution width(RDW)in the recur⁃ rence of hepatocellular carcinoma following curative re⁃ section[J].Hepatocell Carcinoma,2022,9:1137-1147

    • [51] ZHAI Z,GAO J,ZHU Z,et al.The ratio of the hemoglo⁃ bin to red cell distribution width combined with the ratio of platelets to lymphocytes can predict the survival of pa⁃ tients with gastric cancer liver metastasis[J].Biomed Res Int,2021,2021:8729869

    • [52] XI H,LI C,REN F,et al.Telomere,aging and age⁃related diseases[J].Aging Clin Exp Res,2013,25:139-146

    • [53] KATSAROS M,PASCHOS P,GIOULEME O.Red cell dis⁃ tribution width as a marker of activity in inflammatory bowel disease:a narrative review[J].Ann Gastroenterol,2020,33(4):348-354

    • [54] 何梦钰,丁怡睿,解卫平.红细胞分布宽度与结缔组织病相关肺高压预后相关性的临床研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(11):1650-1653

    • [55] HAZEGH K,FANG F,KELLY K,et al.Erythrocyte mito⁃ gen ⁃ activated protein kinases mediate hemolytic events under osmotic and oxidative stress and in hemolytic dis⁃ eases[J].Cell Signal,2022,99:110450

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    • [57] FANG Y,SUN X,ZHANG L,et al.Hemoglobin/red blood cell distribution width ratio in peripheral blood is positive⁃ ly associated with prognosis of patients with primary hep⁃ atocellular carcinoma[J].Med Sci Monit,2022,28:e937146

    • [58] THAM T,OLSON C,WOTMAN M,et al.Evaluation of the prognostic utility of the hemoglobin⁃to⁃red cell distri⁃ bution width ratio in head and neck cancer[J].Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol,2018,275:2869-2878

    • [59] GRISARU⁃TAL S,ROTHENBERG M E,MUNITZ A.Eo⁃ sinophil ⁃lymphocyte interactions in the tumor microenvi⁃ ronment and cancer immunotherapy[J].Nat Immunol,2022,23(9):1309-1316

    • [60] KIM S H,PARK Y,LIM J W,et al.Effect of docosahexae⁃ noic acid on Ca2 + signaling pathways in cerulein ⁃treated pancreatic acinar cells,determined by RNA ⁃ sequencing analysis[J].Nutrients,2019,11(7):1445

    • [61] KOLOSOVYCH I,HANOL I,BYSTRYTSKA M,et al.Changes in vitamin D and calcium ⁃ phosphorus metabo⁃ lism in patients with severe acute pancreatitis[J].Turk J Surg,2022,38(4):327-333

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