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中图分类号:R742

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)01-123-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN230703

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目录contents

    摘要

    miR-124作为脑内占比较高的miRNA,广泛参与中枢神经系统生理和病理过程。近期研究发现,miR-124通过靶向调节神经退行性疾病相关的信号通路和蛋白参与阿尔茨海默病和帕金森病的病理过程。因此,本文综述了miR-124在常见神经退行性疾病中作用的研究进展,旨在为神经退行性疾病机制研究提供参考,为药物治疗靶点提供新思路。

    Abstract

    As a high proportion of miRNA in the brain,miR-124 is widely involved in the physiological and pathological processes of the central nervous system. Recent studies have found that miR-124 participates in the pathological process of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease by targeting and regulating the signal pathways and proteins related to neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, this article reviews the research progress on the roles of miR-124 in neurodegenerative diseases,aiming to provide a reference for the research on the mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases,and provide a new idea for drug treatment targets.

  • 阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease,AD)和帕金森病(Parkinson’s disease,PD)是全球常见的神经退行性疾病,多发生于60岁以上老人,并随着年龄增长患病率增加。世界卫生组织预测,到2040年神经退行性疾病将取代癌症,成为世界第二大类致死疾病。目前AD和PD的具体发病机制尚不清楚,针对 AD和PD的治疗缺乏有效手段,因此AD和PD的发病机制和治疗成为神经科学研究领域的热点。

  • 自1981年发现第1个miRNA lin⁃4以来,越来越多的研究聚焦于 miRNA。miRNA 是一类 20~24 个核苷酸构成的非编码小RNA,通过与mRNA的3′非翻译区(untranslated region,UTR)结合抑制 RNA 翻译或促进 mRNA 降解。miRNA 不仅成为临床检测肿瘤的标志物和靶向治疗基因,也参与了神经炎症、线粒体功能失调、氧化应激和异常蛋白形成等与神经退行性疾病相关的病理生理过程。miR⁃124 作为第1个在小鼠中发现的miRNA,其在脑中含量较高,占脑中所有miRNA的25%~48%[1],且在人、大鼠和小鼠中序列完全相同,有高度保守性,miR⁃124 家族包括miR⁃124⁃1、miR⁃124⁃2、miR⁃124⁃3,分别位于人染色体 8p23.1、8q12.3 和 20q13.33[2]。miR⁃124 参与了神经元成熟和分化[3],调控前额叶皮质功能[4]等中枢神经系统结构和功能的改变。本文从 miR⁃124视角阐述了其在AD和PD中的研究进展与展望。

  • 1 miR⁃124与AD

  • 目前 AD 发病机制最主要的假说是“淀粉样蛋白瀑布学说”[5],即中枢神经系统中淀粉样前体蛋白 (amyloid precursor protein,APP)在β分泌酶等3种分泌酶的作用下生成β淀粉样蛋白(amyloid β,Aβ), Aβ蛋白由 37~42 个氨基酸组成,其中长度为 40 和 42 的 Aβ较易聚合成 Aβ纤维,最终形成 Aβ斑块。 Aβ、Aβ纤维和 Aβ斑块均可诱导下游的 Tau 过度磷酸化、氧化应激和炎症反应,最终导致细胞死亡和神经递质传导障碍。其中,Aβ和过度磷酸化的 Tau 蛋白与突触和树突棘数量及突触可塑性有关。树突上过度磷酸化的Tau蛋白积累构成神经纤维缠结(neurofibrillary tangles,NFT);突触减少、突触可塑性下降和 NFT 增多与 AD 的认知下降相对应。由此可看出,Aβ的形成、积累和降解贯穿于 AD 的整个发展阶段。“淀粉样蛋白瀑”的假说基于AD 患者脑中 Aβ和 Tau 蛋白的改变,同时,脑脊液中 Aβ 和 Tau 蛋白的检测也被作为临床AD诊断的标准之一,其中易形成Aβ纤维的Aβ42是主要的Aβ检测标志物,其特异性高达90%。另一方面,过度的Aβ积累和过度磷酸化的Tau蛋白刺激NF⁃κβ和JNK信号通路,同时促使中枢神经系统星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞产生肿瘤坏死因子⁃α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF⁃α)、白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)⁃1、IL⁃6等激发神经炎症。研究表明,miR⁃124通过调控Aβ积累量、Tau蛋白磷酸化水平和神经炎症反应参与了AD 的过程。

  • 1.1 miR⁃124通过调控Aβ积累量参与AD

  • β位淀粉样前体蛋白裂解酶1(beta⁃site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme1,BACE1)是一种膜结合的天冬氨酸蛋白酶,大量存在于脑组织中的神经细胞和星形胶质细胞等[6]。BACE1 也因其在 AD 患者脑中的作用为研究者所熟知,APP 在 BACE1 和γ分泌酶的共同作用下生成 Aβ,其中 BACE1 是 Aβ生成的限速酶。目前,通过靶向抑制 BACE1 从而降低 AD 患者脑中 Aβ的水平已经用于临床实验治疗 AD。位于 11 号染色体(11q2313)的 BACE1 表达水平受 DNA 甲基化、DNA 乙酰化和 miRNA等表观遗传学的影响。近年来的研究表明, miR⁃9 [7]、miR⁃107[8]、miR⁃29[9]、miR⁃124和miR⁃195[10] 等均负性调节BACE1的表达水平。其中,miR⁃124 对BACE1直接的靶向负性调节作用已被多项研究证实。生物分析软件和荧光素酶报告检测发现 BACE1的3′UTR能够被miR⁃124结合;并且,在AD 患者脑中miR⁃124表达下调,BACE1表达升高,而在 SH⁃SY5Y细胞中过表达miR⁃124后,BACE1表达水平下降,抑制miR⁃124的表达则BACE1的mRNA和蛋白水平均升高[11]。因此,miR⁃124/BACE1轴也成为AD信号通路中的组成部分。

  • miR ⁃124 还能通过靶向调节 PTBP1 改变 APP mRNA 的剪切,从而改变Aβ的积累量[12]。miR⁃124 对 Aβ积累量的影响作用似乎已被确定,Ouyang 等[13]开发了载有药物芦丁的 DNA 纳米花(DNA nanoflower,DF),DF 实现了外源 miR⁃124 的补充并通过血脑屏障在神经元蓄积,miR⁃124 和芦丁协同抑制 APP 和 BACE1 的表达,降低了 Aβ的积累量。

  • 除此以外,C1q家族在中枢神经系统中广泛表达并参与了Aβ的积累过程,其成员C1ql3还具备维持微脉管密度和生成血管的作用,海马中miR⁃124 通过靶向调节 C1ql3 的表达改变 Aβ的积累和微脉管的密度等过程参与 AD 的病理过程[14]。miR⁃124 对Aβ积累量的抑制作用是多重通路作用的结果,过表达miR⁃124对AD模型小鼠的认知和探索行为有改善,miR⁃124在AD动物水平的研究提供的实验数据已较多且可靠,但对AD患者中miR⁃124的研究仍较少,miRNA在AD动物模型和AD患者中的表达存在差异,可检测AD患者血清和脑脊液中miR⁃124的表达并进行研究,与其他 miRNA 进行比较,确定 miR⁃124是否较其他miRNA有明显的表达降低,再逐步在AD患者中深入研究。

  • 1.2 miR⁃124改变Tau蛋白磷酸化水平参与AD

  • Tau 蛋白最早发现于 1975 年[15],是一种高度可溶的,50~75 kDa 的微管相关蛋白(microtubule⁃ associated protein,MAP),主要表达于中枢神经系统,其在生理条件下主要作用于轴突远端,调节轴突转运,维持微管稳定性和灵活度,保护DNA完整性等[16]。Tau作为一种磷蛋白,正常状态下每个Tau 分子有2~3个磷酸基,主要通过其位点的磷酸化发挥生物活性,而中枢神经系统Tau的病理变化则出现在许多神经退行性疾病的病理过程中[17]。Tau的病理变化之一就是Tau蛋白的过度磷酸化,过度磷酸化的Tau蛋白失去了其促进微管装配、维持微管稳定性的作用,同时,过度磷酸化的Tau蛋白以双螺旋细直丝及缠结的骨架等形式在细胞内聚集[18],最终形成NFT。

  • AD 患者脑脊液中磷酸化 Tau 蛋白的高特异性也使其与 Aβ42 成为诊断 AD 的生物标志物。而 Jia 等[19] 研究发现血液中 miR⁃139⁃3p、miR⁃143⁃3p、 miR⁃146a⁃5p、miR⁃485⁃5p、miR⁃10a⁃5p、miR⁃26b⁃5p和miR⁃451a⁃5p共7个miRNA可准确预测脑脊液中 p⁃tau/Aβ42 的比值,表明 miRNA 反映了 AD 的病理改变,miRNA 可成为检测AD 的标志物。不同于此研究的直观检测,miR⁃124 对 Tau 蛋白的作用机制已被动物实验证实,PTPN1 作为 miR ⁃124 的靶基因,位于树突棘并丰富表达于海马,参与了海马突触形成和学习过程,Wang 等[20] 发现 AD 模型小鼠 miR⁃124 的高表达导致 PTPN1 的表达水平下降,降低了树突棘密度,损害了小鼠学习和记忆能力。该研究组进一步研究发现,miR⁃124/PTPN1 信号通路通过改变 GSK⁃3 和 PP2A 酪氨酸位点的磷酸化水平影响激酶/磷酸激酶平衡,导致 Tau 蛋白的过度磷酸化,从而参与了 AD 的病理过程[21],在此过程中,miR⁃124发挥负性作用,即升高的miR⁃124导致 Tau 蛋白的过度磷酸化。与此研究结果相反,Kang 等[22] 发现 miR⁃124 通过 caveolin⁃1⁃PI3K/Akt/GSK3β 信号通路减弱了 Tau 蛋白的磷酸化,提示 miR⁃124 在 AD 中发挥神经元保护作用。Hou 等[21] 将两项相反的研究结果归因于 AD 动物模型的不同,因此需要进一步的研究证实 miR⁃124 对 GSK3 的调控作用。

  • 介导 Tau 蛋白磷酸化的激酶除了上述的 GSK3 外,还包括CDK5。钙蛋白酶(calpain)可以将p35剪切成p25和p10,CDK5和p25结合后造成CDK5异常激活,最终CDK5/p25形成的复合物导致Tau蛋白过度磷酸化。CAPN1 作为主要的在神经元中高度表达的钙蛋白酶[23],Zhou 等[24] 发现 miR⁃124⁃3p 通过靶向调节CAPN1减弱了p35剪切为p25的过程,进而减少了 CDK5/p25 复合物的形成,降低了 Tau 的磷酸化水平。参与 Tau 蛋白过磷酸化过程的激酶除了 GSK3 和 CDK5,还包括目前的研究热点 p38α。研究发现,p38α参与了Tau蛋白的多磷酸化过程,在 Tau 蛋白过度磷酸化调节过程中发挥重要作用[25]。Lawson等[26] 发现神经元中的miR⁃124负性调控p38α,但在AD患者或者AD模型中miR⁃124对 p38α作用的研究尚未涉及。不同于 miR⁃124 对 BACE1 的直接靶向调节作用,miR⁃124 对 Tau 蛋白磷酸化水平的调控作用是通过调控介导Tau蛋白磷酸化的激酶实现,以上研究大多发现miR⁃124通过降低Tau蛋白磷酸化水平发挥保护作用,但也有研究发现 miR⁃124 升高 Tau 蛋白磷酸化水平,由于调控Tau蛋白磷酸化的激酶和信号通路较多,AD模型有差异等,miR⁃124对Tau蛋白磷酸化水平的作用需要进一步研究证实。

  • 1.3 miR⁃124介导神经炎症反应参与AD

  • 目前,有关 AD 的发病机制,除了 Aβ的积累、 Tau蛋白的过度磷酸化、氧化应激等观点外,神经免疫炎症也和AD 的病理过程密切相关。随着AD 病程的发展,在脑内神经炎性斑周围聚集着大量活化的小胶质细胞,活化的小胶质细胞释放大量神经免疫炎性因子,进一步损伤神经细胞,加重 AD 的病程[27]。小胶质细胞分为神经损伤表型(M1型)和神经保护表型(M2型)[28],M1型小胶质细胞释放促炎因子,如 TNF⁃α、IL⁃6 和 IL⁃1β等,促进炎症反应。 M2型小胶质细胞释放抗炎因子,如IL⁃4、IL⁃10和转化生长因子β(transforming growth factor β,TGF⁃β) 等,抑制炎症反应,促进神经细胞再生和功能恢复。研究发现,在 AD 模型的中枢神经系统中存在着大量的 M1 型小胶质细胞[29],M1 型胶质细胞和其释放的炎性因子是 AD 病程进行性发展的原因之一。

  • 不同的 miRNA 对活化的小胶质细胞作用不同,如miR⁃155通过激活小胶质细胞促进炎症因子的释放[30],miR⁃181 升高了抗炎因子 IL⁃10 的表达水平[31]。研究发现[32],miR⁃124不仅下调了M1型小胶质细胞相关的TNF⁃α和IL⁃6促炎因子表达水平,而且上调了M2型小胶质细胞相关的TGF⁃β等抗炎因子表达水平。除了调控促炎因子和抗炎因子, Ponomarev等[32] 还证实miR⁃124通过抑制M1型小胶质细胞转录因子C/EBP⁃α诱导小胶质细胞向M1型分化。

  • AD 的神经炎症反应涉及小胶质细胞、神经元和星形胶质细胞等[33]。A1 型星形胶质细胞释放 IL⁃6 和 TNF⁃α等炎性因子,产生神经元毒性,miR⁃ 124不仅减少了A1型星形胶质细胞[34],还靶向调控 NF⁃κB的表达水平[35],抑制神经炎症反应。神经元选择性退化与载脂蛋白 E(apolipoprotein E,ApoE) 是AD的研究热点。Zalocusky等[36] 发现过量表达的 ApoE诱发MHC⁃Ⅰ的表达上调,引起过度免疫反应,导致AD神经元选择性退化和死亡,但促进Aβ重吸收和降解也是其特点之一。Ge等[37] 也证实miR⁃124 可通过靶向调节 Rela/ApoE 信号通路升高 ApoE 的表达水平。Feng 等[38] 发现 miR⁃124 通过靶向调节 RFX1促进ApoE的表达并增加Aβ的重吸收。神经炎症反应发生于AD、PD、脑损伤、亨廷顿舞蹈症、肌萎缩侧索硬化症等多种疾病,miR⁃124在神经免疫炎症反应中的研究在不同疾病中存在交叉,因此 miR⁃124在AD的神经免疫炎症反应中的作用需要更细化的研究。

  • 2 miR⁃124与PD

  • PD 是由 James Parkinson 于 1817 年首次提出,在神经退行性疾病中继 AD 后发病率位列第 2,我国 60 岁以上老人患病率 1.37%,总患病人数高达 362万[39],与PD有关的平均年支出占家庭平均收入的比例高达44.8%,主要的临床表现是静止性震颤、肌强直、运动迟缓等运动失调,同时伴有抑郁、焦虑等精神症状。PD具体的发病机制尚不清楚,目前认为是由遗传、环境、年龄、线粒体功能障碍、氧化应激、神经炎症等多因素导致黑质多巴胺能神经元凋亡和由聚集的α⁃突触核蛋白(α⁃syn)形成路易小体 (Lewy body)。同AD 一样,在PD 模型中,中枢神经系统的小胶质细胞被激活,释放TNF⁃α、IL⁃1、IL⁃6,促进神经炎症的发生。miR⁃124通过靶向调节神经元凋亡和神经炎症反应相关基因的表达参与了PD 的发生发展。

  • 2.1 miR⁃124改善细胞自噬和神经元凋亡参与PD

  • 神经元中蛋白质的积累和异常折叠是大多数神经退行性疾病的病理特点,细胞自噬有助于清除受损的细胞器和蛋白质聚集体等,多巴胺神经元中由聚集的α⁃syn组成的路易小体是PD较为典型的病理特征之一,不溶性和突变的α⁃syn清除主要通过自噬途径实现,自噬功能障碍或缺乏阻碍了蛋白的清除,导致α⁃syn在神经元积累。PD的另一典型特征是黑质多巴胺能神经元退行性变性凋亡,在 PD 的病理过程中,miR⁃124通过调控多个与自噬和神经元凋亡相关的靶基因对多巴胺能神经元起保护作用。

  • Bim是调节小脑颗粒神经元细胞和皮质神经元等神经元凋亡的介质,1⁃甲基⁃4苯基⁃1,2,3,6⁃四氢吡啶(1⁃methyl⁃4⁃phenyl⁃1,2,3,6⁃tetrahydropyridine, MPTP)诱导的 PD 模型中 miR⁃124 通过抑制 Bim 的表达调节细胞凋亡和损害的自噬过程,减少多巴胺能神经元的缺失[40]。该课题组对miR⁃124进一步研究发现,抑制 miR⁃124 表达升高了 p⁃AMPK 蛋白的表达水平,降低了p⁃mTOR的表达水平,miR⁃124通过靶向调节AMPK/mTOR信号通路参与自噬过程和保护多巴胺能神经元[41]。然而Chen等[42] 发现右旋美托咪定通过升高 p⁃AMPK 和降低 mTOR 表达在 PD中保护多巴胺能神经元,因此升高的p⁃AMPK和降低的p⁃mTOR 在PD 中对多巴胺能神经元是正向保护作用还是增加了其凋亡有待进一步实验验证。

  • miR⁃124的另一靶基因DAPK1与中枢神经系统神经元凋亡密切相关,抑制 DAPK1 表达可改善癫痫[43] 和脑缺血缺氧损伤[44] 等症状。过表达DAPK1 通过靶向调节α⁃syn 129位丝氨酸的磷酸化加重了 PD症状[45]。在1⁃甲基⁃4⁃苯基⁃吡啶离子(1⁃methyl⁃ 4⁃pehnyl⁃pyridine,MPP+)诱导的 PD 模型中,miR⁃ 124⁃3p通过负性调节DAPK1减少细胞凋亡,并减轻运动失调症状[46]。miR⁃124对CAPN1的靶向调节作用除了在 AD 中有研究外,其在 PD 中也有涉及。 Kanagaraj等[47] 发现MPTP诱导的PD模型中miR⁃124 通过靶向调节 CAPN1 改善细胞凋亡。另外 miR⁃ 124⁃3p 通过靶向调节 ANXA5 发挥神经元保护作用[48]。在 MPP+ 诱导的 PD 模型中,miR⁃124⁃3p 通过靶向调节信号转导与转录激活因子 3(signal transduction and transcriptional activator 3,STAT3)抑制神经毒性,减少神经元凋亡,减轻神经炎症,发挥神经保护作用[49]。以上研究均证实 miR⁃124 在 PD 的病理机制中通过负性调节与损害神经元相关的靶基因发挥正向保护作用。

  • 2.2 miR⁃124介导神经炎症反应参与PD

  • 活化的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞及其释放的促炎因子和抗炎因子是中枢神经系统发生神经炎症反应的主要特点。Mcgeer 等[50] 于1988年首次发现PD患者黑质多巴胺神经元周围存在大量活化的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞。2006 年 Arai 等[51] 在PD患者的脑脊液和背侧纹状体中检测到TNF⁃α、 IL⁃β、IL⁃2、IL⁃4、IL⁃6 等细胞因子,在黑质检测到 NF⁃κB、IFN⁃γ等细胞因子,活化的小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞和细胞因子促进了黑质多巴胺能神经元的退行性病变和凋亡,加重了PD的病程。STAT3是一种在人体细胞广泛表达的转录调节因子,其在细胞因子等的作用下被激活,磷酸化的 STAT3 介导 Bcl⁃xL、Mcl⁃1等相关凋亡基因的表达,诱导小胶质细胞活化,促进星形胶质细胞增生[52]。STAT3是许多miRNA 的靶基因。例如,在PD 模型的小鼠黑质中miR⁃93通过靶向调节STAT3减轻了小胶质细胞的活化,抑制了炎症反应,对PD小鼠神经元起到保护作用[53]。miR⁃124对STAT3的靶向调节作用在许多疾病中有所涉及。miR⁃124通过靶向调节STAT3 抑制结肠癌细胞的生长[54],调节心肌梗死的炎症和细胞凋亡[55],介导膀胱癌的细胞增长、迁移和凋亡[56],减少了抑郁样行为[57]

  • NF⁃κB信号通路作为较为经典的信号通路,参与机体的免疫应答和炎症反应等病理生理过程,并因其重要的炎症介质作用成为潜在的抗炎治疗靶通路。过度活化的NF⁃κB信号通路被证实与PD的病理过程密切相关。Xing等[58] 证实miR⁃124通过靶向调节 KPNB1、KPNA3 和 KPNA4 抑制 NF⁃κB 信号通路,参与 PD 的神经炎症过程。另一较为经典的 MAPK信号通路参与细胞生长、分化以及炎症反应等多种细胞活动,p38 是 MAPK 家族成员之一,p38 MAPK信号通路释放TNF⁃α和IL⁃1β等促炎因子,同时 p38 上调与自我吞噬相关的 p62 表达。Yao 等[59] 发现在MPTP诱导的小鼠PD模型中,miR⁃124通过靶向抑制p38和p62的表达减少促炎因子的释放和自我吞噬。这些研究表明,miR⁃124主要通过减少促炎因子的释放等抑制炎症反应发挥神经保护作用,提示miR-124有望成为治疗PD神经炎症的生物靶点。

  • 3 小结与展望

  • miR⁃124 在脑中高度表达,成为中枢神经系统疾病的研究热点。miR⁃124可通过减少Aβ积累量,升高 ApoE 的表达,减少促炎因子的释放和增加抗炎因子的释放在 AD 中发挥正向保护作用。在 PD 中,miR ⁃ 124 通过调节 Bim、DAPK1、CAPN1 和 ANXA5等与自噬和神经元凋亡相关的靶基因对多巴胺能神经元起保护作用。基于以上miR⁃124在神经退行性疾病中的作用研究可以看出,miR⁃124有望成为治疗神经退行性疾病的生物靶点;进一步研究该分子在神经退行性疾病患者外周血中的表达意义重大。

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    • [26] LAWSON S K,DOBRIKOVA E Y,SHVEYGERT M,et al.p38α mitogen ⁃ activated protein kinase depletion and repression of signal transduction to translation machinery by miR⁃124 and⁃128 in neurons[J].Mol Cell Biol,2013,33(1):127-135

    • [27] 原亚静,商庆新,张立娟,等.中药调控小胶质细胞M1/M2型极化治疗阿尔茨海默病的研究进展[J].中医药导报,2020,26(15):133-136

    • [28] 王玉银,魏文悦,郭敏芳,等.补肾益智抗衰方通过调节小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞的极化转变改善APP/PS1小鼠认知功能[J].中国组织工程研究,2022,26(26):4166-4172

    • [29] YAO K,ZU H B.Microglial polarization:novel therapeu⁃ tic mechanism against Alzheimer’s disease[J].Inflammo⁃ pharmacology,2020,28(1):95-110

    • [30] SONG J,LEE J E.miR ⁃155 is involved in Alzheimer’s disease by regulating T lymphocyte function[J].Front Aging Neurosci,2015,7:61

    • [31] RIVETTI DI VAL CERVO P,LENA A M,NICOLOSO M,et al.p63⁃microRNA feedback in keratinocyte senescence [J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2012,109(4):1133-1138

    • [32] PONOMAREV E D,VEREMEYKO T,BARTENEVA N,et al.MicroRNA ⁃124 promotes microglia quiescence and suppresses EAE by deactivating macrophages via the C/EBP⁃α⁃PU.1 pathway[J].Nat Med,2011,17(1):64-70

    • [33] 阎祉圩,池瑞,彭艳,等.神经炎症介导阿尔茨海默病及运动调控炎症的机制[J].中国老年学杂志,2022,42(19):4885-4891

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    • [35] GAN L,LI Z Y,LV Q K,et al.Rabies virus glycoprotein(RVG29)⁃ linked microRNA ⁃ 124 ⁃ loaded polymeric nanoparticles inhibit neuroinflammation in a Parkinson’s disease model[J].Int J Pharm,2019,567:118449

    • [36] ZALOCUSKY K A,NAJM R,TAUBES A L,et al.Neuro⁃ nal ApoE upregulates MHC ⁃ I expression to drive selec⁃ tive neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease[J].Nat Neurosci,2021,24(6):786-798

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    • [40] WANG H Q,YE Y Y,ZHU Z Y,et al.MiR⁃124 regulates apoptosis and autophagy process in MPTP model of Par⁃ kinson’s disease by targeting to bim[J].Brain Pathol,2016,26(2):167-176

    • [41] GONG X,WANG H Q,YE Y Y,et al.miR⁃124 regulates cell apoptosis and autophagy in dopaminergic neurons and protects them by regulating AMPK/mTOR pathway in Parkinson’s disease[J].Am J Transl Res,2016,8(5):2127-2137

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    • [43] GAN C L,ZOU Y L,XIA Y F,et al.Inhibition of death⁃ associated protein kinase 1 protects against epileptic sei⁃ zures in mice[J].Int J Biol Sci,2021,17(9):2356-2366

    • [44] WEI R,ZHANG L,HU W,et al.Long non ⁃coding RNA AK038897 aggravates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion inju⁃ ry via acting as a ceRNA for miR⁃26a⁃5p to target DAPK1[J].Exp Neurol,2019,314:100-110

    • [45] SU Y,DENG M F,XIONG W,et al.MicroRNA⁃26a/death⁃ associated protein kinase 1 signaling induces synucleino⁃ pathy and dopaminergic neuron degeneration in Parkin⁃ son’s disease[J].Biol Psychiatry,2019,85(9):769-781

    • [46] LU Y,GONG Z,JIN X,et al.LncRNA MALAT1 targeting miR ⁃124⁃3p regulates DAPK1 expression contributes to cell apoptosis in Parkinson’s disease[J].J Cell Biochem,2020,121(12):4838-4848

    • [47] KANAGARAJ N,BEIPING H,DHEEN S T,et al.Down⁃ regulation of miR ⁃124 in MPTP ⁃treated mouse model of Parkinson’s disease and MPP iodide⁃treated MN9D cells modulates the expression of the calpain/cdk5 pathway pro⁃ teins[J].Neuroscience,2014,272:167-179

    • [48] DONG R F,ZHANG B,TAI L W,et al.The neuroprotec⁃ tive role of miR⁃124⁃3p in a 6⁃hydroxydopamine⁃induced cell model of parkinson’s disease via the regulation of ANAX5[J].J Cell Biochem,2018,119(1):269-277

    • [49] GENG L J,LIU W,CHEN Y.miR⁃124⁃3p attenuates MPP+ ⁃induced neuronal injury by targeting STAT3 in SH⁃SY5Y cells[J].Exp Biol Med Maywood N J,2017,242(18):1757-1764

    • [50] MCGEER P L,ITAGAKI S,BOYES B E,et al.Reactive microglia are positive for HLA⁃DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease brains[J].Neu⁃ rology,1988,38(8):1285-1291

    • [51] ARAI H,FURUYA T,MIZUNO Y,et al.Inflammation and infection in Parkinson’s disease[J].Histol Histo⁃ pathol,2006,21(6):673-678

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    • [53] WANG X F,LIU Z J,WANG F.MicroRNA⁃93 blocks sig⁃ nal transducers and activator of transcription 3 to reduce neuronal damage in Parkinson’s disease[J].Neurochem Res,2021,46(7):1859-1868

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    • [55] CHENG X J,LI L,XIN B Q.MiR⁃124 Regulates the in⁃ flammation and apoptosis in myocardial infarction rats by targeting STAT3[J].Cardiovasc Toxicol,2021,21(9):710-720

    • [56] WANG S X,WU G,HAN Y N,et al.miR ⁃124 regulates STAT3⁃mediated cell proliferation,migration and apopto⁃ sis in bladder cancer[J].Oncol Lett,2018,16(5):5875-5881

    • [57] LOU D N,WANG J,WANG X H.miR ⁃124 ameliorates depressive ⁃like behavior by targeting STAT3 to regulate microglial activation[J].Mol Cell Probes,2019,48:101470

    • [58] XING R X,LI L G,LIU X W,et al.Down regulation of miR⁃218,miR⁃124,and miR⁃144 relates to Parkinson’s disease via activating NF ⁃ κB signaling[J].Kaohsiung J Med Sci,2020,36(10):786-792

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