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通讯作者:

李薇,E-mail:liwei7769@163.com

中图分类号:R737.9

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)02-281-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN230842

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目录contents

    摘要

    伴随着组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(histone deacetylase inhibitor,HDACi)这一类靶向表观遗传调控机制的药物的创新发展,乳腺癌患者的治疗格局正在被逐渐改变。无论是激素受体(hormone receptor,HR)阳性且人表皮生长因子受体2(hu- man epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)阴性乳腺癌患者还是三阴性乳腺癌(triple-negative breast cancer,TNBC)患者,都能够从HDACi联合治疗方案中取得可观的临床获益。文章围绕HDACi这一类药物,总结其在乳腺癌各个分子亚型中应用的研究进展,特别是总结了中国人群的治疗现状,对未来联合用药方案合理布局的探索进行综述。

    Abstract

    With the innovative development of histone deacetylase inhibitors(HDACi),a class of drugs targeting epigenetic regulation mechanism,the treatment landscape for breast cancer patients is gradually changing. Both hormone receptor - positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative breast cancer patients,as well as triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)patients,can benefit significantly from combination therapy with HDACi. This article summarizes the research progress of HDACi in various molecular subtypes of breast cancer,with a particular focus on the treatment status in the Chinese population and exploration of rational combination therapy strategies in the future.

  • 乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤,占新确诊的恶性肿瘤病例的近 1/3。其中,激素受体(hormone receptor,HR)阳性乳腺癌最为常见,约占2/3 [1]。随着精准医学这一概念的提出及不断普及,临床医生越来越致力于开发新的个性化治疗方案,并且结合最新的生物标志物如循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cell,CTC)等,以期对乳腺癌患者带来治疗的合理性与收益的最大化[2]

  • 表观遗传调控机制不仅在乳腺癌的发生,更在其发展以及治疗耐药性的获得中起重要作用。表观遗传学修饰是指在不改变DNA序列的情况下,基因表达的可遗传变化。主要包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰、染色质重塑、非编码RNA、核小体定位和基因组印迹等多种形式。乳腺癌核心组蛋白尾部赖氨酸的乙酰化和去乙酰化是目前染色质结构研究最为广泛的领域之一。在乳腺癌中,组蛋白乙酰化与基因转录密切相关,其改变与癌症表型密切相关。此外,乳腺癌细胞可通过表观遗传变化,特别是组蛋白或基因组DNA的异常修饰,对化疗药物产生显著的耐药性。组蛋白的乙酰化/去乙酰化失调通常导致癌基因的激活或抑癌基因的失活以及多种信号通路的功能障碍,从而对肿瘤的发生发展起到关键作用,而针对这一表观遗传修饰途径的靶向治疗将会有极大的应用前景。

  • 1 组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂(histone deacetylase inhibitor,HDACi)与乳腺癌

  • 基因层面的改变通常是不可逆的,然而表观遗传学改变是可逆的,近年来表观遗传改变开始被认为是癌症治疗和预后的关键。目前针对乳腺癌有许多HDACi药物正在展开相关的临床研究[3]。其中西达本胺(Tucidinostat/Chidamide)作为我国自主研发的一种新型的口服苯甲酰胺(Benzamide)类HDACi 而备受关注。作为一种选择性HDACi,对于Ⅰ类以及Ⅱb类组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)有着较高的亲和力,而对Ⅰ、Ⅱa和Ⅳ类HDAC则具有较弱的抑制作用。西达本胺通过表观遗传重编程抑制肿瘤生长和调节微环境的多种功能,例如阻滞肿瘤细胞周期、促进肿瘤细胞凋亡、促进细胞分化、诱导雌激素受体α(estrogen receptor α,ERα)重新表达以及增强 NK 细胞以及细胞毒性 T 细胞的抗肿瘤活性等。 2019 年西达本胺获批应用于联合芳香化酶抑制剂 (aromatase inhibitor,AI)用于治疗 HR 阳性/人表皮生长因子受体2(human epidermal growth factor recep⁃ tor 2,HER2)阴性、绝经后且经内分泌治疗复发或进展的局部晚期或转移性乳腺癌患者。另外,西达本胺联合化疗以及免疫治疗药物正在三阴性乳腺癌(tri⁃ ple⁃negative breast cancer,TNBC)人群中被评估,其结果有望改变晚期乳腺癌的治疗现状。

  • 2 HDACi在ER阳性/HER2阴性乳腺癌中的应用

  • ER是女性乳腺和生殖系统正常发育所必需的,也是HR阳性乳腺癌的主要驱动因素[4]。ER信号通过激活癌基因和调节控制细胞存活和增殖的其他细胞功能来促进肿瘤进展。此外,孕激素受体(pro⁃ gesterone receptor,PR)的表达也被证明会影响乳腺癌对内分泌治疗的反应。乳腺癌细胞系中,HDAC1 的过表达被认为与ERα基因的表达显著相关。在一项基于反转录聚合酶链式反应(RT⁃PCR)技术,并且纳入了162例浸润性乳腺癌的临床研究中,HDAC1 mRNA 的表达在 50 岁以上的 ER 或者 PR 阳性患者个体中被发现显著升高。在体外实验中,有研究者发现通过特定的小干扰RNA(small interfering RNA, siRNA)抑制了HDAC1的表达可以抑制乳腺癌细胞系的生长与增殖[5]

  • 一项探索性研究初步证实了在HR阳性晚期乳腺癌患者中,西达本胺联合内分泌治疗的疗效以及耐受性良好[6]。此后,一项纳入了中国22个中心的绝经后ER阳性且HER2阴性的晚期乳腺癌患者的随机、双盲、安慰剂对照的Ⅲ期ACE 临床研究中进一步评估了这一组合的有效性和安全性[7]。在该Ⅲ 期临床研究中,244例患者接受西达本胺联合内分泌治疗,121例接受安慰剂联合内分泌治疗。西达本胺组的中位无进展生存期(progression free survival, PFS)为7.4个月(95% CI:5.5~7.2个月),安慰剂组则为 3.8 个月(95% CI:3.7~5.5 个月)。两组中最常见的 3 或 4 级不良事件均为血液系统不良事件,具体为中性粒细胞减少(51% vs.2%)、血小板减少(27% vs.2%)以及白细胞减少(19% vs.2%)。

  • 细胞周期蛋白 D1(Cyclin D1)可以独立于雌激素激活ER功能,该过程不受抗雌激素治疗的抑制,因此细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶4/6(cyclin dependent kinase4/6,CDK4/6)抑制剂也在临床上被应用以抑制ER下游效应物如细胞周期蛋白D1,从而阻止G1 至S的细胞周期转换过程。尽管CDK4/6抑制剂联合内分泌治疗可以显著改善ER阳性且HER2阴性晚期乳腺癌患者的生存,但是对于 CDK4/6 抑制剂治疗后进展的患者却缺乏一个标准的治疗方案。对于CDK4/6抑制剂联合内分泌治疗失败的患者,可选的治疗方案包括但不限于PI3K抑制剂(依维莫司)、另外一种CDK4/6抑制剂如哌柏西利(Palbociclib)、阿贝西利(Abemaciclib)、瑞博西利(Ribociclib)等。

  • 相关研究表明 CDK4/6 抑制剂耐药性的获得的主要机制是 CDK6 的扩增以及 HDAC 的异常激活[8-9]。HDAC1 的异常激活会降低 p21 的表达,从而导致细胞周期G1/S期转换增强,引起乳腺癌细胞增殖活性增加。此外,p53突变和鼠双微体2(murine double minute2,MDM2)扩增引起的 p53 失活,可导致 p21 表达缺失并发生 CDK4/6 抑制剂耐药。抑制 HDAC表达可以下调MDM2的表达并激活p53,从而引起耐药细胞周期阻滞和细胞凋亡[9]。因而,HDACi 在机制上对于原发及继发性内分泌治疗耐药性均有逆转作用,因此可以作为一种靶向药物与内分泌药物联合治疗。但是在ACEⅢ期临床研究中,只纳入7位曾使用过哌柏西利治疗的患者。受到其潜在耐药机制不明、当时药物在中国尚未上市等问题的影响,该研究未能纳入足量在其他靶向药物联合内分泌治疗耐药的患者,因此对于 CDK4/6 抑制剂等药物联合内分泌治疗耐药后的疗效及安全性的评估资料尚不充分,仍然需要进一步的临床证据来指导实践。

  • 除了西达本胺,中国人群恩替诺特联合依西美坦的多中心随机双盲安慰剂对照的Ⅲ期临床研究结果也在近期公布。该研究特别强调了CDK4/6抑制剂和氟维司群这两大类药物在研究人群中的既往使用情况。恩替诺特组和安慰剂组的中位PFS分别为6.32个月和3.72个月。两组间发生3级及以上的不良事件的例数及百分比分别为154例(65.5%) 和23例(19.3%)。虽然疗效客观、安全性可控,但是该研究纳入的既往使用过CDK4/6抑制剂的患者比例仍然较少[10]

  • 西达本胺及恩替诺特等 HDACi 联合内分泌药物治疗相较于安慰剂显著改善了HR阳性/HER2阴性晚期乳腺癌患者的生存,并且大多数非血液学不良事件是轻微和可耐受的,但是治疗相关的3~4级血液学不良事件却是一个不可忽视的问题,应该对相关药物的毒性管理提出更高的要求。

  • 3 HDACi在TNBC的应用

  • TNBC是一组高度异质性并且高度侵袭性的乳腺癌的统称,其主要特点是肿瘤细胞表面ER、PR以及HER2分子表达的缺失,总体生存期有且仅有约 1 年,并且对基于蒽环类和紫杉烷的新辅助化疗反应较差[11]。许多研究揭示了表观遗传学改变与TNBC 发生发展密切相关。体内外试验表明HDACi不仅在 TNBC的抗血管生成、抑制上皮⁃间质转变(epithelial mesenchymal transition,EMT)及转移、削弱 DNA 损伤的同源基因修复途径等多个病理生理过程中发挥重要作用,并且有增强TNBC 免疫治疗疗效的潜力[12-14]。在 TNBC 小鼠的体外模型中,通过对第Ⅰ 类 HDAC 抑制剂/赖氨酸特异性去甲基化酶(lysine specific demethylase1,LSD1)双重抑制剂4SC⁃202实现了对肿瘤生长及转移的抑制[15]。这些研究提示了HDACi在TNBC治疗中的重要价值,其与化疗、靶向、免疫、放疗等各种治疗均可有协同增效的潜力,有望改变TNBC治疗格局。

  • 3.1 HDACi与TNBC免疫治疗

  • 由于高度的肿瘤异质性,TNBC 患者靶向治疗的可行选项少并且效果不显著。因而,化疗成为了一直以来TNBC 患者的主要治疗选择。TNBC 被认为是一种“冷”肿瘤,由于缺乏肿瘤特异性抗原,缺乏免疫细胞浸润等原因,免疫检查点阴断(immune checkpoint blockade,ICB)治疗的反应性和有效性受到了极大的限制[16]。如何提高TNBC的免疫原性成为了提高这些患者免疫治疗疗效的关键。既往研究表明,放疗、光动力疗法、蒽环类药物、奥沙利铂等治疗方法可以增强肿瘤的免疫原性[17]。但是鲜有研究探索表观遗传调控药物在免疫联合治疗过程的作用及相关机制。

  • 针对于此,有研究者开发了一个共投递系统,用于联合递送西达本胺和程序性死亡配体⁃1(pro⁃ grammed death ligand⁃1,PD⁃L1)特异性阻断剂BMS⁃ 202用来治疗TNBC。结果显示,无论是在体外实验还是小鼠体内模型中,西达本胺联合PD⁃L1阻断剂都显示出较单药治疗更显著的疗效,并且呈现剂量依赖性。通过对小鼠模型的流式细胞分析,同样可以观察联合治疗组内树突状细胞、CD4+ T细胞、CD8+ T细胞、NK细胞的瘤内浸润显著高于单药治疗及空白对照组[18]。因此,体内外实验初步证实了西达本胺在增强TNBC的免疫原性、改善肿瘤免疫微环境、增强免疫治疗疗效方面具有显著意义,也为西达本胺在TNBC人群中联合免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICI)治疗提供了理论基础。

  • 随着临床研究的推进,ICI逐渐在TNBC一线及二线治疗中加入,可以观察到一部分TNBC 患者可以从免疫治疗中获益。在PD⁃L1抑制剂阿维鲁单抗 (Avelumab)单药的一项Ⅰ期临床研究中,58例晚期 TNBC 患者被纳入,其客观缓解率(objective re⁃ sponse rate,ORR)仅为 5.2%[19]。KEYNOTE⁃012Ⅰb 期临床研究的结果显示在可评估抗肿瘤活性的27 例晚期 TNBC 患者中,派姆单抗(Pembrolizumab)单药治疗的ORR 为18.5%[20]。此外,Ⅱ期KEYNOTE⁃ 086研究显示派姆单抗治疗 PD⁃L1 阳性的晚期 TN⁃ BC一线治疗有效率为21.4%,三线及以上治疗的有效率仅为5.3%[21-22]。同样地,在派姆单抗Ⅲ期临床研究 KEYNOTE⁃119 中,免疫单药治疗虽然表现出相当的疗效,但是在 ORR、PFS 以及总体生存率 (overall survival,OS)等方面均未能显示出相较既往系统性治疗的显著优势[23]。尽管 ICI 单药治疗在 TNBC 治疗中疗效甚微,但是免疫联合治疗可能会给患者带来更大获益。在IMpassion130、KEYNOTE ⁃355 以及 TORCHLIGHT 临床研究中分别评估了晚期TNBC中阿替利珠单抗(Atezolizumab)、派姆单抗和特瑞普利单抗(Toripalimab)在免疫联合化疗当中的疗效,结果均显示在一线治疗中,晚期TNBC患者可以从ICI联合化疗中显著获益[24-26]。表观遗传调控是调节肿瘤与其免疫微环境相互作用的关键机制之一。组蛋白的修饰过程已被证明在重塑肿瘤免疫微环境的过程中至关重要[27]。以此为理论基础,靶向表观遗传修饰物的药物治疗也许是能够提高免疫治疗反应的可行途径之一[28]

  • 尽管一系列临床前研究显示了 HDACi 联合免疫治疗在TNBC 中有可观的疗效,但是临床试验的结果却令人失望。受制于有限的疗效及难以耐受的药物不良反应,相当一部分临床试验不得不被迫停止,只有少数还在开展[29]。除了西达本胺,其他 HDACi如恩替诺特、贝利司他(Belinostat)和帕比司他(Panobinostat)与 ICI 联合治疗 TNBC 的部分临床研究仍然在进行中。本文总结了既往临床试验失败的可能原因。首先,这些临床试验纳入的患者样本量有限,也未能在选定的人群中进行治疗,因此也缺乏能够更加精准预测治疗反应的生物标准物。如果能够使用理想的表观遗传生物标志物进行合理的患者人群的选择,可能会在治疗窗口和新的治疗机会方面产生临床意义上的改善。此外,如果能够开发更新选择性更强的HDACi药物,或者采取抗体药物偶联物(antibody⁃drug conjugates,ADC) 等更加合理的给药方式,患者的治疗疗效可能会取得与临床前试验相一致的疗效,并且其不良反应可能会更加能令人接受。总之,随着对于TNBC免疫联合 HDACi治疗的分子机制以及临床实践的认识不断深入,相信随着新的疗效预测生物标志物以及新型 HDACi的不断开发,HDACi联合免疫治疗能够改善 TNBC患者的预后,并为她们提供更多的治疗选择。

  • 3.2 HDACi与TNBC化疗

  • 乳腺癌的多药耐药表型通常伴有组蛋白脱乙酰酶的异常表达。基于这一认识,许多体内外试验被开展以探索 HDACi 在乳腺癌发生治疗耐药的情境下的应用潜力。多种 HDACi 在逆转乳腺癌之外的血液系统恶性肿瘤、肺癌等多种恶性肿瘤中的化疗耐药方面有许多经验可供我们借鉴[30-31]。有体外试验表明西达本胺可以通过促进乳腺癌细胞的自噬和凋亡的过程来增强阿霉素等化疗药物的细胞毒性[32]。另外,体内外实验均支持西达本胺联合阿霉素治疗可以诱导p53驱动的细胞周期阻滞和细胞凋亡从而逆转乳腺癌多药耐药[33]。因此有理由相信HDACi这一类表观遗传调控药物有成为TNBC联合化疗方案的备选药物的潜力,也期待能有更好的预测生物标志物被开发,并且鼓励更多相关的临床研究能对这一领域进行更多的探索。

  • 3.3 HDACi与TNBC靶向治疗

  • 一些种类的 HDACi 与多种靶向治疗药物的联合治疗的疗效已经在一部分实体恶性肿瘤当中得到验证[34-35]。在其他瘤种中所联合的靶向药物大多数为表皮生长因子受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(epider⁃ mal growth factor receptor ⁃tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EGFR⁃TKI)类药物以及一些其他的抗血管生成药,其与HDACi的联合不仅可以增强抗血管生成作用,而且可以逆转耐药。遗憾的是,目前TNBC的HDACi 联合抗血管生成治疗的基础及临床研究仍然较少。

  • 令人眼前一亮的是,通过协同人表皮生长因子受体 3(human epidermal growth factor receptor 3, HER3)靶向治疗,亦可以显著增强帕比司他对连接蛋白低表达的 TNBC 细胞(Claudin ⁃low TNBC,CL ⁃ TNBC)的疗效[36],无论其是否对于帕比司他耐药。帕比司他均能有效抑制TNBC细胞的增殖和诱导细胞凋亡。然而,在CL⁃TNBC 细胞中,帕比司他显著增强了 HER3 的表达,而 HER3 与 EGFR 相互作用,激活受体和Akt信号通路,从而引起肿瘤的增殖与转移。体内外试验均支持帕比司他和吉非替尼(一种靶向EGFR的TKI药物)联合作用可协同抑制CL⁃TNBC 细胞增殖并促进细胞凋亡。靶向HER3这一新的生物靶点无疑为TNBC的精准治疗开启了一扇新的大门。然而这一发现仅仅针对CL⁃TNBC 这一特定亚型,覆盖面相对狭窄并且尚未在临床上得到证实。

  • 目前靶向HER3、人滋养层细胞表面抗原2(tro⁃ phoblast cell surface antigen 2,TROP2)甚至HER2的 ADC 药物的临床研究正在 TNBC 中如火如荼地开展,并且在该领域取得了初步成效[37-38]

  • 随着HER3等新靶点的提出,我们有理由相信在 HDACi 的基础上进行相关药物的联合治疗方案的探索,能够提高联合治疗疗效、逆转耐药性的获得、降低治疗相关不良反应。

  • 3.4 HDACi与TNBC放疗

  • 既往研究表明,抗惊厥药物丙戊酸钠(valpro⁃ ate,VPA)可以作为Ⅱ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂。在安全治疗剂量下,VPA 可以通过抑制 HR 功能,使乳腺癌MCF7细胞和原代培养的乳腺肿瘤细胞对放射治疗敏感[39]。另外,在其他瘤种中HDACi 与放疗的协同作用也被证实[40]。但是没有相关研究证据支持在TNBC中HDACi可以增强放射治疗疗效。相关领域仍然是一片空白,有待进一步探索来指导HDACi合理应用。

  • 4 HDACi在乳腺癌中治疗展望

  • 不同于基因组的高度稳定性,靶向组蛋白及非组蛋白的可逆性表观遗传修饰已经成为肿瘤治疗过程中颇具前景的治疗方案。现阶段 HDACi 药物主要受制于广泛的HDAC抑制性,因而其疗效及安全性在临床研究中均不能达到预期目标。此外, HDACi的相关研究主要局限在晚期乳腺癌,对于早期乳腺癌的关注不够。对于HR阳性且HER2阴性晚期乳腺癌患者而言,内分泌治疗耐药或者CDK4/6 抑制剂治疗耐药后,选择HDACi联合内分泌治疗已被证实为一种可行的选择。此外,对于晚期 TNBC 患者,HDACi协同化疗、靶向治疗、免疫治疗甚至放疗的联合治疗方案都有望改善患者的预后。不同的表观遗传调控机制之间的协作,比如 HDACi 与 DNA甲基化调控药物联合,HDACi与miRNA调控药物联合治疗也在其他实体肿瘤中被报道,我们有望通过联合不同的表观遗传调控机制进一步发挥抗肿瘤活性。在当下,HDACi 的表现仍有许多不足。其中最突出的方面在于靶向HDAC的特异性不足,因而其安全性受到质疑,临床应用受到限制,更加导致患者的依从性的降低。因此,新一代的HDACi 被要求能够更加精致地靶向特定的HDAC种类,减少其脱靶效应。令人欣喜的是,随着HDACi临床实践的不断完善,新的联合治疗方案也被提出,并且不断在被完善。然而其合理化及精准化仍然有很长的道路要走。尽管挑战巨大,随着新药研发以及临床研究的不断推进,HDACi有很大希望给乳腺癌患者带来更多更好的治疗选择,并且深刻改变乳腺癌治疗格局。

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