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通讯作者:

陈妍,E-mail:chenyan20141014@163.com

中图分类号:R745

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)03-360-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN231225

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨吉兰-巴雷综合征(Guillain-Barré syndrome,GBS)患者抗甲状腺抗体与抗神经节苷脂GM1抗体的相关性。方法:收集2018年7月—2023年2月南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院神经内科收治的同时检测抗甲状腺抗体和抗神经节苷脂抗体(antiganglioside antibody,AGA)水平的60例GBS患者,根据抗甲状腺抗体结果将患者分为正常组和异常组,比较两组患者的临床特征、甲状腺功能以及AGA比例。结果:与正常组相比,甲状腺功能异常组中GBS患者抗神经节苷酯GM1抗体和 GM2抗体水平人明显升高,并伴有更严重的临床症状(P < 0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,GBS患者抗甲状腺抗体异常 (OR=5.184,95%CI:1.377~19.518,P=0.015)以及游离甲状腺素(free thyroxine,FT4)水平升高(OR=1.266,95%CI:1.009~1.588, P=0.030),是导致抗GM1抗体阳性率增加的独立危险因素。受试者工作特征(receiver operation characteristic,ROC)曲线显示甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(thyroperoxidase antibody,TPO-Ab)预测GM1阳性的最佳阈值为47.9 U/mL,灵敏度为66.7%,特异度为 77 .8%。甲状腺球蛋白抗体(thyroglobulin antibody,Tg-Ab)预测GM1阳性的最佳阈值为20.0 U/mL,灵敏度为73.3%,特异度为 73 .3%。结论:合并抗甲状腺抗体异常的GBS患者更易出现抗GM1抗体阳性,这可能是合并甲状腺功能异常的GBS患者预后更差的可能机制。

    Abstract

    Objective:We aimed to explore the relationship between thyroid autoantibodies and anti -GM1 antibody in Guillain - Barré syndrome(GBS)patients. Methods:We selected 60 GBS patients who were admitted to Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital from July 2018 to February 2023 and tested for both anti - thyroid antibodies and Antiganglioside antibody(AGA)levels. According to anti - thyroid antibodies,the patients were divided into normal group and abnormal group. The clinical characteristics,thyroid function and the proportion of AGA in the two groups were compared. Results:Compared with the normal group,GBS patients in the abnormal group had significantly increased anti -GM1 antibody(Ab)(P < 0.05)and anti -GM2 Ab(P < 0.05),and were accompanied by more severe clinical symptoms(P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the presence of abnormal anti - thyroid antibodies[OR=5.184,95%CI:1.377-19.518,P=0.015]and increased free thyroxine(FT4)levels[OR=1.266,95%CI:1.009-1.588, P=0.030] were independent risk factors for increased anti - GM1 antibody positive rate in GBS patients. Receiver operation characteristic(ROC)curve analysis found that the optimal threshold for thyroperoxidase antibody(TPO -Ab)to predict anti -GM1 Ab positive was 47.9 U/mL,with a sensitivity of 66.7% and a specificity of 77.8%. The optimal threshold for thyroglobulin antibody(Tg-Ab) to predict anti - GM1 Ab positive was 20.0 U/mL,with a sensitivity of 73.3% and a specificity of 73.3% . Conclusion:Our results suggest an association between thyroid autoantibodies and anti - GM1 antibody in GBS patients,potentially explaining the poorer prognosis of GBS patients with thyroid dysfunction.

  • 吉兰 ⁃ 巴雷综合征(Guillain ⁃ Barré syndrome, GBS)是一种累及周围神经系统的自身免疫性疾病,可导致急性弛缓性麻痹以及感觉和自主神经功能障碍[1]。目前尚不清楚GBS的确切病因,但通常与呼吸道或胃肠道感染相关[1-2]。抗神经节苷脂抗体 (antiganglioside antibody,AGA)参与 GBS 的发展过程。目前认为,呼吸道或胃肠道感染后,机体免疫细胞与位于神经膜上的神经节苷脂发生交叉反应,产生 AGA。AGA 类型在很大程度上决定了GBS 的亚型和临床病程。最近的研究揭示了几种特异性 AGA 在轴突型 GBS 发展中起到重要作用,如抗 GM1、抗 GM2、抗 GD1a、抗 GD1b、抗GT1b和抗GM3 抗体,并且相比脱髓鞘型GBS患者,轴索型GBS患者更容易出现不良结局[3-4]

  • 既往研究表明甲状腺功能异常与 GBS 之间可能存在关联。甲状腺功能异常个体罹患 GBS 的风险增加[5]。此外,伴有甲状腺功能障碍的GBS患者更容易出现轴突损伤,预后更差,复发概率更高[6-7]。甲状腺自身抗体包括甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(thyroper⁃ oxidase antibody,TPO⁃Ab)和甲状腺球蛋白抗体(thy⁃ roglobulin antibody,Tg⁃Ab),是早期鉴别GBS和慢性炎性脱髓鞘性多发性神经根病(chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy,CIDP)的潜在预测指标[8]。然而,甲状腺功能与GBS之间联系的内部机制仍未完全阐明。

  • 本研究收集了南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院神经内科同时接受抗甲状腺抗体和 AGA 检测的 GBS患者的相关数据,旨在探究GBS患者抗甲状腺抗体与AGA之间的潜在关联,以进一步了解GBS发病机制及其与甲状腺功能障碍之间的联系。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究回顾性分析了2018年7月—2023年2月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院神经内科收治的 GBS患者,所有患者诊断均符合GBS诊治中国指南。纳入标准:同时进行了抗甲状腺抗体检测和AGA检测的患者。排除标准:①存在可能影响脑功能的其他神经系统疾病,如缺血性卒中和脑炎;②缺乏抗甲状腺自身抗体和AGA水平的数据;③随访时被诊断为 CIDP;④有甲状腺或下丘脑、垂体相关疾病史。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 资料收集

  • 收集患者年龄、性别、前驱感染史、实验室检查、神经电生理数据、临床表现、休斯功能分级量表 (Hughes functional grading scale,HFGS)、医学研究委员会(Medical Research Council,MRC)评分、脑脊液结果等。

  • 1.2.2 疾病严重程度评估

  • 分别在入院、疾病高峰期和出院时对患者进行 HFGS 和 MRC 评分。MRC 评分主要通过对双侧手臂外展、前臂屈曲、手腕伸展、腿部弯曲、膝盖伸展及足背屈肌肉群进行测评。

  • 1.2.3 抗甲状腺抗体及甲状腺激素检测

  • 收集患者入院后次日空腹状态下静脉血,检测游离甲状腺素(free thyroxine,FT4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(free triiodothyronine,FT3)、促甲状腺激素 (thyroid⁃stimulating hormone,TSH)、TPO⁃Ab、Tg⁃Ab 水平。根据甲状腺抗体结果,分为正常组和异常组 (TPO⁃Ab或Tg⁃Ab异常)。

  • 1.2.4 AGA检测

  • 由武汉康圣达医学检验有限公司通过免疫斑点法检测,具体检测的AGA包括:抗GM1、抗GM2、抗 GM3、抗 GM4、抗 GD1a、抗 GD1b、抗 GD2、抗 GD3、抗GT1a、抗GQ1b、抗sulfatide神经节苷脂抗体。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据分析。符合正态分布的连续变量以均值±标准差(x-±s)表示,使用独立样本t检验进行组间比较。对于非正态分布的连续变量,采用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,通过 Mann⁃Whitney U 检验进行组间差异比较。分类变量以百分率表示,并通过χ2 检验或 Fisher 精确检验进行比较。为了确定抗GM1抗体阳性的独立预测因素,进行了Logistic回归分析,在多变量Logistic 模型中纳入了单变量模型中P <0.01的显著变量。采用受试者工作特征(receiver operation characteris⁃ tic,ROC)曲线评价TPO⁃Ab和Tg⁃Ab对抗GM1抗体的预测效果。所有统计检验均为双侧检验,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 研究人群的基线特征

  • 本研究纳入了60例同时进行抗甲状腺抗体和 AGA血液检测的GBS患者,其中抗甲状腺抗体正常组 37 例,异常组 23 例。两组患者的基线特征见表1。两组患者在年龄、性别、TSH、FT3、FT4 水平、前驱感染史、蛋白细胞分离、感觉障碍、脑神经受累、自主神经功能障碍、GBS亚型等方面均未发现统计学差异。抗甲状腺抗体异常的 GBS 患者在疾病高峰时HFGS评分更高(P=0.028)、MRC评分更低(P= 0.046),提示甲状腺抗体异常可能与GBS患者临床表现的严重程度相关。

  • 2.2 抗甲状腺抗体异常的GBS患者血清抗GM1抗体和抗GM2抗体出现率升高

  • 抗甲状腺抗体异常组 GBS 患者 AGA 发生率明显高于正常组(82.6% vs.45.9%,P=0.005)。同时,异常组中抗GM1抗体和抗GM2抗体的发生率也明显高于正常组(43.5% vs.13.5%,P=0.009;17.4% vs. 0%,P=0.036)(图1A,表2)。

  • 为进一步确定哪种抗甲状腺抗体影响 GBS 患者抗GM⁃1抗体和抗GM⁃2抗体的出现率,本研究根据 Tg⁃Ab 和 TPO⁃Ab 阳性将患者分别分为 Tg⁃Ab 阳性组和Tg⁃Ab阴性组、TPO⁃Ab 阳性组和TPO⁃Ab 阴性组。结果发现,Tg⁃Ab和TPO⁃Ab阳性均与较高的 AGA阳性率相关(P=0.003,P=0.009)。值得注意的是,Tg⁃Ab阳性的GBS患者抗GM1抗体和抗GM2抗体的比例明显高于Tg⁃Ab阴性的患者(P=0.019,P= 0.023,图1B)。另一方面,TPO⁃Ab阳性的GBS患者抗 GM1 抗体阳性率显著升高(P=0.005),但抗 GM2 抗体阳性率无明显统计学差异(图1C,表2)。

  • 2.3 多因素Logistic回归分析

  • 以抗GM1抗体阳性为因变量,多因素Logistic回归分析提示FT4和抗甲状腺抗体异常是GBS患者出现抗GM1抗体阳性的独立预测因素(P=0.030,表3)。与抗甲状腺抗体正常组相比,抗甲状腺抗体异常的 GBS患者产生抗GM1抗体的可能性增加了5.184倍 (95%CI:1.377~19.518,P <0.05,表3)。在单因素 Logistic 回归模型中,未发现与抗 GM2 抗体阳性相关的危险因素。

  • 表1 两组GBS患者的基线特征比较

  • Table1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between two groups of GBS patients

  • GBS:Guillain⁃Barré syndrome;TSH:thyroid⁃stimulating hormone;FT3:free triiodothyronine;FT4:free thyroxine;AIDP:acute inflammatory demy⁃ elinating polyneuropathy;AMAN:acute motor axonal neuropathy;AMSAN:acute motor ⁃ sensory axonal neuropathy;MFS:Miller ⁃ Fisher syndrome; HFGS:Hughes functional grading scale;MRC:Medical Research Council.

  • 图1 抗甲状腺抗体正常组与异常组(A)、Tg⁃Ab阴性组与阳性组(B)、TPO⁃Ab阴性组与阳性组(C)间AGA阳性出现率比较

  • Figure1 Comparison of the incidence of AGA between normal and abnormal groups of anti⁃thyroid antibodies(A),Tg⁃Ab negative and positive groups(B),and TPO⁃Ab negative and positive groups(C)

  • 表2 抗甲状腺抗体正常组和异常组GBS患者的AGA阳性率的比较

  • Table2 Comparison of the positive rate of AGA in GBS patients with and without thyroid antibody

  • GBS:Guillain⁃Barré syndrome;AGA:antiganglioside antibody;TPO⁃Ab:thyroid peroxidase antibody;Tg⁃Ab:thyroglobulin antibody.

  • 2.4 抗甲状腺抗体预测抗 GM⁃1 抗体的 ROC 曲线分析

  • 经过 ROC 曲线分析评估,本研究发现血清 TPO⁃Ab 和Tg⁃Ab水平在预测潜力方面表现出良好的效果。当预测抗 GM1 抗体存在时,TPO⁃Ab 的最佳临界值为 47.9 U/mL,其敏感度为 66.7%,特异度为77.8%。AUC值为0.707(95% CI:0.550~0.863,P= 0.017)。同样地,Tg⁃Ab的最佳临界值为20.0 U/mL,其灵敏度和特异度均达到 73.3%。AUC 值为 0.746 (95% CI:0.615~0.877,P=0.005,图2)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究首次发现了 GBS 患者中抗甲状腺抗体与AGA阳性率之间存在显著关联,尤其是抗GM1抗体。甲状腺抗体是GBS 患者合并抗GM1抗体阳性的独立预测因素。已有研究表明甲状腺自身抗体水平升高会显著增加GBS发病率[8],但甲状腺抗体和AGA之间的联系尚未得到探讨。本研究为进一步探索GBS患者甲状腺抗体和AGA之间的关系奠定了基础。大量研究证实AGA参与GBS的发病过程,是区分GBS亚型的关键标志物。GBS变异型包括急性炎性脱髓鞘性多发神经根神经病(acute in⁃ flammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, AIDP)、急性运动轴索性神经病(acute motor axonal neuropathy,AMAN)、急性运动感觉轴索性神经病 (acute motor ⁃ sensory axonal neuropathy,AMSAN)、 Miller⁃Fisher 综合征(Miller⁃Fisher syndrome,MFS)、 Bickerstaff脑干脑炎(Bickerstaff brainstem encephali⁃ tis,BBE)[9]。AIDP的特点是脱髓鞘改变,可能是由于相关抗体直接靶向作用于节旁区的靶抗原或直接作用于周围神经的雪旺细胞上[10-11]。然而,AIDP的靶抗原仍未确定[12]。MFS和BBE与抗GQ1b抗体水平升高有关[13]。轴突型GBS如AMAN和AMSAN 涉及直接轴突损伤,由针对位于郎飞氏节的神经节苷脂的自身抗体驱动[10]。在 AMAN/AMSAN 患者中,常见各种神经节苷脂类抗体的升高,包括GM1、 GM2、GD1b、GD1a、GM3和GalNac⁃GD1a [3]。本研究发现,在甲状腺抗体异常的GBS患者中,抗GM1和抗GM2抗体的发生率增加,这可部分解释先前报道的甲状腺功能异常的 GBS 患者轴突损伤的患病率更高[6]。ROC曲线分析表明,甲状腺自身抗体有潜力预测GBS患者是否存在抗GM1抗体,协助GBS患者分型。然而,由于样本量较小,本研究未观察到甲状腺自身抗体阳性导致轴突型 GBS 比例增加。因此需要进一步通过更大规模临床研究来探索甲状腺抗体与AMAN/AMSAN之间的关系。血清甲状腺抗体是桥本甲状腺炎(Hashimoto’s thyroiditis,HT)的主要诊断指标,而 HT 则是一种常见的自身免疫性甲状腺疾病[14]。少量个案报导了HT和GBS之间存在共患现象[15-18]。此外,既往研究报道发现,在HT 患者中,血清抗神经节苷脂抗体的患病率明显高于其他甲状腺疾病患者[19],提示甲状腺抗体与AGA之间可能存在联系。本研究发现TPO⁃Ab或Tg⁃Ab升高与GBS患者中抗GM1抗体阳性率升高相关联,提示甲状腺抗体与抗GM1抗体形成有关。

  • 表3 GBS患者抗神经节苷脂GM1抗体阳性相关危险因素的Logistic回归分析

  • Table3 Logistic regression analysis of risk factor for positive anti⁃GM1 ganglioside antibody in GBS patients

  • GBS:Guillain⁃Barré syndrome;TSH:thyroid⁃stimulating hormone;FT3:free triiodothyronine;FT4:free thyroxine.

  • 图2 GBS患者甲状腺自身抗体预测抗GM1抗体的ROC曲线分析

  • Figure2 ROC of thyroid autoantibodies to prediction of anti⁃GM1 ganglioside antibody in GBS patients

  • 分子模仿被认为是抗GM1抗体产生的机制,可能是因为其针对微生物产生的抗体与GM1神经节苷脂产生了交叉反应[20]。在动物实验中,用来源于空肠弯曲菌的GM1或类GM1脂寡糖免疫家兔,诱导了抗 GM1 IgM 和 IgG 抗体的生成,并表现出类似于人类轴突型GBS的病理特征[21-22]。神经节苷脂广泛存在于神经系统和甲状腺细胞膜上[23]。因此关于甲状腺抗体与抗GM1抗体之间的联系,本研究提出两种假设:一是弯曲杆菌脂寡糖同时携带神经节苷酯类似物和甲状腺细胞表面类似物,从而引发免疫反应并同时产生抗GM1抗体和甲状腺抗体;二是甲状腺抗体升高引发针对甲状腺细胞膜上神经节苷酯复合物的免疫反应,进而导致抗 GM1 抗体的产生。然而,这些理论推测还需要经过进一步的实验来加以验证。

  • 早期研究表明,伴随甲状腺功能异常的GBS患者预后不佳,并存在机械通气风险,以往认为这与甲状腺功能异常引起的氧化应激状态有关[6]。本研究为这一现象提供了新的解释。先前研究已指出抗 GM1 抗体与 AMAN 和 GBS 严重程度之间存在相关性[24]。抗GM1 IgG 抗体可损害位于郎飞氏结上电压门控钠通道,并通过补体介导机制阻碍神经修复[25]。Thomma 等[26]报道,持续升高的抗 GM1 IgG和IgM抗体滴度与GBS患者预后不良相关。因此,在甲状腺功能异常的 GBS 患者中,甲状腺抗体阳性引起的抗GM1抗体比例升高也可能是其预后不良的原因之一。

  • 本研究存在一定局限性。首先,本研究为单中心、小样本量研究,可能存在患者选择偏倚,从而对数据解释产生影响。其次,尽管本研究提出甲状腺抗体可作为预测GBS患者抗GM1抗体阳性的指标,但这些生物标志物与抗GM1抗体的内在联系仍未明确,需要进一步深入研究。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] VAN DEN BERG B,WALGAARD C,DRENTHEN J,et al.Guillain ⁃ Barré syndrome:pathogenesis,diagnosis,treatment and prognosis[J].Nat Rev Neurol,2014,10(8):469-482

    • [2] JACOBS B C,ROTHBARTH P H,VAN DER MECHÉ F G,et al.The spectrum of antecedent infections in Guillain ⁃ Barré syndrome:a case ⁃ control study[J].Neurology,1998,51(4):1110-1115

    • [3] SHANG P,ZHU M Q,WANG Y,et al.Axonal variants of Guillain ⁃Barré syndrome:an update[J].J Neurol,2021,268(7):2402-2419

    • [4] ILYAS A A,CHEN Z W,COOK S D,et al.Immunoglobu⁃ lin G subclass distribution of autoantibodies to ganglio⁃ sides in patients with Guillain ⁃ Barre syndrome[J].Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol,2001,109(1/2):115-123

    • [5] HUANG Y Y,YING Z J,CHEN Z B,et al.Thyroid hor⁃ mone level is associated with the frequency and severity of Guillain⁃Barré syndrome[J].Int J Neurosci,2017,127(10):893-899

    • [6] KONG L X,WU X J,CHENG Y W,et al.The prediction effects of thyroid function in the severity of Guillain⁃Barré syndrome[J].Neurol Sci,2022,43(8):5017-5028

    • [7] WANG S,LUO Z Y,PENG T.Serum thyroid⁃stimulating hormone is an independent risk factor of recurrent Guil⁃ lain ⁃ Barré syndrome[J].Muscle Nerve,2022,65(6):688-692

    • [8] TU Y,GONG X,ZENG G W,et al.Differences in thyroid function and autoantibodies in the development of guillain ⁃ barré syndrome vs.chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy[J].Front Neurol,2020,11:1018

    • [9] WAKERLEY B R,UNCINI A,YUKI N,et al.Guillain ⁃Barré and Miller Fisher syndromes⁃new diagnostic classi⁃ fication[J].Nat Rev Neurol,2014,10(9):537-544

    • [10] FEHMI J,SCHERER S S,WILLISON H J,et al.Nodes,paranodes and neuropathies[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psy⁃ chiatry,2018,89(1):61-71

    • [11] DOPPLER K,APPELTSHAUSER L,VILLMANN C,et al.Auto ⁃ antibodies to contactin ⁃ associated protein 1(Caspr)in two patients with painful inflammatory neurop⁃ athy[J].Brain,2016,139(Pt 10):2617-2630

    • [12] SHAHRIZAILA N,LEHMANN H C,KUWABARA S.Guillain⁃Barré syndrome[J].Lancet,2021,397(10280):1214-1228

    • [13] AL OTHMAN B,RAABE J,KINI A,et al.Update:the Miller Fisher variants of Guillain ⁃ Barré syndrome[J].Curr Opin Ophthalmol,2019,30(6):462-466

    • [14] RAGUSA F,FALLAHI P,ELIA G,et al.Hashimotos’thy⁃ roiditis:Epidemiology,pathogenesis,clinic and therapy [J].Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab,2019,33(6):101367

    • [15] ALI A,MALIK W T,RAJA U,et al.Thyroid storm,a mim⁃ icker of guillain ⁃barre syndrome:a case report[J].Cure⁃ us,2020,12(8):e9918

    • [16] TOUDOU DAOUDA M,OBENDA N S,MAAZOU L,et al.Guillain ⁃Barre syndrome and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis [J].QJM,2016,109(8):547-548

    • [17] KOHLI R S,BLEIBEL W,BLEIBEL H.Concurrent im⁃ mune thrombocytopenic purpura and Guillain ⁃Barre syn⁃ drome in a patient with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis[J].Am J Hematol,2007,82(4):307-308

    • [18] ZANG Q L,WANG Y T,GUO J S,et al.Treatment of se⁃ vere Japanese encephalitis complicated with hashimoto’s thyroiditis and guillain⁃barré syndrome with protein A im⁃ munoadsorption:a case report[J].Front Immunol,2022,12:807937

    • [19] MÜSSIG K,LEYHE T,HOLZMÜLLER S,et al.Increased prevalence of antibodies to central nervous system tissue and gangliosides in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis compared to other thyroid illnesses[J].Psychoneuroendocrinology,2009,34(8):1252-1256

    • [20] MORAN A P,ANNUK H,PRENDERGAST M M.Anti⁃ bodies induced by ganglioside ⁃mimicking Campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharides recognise epitopes at the nodes of Ranvier[J].J Neuroimmunol,2005,165(1/2):179-185

    • [21] YUKI N,YAMADA M,KOGA M,et al.Animal model of axonal Guillain ⁃Barré syndrome induced by sensitization with GM1 ganglioside[J].Ann Neurol,2001,49(6):712-720

    • [22] YUKI N,SUSUKI K,KOGA M,et al.Carbohydrate mim⁃ icry between human ganglioside GM1 and Campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharide causes Guillain⁃Barre syndrome [J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2004,101(31):11404-11409

    • [23] MULLIN B R,PACUSZKA T,LEE G,et al.Thyroid gan⁃ gliosides with high affinity for thyrotropin:potential role in thyroid regulation[J].Science,1978,199(4324):77-79

    • [24] LARDONE R D,YUKI N,ODAKA M,et al.Anti ⁃GM1 IgG antibodies in Guillain⁃Barré syndrome:fine specificity is associated with disease severity[J].J Neurol Neuro⁃ surg Psychiatry,2010,81(6):629-633

    • [25] SUSUKI K,RASBAND M N,TOHYAMA K,et al.Anti ⁃ GM1 antibodies cause complement ⁃ mediated disruption of sodium channel clusters in peripheral motor nerve fibers [J].J Neurosci,2007,27(15):3956-3967

    • [26] THOMMA R C M,FOKKE C,WALGAARD C,et al.High and persistent anti ⁃ GM1 antibody titers are associated with poor clinical recovery in guillain⁃barré syndrome[J].Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm,2023,10(4):e200107

  • 参考文献

    • [1] VAN DEN BERG B,WALGAARD C,DRENTHEN J,et al.Guillain ⁃ Barré syndrome:pathogenesis,diagnosis,treatment and prognosis[J].Nat Rev Neurol,2014,10(8):469-482

    • [2] JACOBS B C,ROTHBARTH P H,VAN DER MECHÉ F G,et al.The spectrum of antecedent infections in Guillain ⁃ Barré syndrome:a case ⁃ control study[J].Neurology,1998,51(4):1110-1115

    • [3] SHANG P,ZHU M Q,WANG Y,et al.Axonal variants of Guillain ⁃Barré syndrome:an update[J].J Neurol,2021,268(7):2402-2419

    • [4] ILYAS A A,CHEN Z W,COOK S D,et al.Immunoglobu⁃ lin G subclass distribution of autoantibodies to ganglio⁃ sides in patients with Guillain ⁃ Barre syndrome[J].Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol,2001,109(1/2):115-123

    • [5] HUANG Y Y,YING Z J,CHEN Z B,et al.Thyroid hor⁃ mone level is associated with the frequency and severity of Guillain⁃Barré syndrome[J].Int J Neurosci,2017,127(10):893-899

    • [6] KONG L X,WU X J,CHENG Y W,et al.The prediction effects of thyroid function in the severity of Guillain⁃Barré syndrome[J].Neurol Sci,2022,43(8):5017-5028

    • [7] WANG S,LUO Z Y,PENG T.Serum thyroid⁃stimulating hormone is an independent risk factor of recurrent Guil⁃ lain ⁃ Barré syndrome[J].Muscle Nerve,2022,65(6):688-692

    • [8] TU Y,GONG X,ZENG G W,et al.Differences in thyroid function and autoantibodies in the development of guillain ⁃ barré syndrome vs.chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy[J].Front Neurol,2020,11:1018

    • [9] WAKERLEY B R,UNCINI A,YUKI N,et al.Guillain ⁃Barré and Miller Fisher syndromes⁃new diagnostic classi⁃ fication[J].Nat Rev Neurol,2014,10(9):537-544

    • [10] FEHMI J,SCHERER S S,WILLISON H J,et al.Nodes,paranodes and neuropathies[J].J Neurol Neurosurg Psy⁃ chiatry,2018,89(1):61-71

    • [11] DOPPLER K,APPELTSHAUSER L,VILLMANN C,et al.Auto ⁃ antibodies to contactin ⁃ associated protein 1(Caspr)in two patients with painful inflammatory neurop⁃ athy[J].Brain,2016,139(Pt 10):2617-2630

    • [12] SHAHRIZAILA N,LEHMANN H C,KUWABARA S.Guillain⁃Barré syndrome[J].Lancet,2021,397(10280):1214-1228

    • [13] AL OTHMAN B,RAABE J,KINI A,et al.Update:the Miller Fisher variants of Guillain ⁃ Barré syndrome[J].Curr Opin Ophthalmol,2019,30(6):462-466

    • [14] RAGUSA F,FALLAHI P,ELIA G,et al.Hashimotos’thy⁃ roiditis:Epidemiology,pathogenesis,clinic and therapy [J].Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab,2019,33(6):101367

    • [15] ALI A,MALIK W T,RAJA U,et al.Thyroid storm,a mim⁃ icker of guillain ⁃barre syndrome:a case report[J].Cure⁃ us,2020,12(8):e9918

    • [16] TOUDOU DAOUDA M,OBENDA N S,MAAZOU L,et al.Guillain ⁃Barre syndrome and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis [J].QJM,2016,109(8):547-548

    • [17] KOHLI R S,BLEIBEL W,BLEIBEL H.Concurrent im⁃ mune thrombocytopenic purpura and Guillain ⁃Barre syn⁃ drome in a patient with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis[J].Am J Hematol,2007,82(4):307-308

    • [18] ZANG Q L,WANG Y T,GUO J S,et al.Treatment of se⁃ vere Japanese encephalitis complicated with hashimoto’s thyroiditis and guillain⁃barré syndrome with protein A im⁃ munoadsorption:a case report[J].Front Immunol,2022,12:807937

    • [19] MÜSSIG K,LEYHE T,HOLZMÜLLER S,et al.Increased prevalence of antibodies to central nervous system tissue and gangliosides in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis compared to other thyroid illnesses[J].Psychoneuroendocrinology,2009,34(8):1252-1256

    • [20] MORAN A P,ANNUK H,PRENDERGAST M M.Anti⁃ bodies induced by ganglioside ⁃mimicking Campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharides recognise epitopes at the nodes of Ranvier[J].J Neuroimmunol,2005,165(1/2):179-185

    • [21] YUKI N,YAMADA M,KOGA M,et al.Animal model of axonal Guillain ⁃Barré syndrome induced by sensitization with GM1 ganglioside[J].Ann Neurol,2001,49(6):712-720

    • [22] YUKI N,SUSUKI K,KOGA M,et al.Carbohydrate mim⁃ icry between human ganglioside GM1 and Campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharide causes Guillain⁃Barre syndrome [J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2004,101(31):11404-11409

    • [23] MULLIN B R,PACUSZKA T,LEE G,et al.Thyroid gan⁃ gliosides with high affinity for thyrotropin:potential role in thyroid regulation[J].Science,1978,199(4324):77-79

    • [24] LARDONE R D,YUKI N,ODAKA M,et al.Anti ⁃GM1 IgG antibodies in Guillain⁃Barré syndrome:fine specificity is associated with disease severity[J].J Neurol Neuro⁃ surg Psychiatry,2010,81(6):629-633

    • [25] SUSUKI K,RASBAND M N,TOHYAMA K,et al.Anti ⁃ GM1 antibodies cause complement ⁃ mediated disruption of sodium channel clusters in peripheral motor nerve fibers [J].J Neurosci,2007,27(15):3956-3967

    • [26] THOMMA R C M,FOKKE C,WALGAARD C,et al.High and persistent anti ⁃ GM1 antibody titers are associated with poor clinical recovery in guillain⁃barré syndrome[J].Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm,2023,10(4):e200107