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通讯作者:

邹月芬,E-mail:zou_yf@163.com

中图分类号:R445.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)03-387-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN230733

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 4
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参考文献 5
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参考文献 6
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参考文献 7
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参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
BRINLEE A W,DICKENSON S B,HUNTER⁃GIORDANO A,et al.ACL reconstruction rehabilitation:clinical data,biologic healing,and criterion⁃based milestones to inform a return ⁃to ⁃ sport guideline[J].Sports Health,2022,14(5):770-779
参考文献 11
DU T S,SHI Y R,HUANG H,et al.Current study on the influence of psychological factors on returning to sports after ACLR[J].Heliyon,2022,8(12):e12434
参考文献 12
FALEIDE A G H,MAGNUSSEN L H,BOGEN B E,et al.Association between psychological readiness and knee laxity and their predictive value for return to sport in pa⁃ tients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction[J].AM J SPORTS MED,2021,49(10):2599-2606
参考文献 13
GRASSI A,BAILEY J R,SIGNORELLI C,et al.Magne⁃ tic resonance imaging after anterior cruciate ligament re⁃ construction:a practical guide[J].World J Orthop,2016,7(10):638-649
参考文献 14
PANOS J A,WEBSTER K E,HEWETT T E.Anterior cru⁃ ciate ligament grafts display differential maturation pat⁃ terns on magnetic resonance imaging following reconstruc⁃ tion:a systematic review[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2020,28(7):2124-2138
参考文献 15
YAU W P,CHAN Y C.Evaluation of graft ligamentization by MRI after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction[J].Am J Sports Med,2023,51(6):1466-1479
参考文献 16
CHIBA D,YAMAMOTO Y,KIMURA Y,et al.Associa⁃ tion between early postoperative graft signal intensity and residual knee laxity after anterior cruciate ligament recon⁃ struction[J].Orthop J Sports Med,2022,10(7):23259671221109608
参考文献 17
VAN GRONINGEN B,VAN DER STEEN M C,JANS⁃ SEN D M,et al.Assessment of graft maturity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autografts:a sys⁃ tematic review of biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging studies[J].Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil,2020,2(4):e377-e388
参考文献 18
MURAMATSU K,HACHIYA Y,IZAWA H.Serial evalu⁃ ation of human anterior cruciate ligament grafts by con⁃ trast ⁃ enhanced magnetic resonance imaging:comparison of allografts and autografts[J].Arthroscopy,2008,24(9):1038-1044
参考文献 19
PUTNIS S E,KLASAN A,OSHIMA T,et al.Magnetic res⁃ onance imaging assessment of hamstring graft healing and integration 1 and minimum 2 years after ACL reconstruc⁃ tion[J].Am J Sports Med,2022,50(8):2102-2110
参考文献 20
郭宇,王凌,金国华,等.前交叉韧带重建胫骨侧止点定位的应用解剖学研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(3):346-348
参考文献 21
NOAILLES T,CHALOPIN A,BOISSARD M,et al.Inci⁃ dence and risk factors for cyclops syndrome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a systematic literature review[J].Orthop Traumatol Surg Res,2019,105(7):1401-1405
参考文献 22
FACCHETTI L,SCHWAIGER B J,GERSING A S,et al.Cyclops lesions detected by MRI are frequent findings after ACL surgical reconstruction but do not impact clini⁃ cal outcome over 2 years[J].Eur Radiol,2017,27(8):3499-3508
参考文献 23
KAMBHAMPATI S B S,GOLLAMUDI S,SHANMUG⁃ ASUNDARAM S,et al.Cyclop lesions of the knee:a nar⁃ rative review of the literature[J].Orthop J Sports Med,2020,8(8):2325967120945671
参考文献 24
LI X K,YAN L,LI D J,et al.Failure modes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Int Orthop,2023,47(3):719-734
参考文献 25
ABRAM S G F,JUDGE A,BEARD D J,et al.Rates of adverse outcomes and revision surgery after anterior cruci⁃ ate ligament reconstruction:a study of 104,255 proce⁃ dures using the national hospital episode statistics data⁃ base for England,UK[J].Am J Sports Med,2019,47(11):2533-2542
参考文献 26
ZHAO D,LIANG G H,PAN J K,et al.Risk factors for postoperative surgical site infections after anterior cru ⁃ ciate ligament reconstruction:a systematic review and me⁃ ta⁃analysis[J].Br J Sports Med,2023,57(2):118-128
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:回顾前交叉韧带重建术后正常移植物不同时期的信号特点及并发症的磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imag- ing,MRI)表现。方法:回顾分析2012年1月—2023年3月在南京医科大学第一附属医院因前交叉韧带重建复查而行MRI检查的299例患者的影像学资料,根据移植物并发症在MRI上的不同表现进行分类,描述其在T1WI和T2WI上的信号表现,并与其临床症状相结合。结果:在299例患者中,手术后4~6个月T2WI上移植物信号最高。66例(22.07%)出现了移植后并发症,包括5例(1.67%)胫骨隧道前移,1例(0.33%)胫骨隧道位置稍偏后。16例(5.35%)出现Cyclops病变,10例(3.34%)发生移植物的再次断裂,1例(0.33%)出现术后感染。33例(11.04%)在术后不同时间出现移植物隧道内囊性灶。在胫骨隧道前移的患者中有2例同时出现了移植物的再次断裂和Cyclops病变。结论:MRI作为前交叉韧带重建患者术后复查的一种主要方式,发挥重要作用,它能清晰反映移植物在不同阶段的变化及并发症表现,有早发现早提示的作用,以便临床医生早期采取干预措施,提高患者术后的生活质量。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to review the magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)features of normal grafts at different stages of signal characteristics and complications after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction(ACLR). Methods:The imaging data of 299 patients who underwent MRI for reexamination after the ACLR at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2012 to March 2023 were reviewed,and were classified according to the different manifestations of graft complications on MRI. Their signal on T1WI and T2WI was described and combined with their clinical symptoms. Results:In 299 patients,signal was highest at 4-6 months postoperatively. Post-transplantation complications were observed in 66(22.07%),of which 5(1.67%)had an anterior displacement of the tibial tunnel ,and 1(0.33%)had a slightly posterior position of the tibial tunnel. Cyclops lesion was seen in 16(5.35%),re-rupture of the graft occurred in 10(3.34%),and 1(0.33%)had a postoperative infection. Cystic signal in the tunnel were present in 33(11.04%)at various times postoperatively. There are 2 patients who underlying anterior displacement of the tibial tunnel had both re-rupture and Cyclops lesion of the graft. Conclusion:MRI plays an important role as a major tool for postoperative follow - up of patients after ACLR. It can clearly reflect the changes of the graft at different stages and the manifestation of complications,providing early detection and warning,so that clinicians can take early interventions to improve the quality of life for patients after surgery.

  • 前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament,ACL)是膝关节的重要组成部分,其主要作用是限制胫骨在股骨上的过度前移,从而防止膝关节的过度伸展,同时也能一定程度上防止胫骨内旋,在维持运动中的身体平衡方面具有重要作用。ACL 撕裂的发生率约为68.6/10万[1],在年轻人或从事专业体育运动人群中的发病率更高。前交叉韧带重建(anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction,ACLR)是治疗 ACL 撕裂的重要方式,特别是非手术治疗后活动功能仍较差的患者。其目的是使重建后的膝关节恢复与自然韧带相同的功能,防止后期的持续损伤[2]

  • 尽管ACLR 手术技术在不断发展,康复方案在不断优化,移植后并发症的发生率仍然较高 (13.3%)[3]。而且移植成功的患者由于存在并发症会感受到不同程度的膝关节不适,15%~25%的重建术后患者存在膝关节持续不稳定、失去伸展力和疼痛等表现[4],往往导致不能恢复其受伤前的运动水平。

  • 临床上,磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imag⁃ ing,MRI)是观察ACLR后愈合过程最常用的影像学方法。既往研究多关注重建的手术方式[5-6]、重建后移植物的愈合过程[7-8]、康复训练方法[9-10] 和术后患者的自我感受[11-12],较少关注患者在尚未出现临床不适时的影像学表现。而这些影像学表现恰恰对患者术后并发症的出现起到重要的早期提示作用,影像学医师和临床骨科医生需要熟知ACLR后移植物不良事件的存在及其影像学评估。因此本研究探讨了ACLR后正常移植物的信号变化及并发症的MRI表现。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究选择2012年1月—2023年3月在南京医科大学第一附属医院因ACLR复查行MRI检查的患者为筛选对象,根据严格的纳入标准及排除标准,最终纳入患者299例。纳入标准:①患者伤侧膝关节既往未做过手术;②在行ACLR手术时,不合并其他韧带的损伤和重建:③图像质量清晰完整,适合诊断。排除标准:①同时行膝关节骨折内固定手术;②术后患侧膝关节再次行膝关节清理术或其他类型手术;③有风湿性关节炎、恶性肿瘤病史;④图像金属伪影及运动伪影较重。本研究为回顾性研究,通过医院伦理委员会批准(2021⁃SR⁃051)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 检查方法

  • 采用3.0T MRI扫描仪(MAGNETOM Skyra,西门子公司,德国)。患者取仰卧位,行常规膝关节矢状位PDWI、T2WI fs序列、冠状位T1WI、T2WI fs序列以及轴位PDWI fs序列的扫描。矢状位PDWI序列扫描参数:TR/TE 2 500 ms/21 ms,FOV 290 mm×320 mm; 矢状位 T2WI fs 扫描参数:TR/TE 3 500 ms/54 ms, FOV 320 mm×320 mm;冠状位 T1WI 扫描参数: TR/TE 430 ms/11 ms,FOV 320 mm×320 mm;冠状位 T2WI fs 扫描参数:TR/TE 3 500 ms/54 ms,FOV 320 mm×320 mm;轴位 PDWI fs 扫描参数:TR/TE 2 100 ms/24 ms,FOV320 mm×320 mm,层厚为3.0 mm。

  • 1.2.2 图像评估

  • 2 名专业为肌骨方向的放射科医师在冠状位、轴位、矢状位的各个序列上评估移植物的信号表现及隧道位置,判断其是否出现重建术后并发症,当2位医师的结果不统一时由第3位医师共同商讨决定。

  • 1.2.3 移植物信号强度比计算

  • 根据测量得到每个区域的信号强度,使用公式:信号强度比=(ACL移植物的信号强度-后交叉韧带信号强度)/背景信号强度。由1名放射科医师进行 2次信号强度测量,每次测量间隔2周以排除记忆造成的测量误差,取2次测量结果的平均值进行计算。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 27.0统计学软件进行统计分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,描述性统计用于描述各种移植物并发症出现的比例,以百分比表示。移植物5个时期信号强度比的比较采用单因素方差分析,如果满足方差齐时两两比较采用 LSD 法,方差不齐时采用Tamhane T2法。P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 临床资料

  • 在纳入的299例患者中,男172例,女127例,年龄(29.94±9.65)岁(范围 13~56 岁),体重指数(body mass index,BMI)(24.54 ± 3.20)kg/m2 (范围 17.90~38.10 kg/m2)。左膝ACLR 135例,右膝ACLR 164例,术后 1~3 个月复查者 117 例,术后 4~6 个月复查者 64 例,术后 7~9 个月复查者 17例,术后10~12个月复查者32例,术后1年后复查者69例。导致ACL撕裂的原因有外伤(如车祸、跌倒、砸伤、高处坠落等) 69例(23.08%),活动时(如打篮球、排球、橄榄球、滑雪、跑步、骑自行车、下楼梯、跳舞等)扭伤后疼痛 197 例(65.89%),原因不明而膝关节疼痛者 33 例 (11.04%)。

  • 2.2 移植物类型及手术方式

  • 296 例的移植物为股薄肌和半腱肌,1 例为半腱肌,1例为腓骨长肌腱,1例为股薄肌、半腱肌及腓骨长肌腱。3例行双束重建,293例行单束重建。

  • 2.3 移植物信号变化

  • 在术后1~3个月的患者中,64例(54.70%)的移植物在T2WI矢状位图像上出现了线样或条片状的高信号;在术后4~6个月的患者中,48例(75.00%)的移植物出现同样的高信号;在术后7~9个月、10~12个月及1年以后,分别有8例(47.06%)、9例(28.13%)、6例 (8.70%)出现同样的高信号。分析各组移植物信号强度比(表1),结果显示术后4~6个月时的信号强度比最高,随后信号强度比逐渐下降。两两比较时,术后 1~3个月与术后1年以后、术后4~6个月与术后1年以后的信号强度比差异有统计学意义(P <0.05,表1)。

  • 表1 移植物术后不同时间的信号强度比

  • Table1 The signal intensity ratio of grafts after surgery at different times

  • Compared with the time of more than 1 year after ACLR,* P <0.05.

  • 2.4 移植物术后并发症

  • 66 例(22.07%)出现了移植后的并发症:其中5例 (1.67%)胫骨隧道前移(图1);1例(0.33%)胫骨隧道位置稍偏后;16例(5.35%)出现了Cyclops病变(“独巨眼症”,又称局灶性纤维化)(图2);10例(3.34%)发生了移植物的再次断裂(图3);33例(11.04%)在术后不同时间内出现移植物隧道内的囊性灶(图4),其中单纯发生在股骨隧道者3例,单纯发生在胫骨隧道者 27例,同时发生在胫骨及股骨隧道者2例(其中1例为双束重建),胫股隧道内的囊性信号最早见于术后 5 个月,1例于术后3年的T2WI图像上发现了股骨段的少许囊性灶,但在1年后的MRI复查中发现股骨段囊性灶未见明显显示;1例(0.33%)出现了术后感染 (图5)。在胫骨隧道前移的患者中有2例同时出现了移植物的再次断裂和Cyclops病变。

  • 3 讨论

  • 3.1 移植物正常MRI表现

  • 重建手术之后,移植物的组织学外观和生物力学特性会逐渐从肌腱样结构转变为韧带样组织,这一过程被称为“韧带化”重塑过程,包括缺血坏死、血运重建、细胞增殖和重塑 4 个阶段,可能会长达24 个月以上[13]。在韧带化过程中,移植物信号增加继发于血管扩张和移植物水肿。从组织学角度看, T2WI上移植物的高信号与存在新血管和细胞修复组织有关[14]。因此,术后MRI扫描中测量移植物的信号强度已被广泛用作跟踪 ACLR 移植物成熟的进展[14-15]。MRI上移植物的高信号与移植物较差的生物力学性能和不完全成熟有关[15-16]。Van Groningen 等[17] 和Muramatsu 等[18] 的研究表明信号强度比在术后1个月时升高,在术后4~6个月时达到峰值,然后在术后12~48个月连续下降。Putnis等[19] 研究显示,在重建术后第 2 年,移植物信号显著减低。因此, ACL移植物表现出动态组织学变化,在MRI中产生可测量的信号差异。移植物信号强度比越小其含水量越少,移植物的成熟度越高。本研究能观察到在术后 1~3 个月及术后 4~6 个月移植物的高信号,其中术后4~6个月时移植物的信号最高,之后信号逐渐减低,符合移植物的成熟过程。

  • 图1 ACL移植物的胫骨隧道位置偏前

  • Figure1 Anterior tibial tunnel position for ACL grafts

  • 图2 1例男性患者术后2年出现假体前方Cyclops

  • Figure2 One male patient developed Cyclops in front of his graft in 2 years after surgery

  • 图3 1例女性患者术后5年出现ACL再次断裂

  • Figure3 One female patient presented with re⁃rupture of ACL in 5 years after surgery

  • 图4 1例男性患者术后10年后出现了胫骨隧道内的囊性灶

  • Figure4 One male patient presented with cystic signal in the tibial tunnel in 10 years after surgery

  • 图5 1例男性患者术后27 d后发生感染

  • Figure5 One male patient suffered an infection after 27 days postoperatively

  • 3.2 重建术后并发症

  • 根据患者出现的症状,ACLR 后的并发症可以分为以下3类:关节活动度下降、关节松弛不稳以及术后感染。

  • 3.2.1 关节活动度下降

  • 关节活动度下降的原因包括移植物撞击及关节纤维化。

  • 移植物撞击:移植物撞击可能是移植物隧道位置不当及髁间切迹骨刺形成引起的。通常在矢状面上,胫骨隧道的前缘应不超过股骨髁间窝顶线 (Blumensaat 线),同时不超过膝关节完全伸展时胫骨平台的中点[13]。郭宇等[20] 研究认为过顶脊和胫骨平台内侧髁间嵴外侧面可以作为手术定位的标准参考线。如果胫骨隧道放得太靠前,在伸膝过程中接触髁间嵴,就会引发关节活动时的移植物撞击以及在慢性机械应力作用下引起移植物的退变和撕裂。表现为ACL移植物中出现新的高信号,尤其以远端2/3为主。髁间棘顶部撞击通常影响到移植物的前表面,然后再延伸到后纤维。本研究中有5例 (1.67%)不仅可以看到胫骨隧道前移,T2WI矢状面上也可看到移植物髁间嵴部的片状高信号。撞击的另一个原因是髁间切迹的骨刺,本研究中未观察到髁间嵴出现明显骨刺的患者,可能与患者多为青年及中年人有关。

  • 关节纤维化:关节内的纤维化是导致重建后膝关节不能完全伸展及活动度降低的第二大常见原因[21]。最早在1990年由Jackson和Schaefer提出,描述为由于 ACL 底部产生纤维结节而导致膝关节伸展完全丧失。早期纤维结节撞击髁间切迹顶部限制膝关节伸展。反复的微创伤使纤维化过程持续进展,导致疼痛性伸展功能丧失。表现为髁间切迹前部的纤维结节,即膝关节内的瘢痕组织。最常见的影像学表现是在 ACL 移植物的远端前方形成片状局限性结节状 T1WI 低、T2WI 高信号,又被称为 “Cyclops 病变”。其突出于股骨和胫骨之间,位于髁间切迹的前侧,高于移植物进入胫骨隧道的位置。也可以表现为弥漫性的信号,累及膝关节的多个隔室。

  • 本研究中 Cyclops 病变的发生率为 5.35%,9 例 (56.25%)在术后 4~8 个月出现,7 例(43.75%)在术后 1 年及更远时间出现,其中 2 例术后随访时表示伸膝时膝盖不能完全伸直并伴轻微疼痛。据报道,重建术后该并发症的发生率为1%~10%,与本研究结果基本一致。有研究显示Cyclops病变的发病率为 25%~47%,发病率随着时间的推移逐渐增加, ACLR 后 6 个月时其发病率为 25%,1~2 年时为 33%。大多数患者是无症状的,仅在MRI检查时发现。ACLR后MRI诊断Cyclops病变的灵敏度、特异度和准确性分别为 85.0%、84.6%和 84.8%[22],当病变为10 mm以上时,特异度和准确性分别为100%和 91%[23]。没有证据表明有症状病变和无症状病变在 MRI外观(如大小、信号强度、位置)上有差异。

  • 3.2.2 关节松弛不稳

  • 重建后关节不稳的原因有移植物再次撕裂以及隧道内囊性改变。

  • 移植物再次撕裂:移植物再次撕裂包括部分撕裂 (部分纤维保持完整)和再次撕裂(看不到完整的纤维束)。移植物完全撕裂的MRI表现类似于原始ACL 完全撕裂,表现为韧带的完全不连续以及相应区域的 T2WI信号增高,部分撕裂MRI表现为纤维不连续及部分区域T2WI的信号增高。后外侧束比前内侧束更容易出现再次断裂。Li等[24] 研究认为在重建失败或翻修的患者中,创伤性再损伤(40%)是最常见的损伤原因,其他原因包括技术错误(34%,多发生于亚洲人)以及生物学失败(11%),其中股骨隧道错位的发生率比胫骨隧道错位高出 2 倍多。本研究中 10 例 (3.34%)出现了移植物撕裂,在T1WI和T2WI的矢状位上能看到胫骨及股骨隧道,但看不到正常的移植物走形,且其T2WI信号明显增高,部分走行迂曲。

  • 隧道内囊性改变:隧道囊肿可能引起隧道扩张。在T1WI上可以观察到囊肿的范围,T2WI上表现为明显的囊性信号。移植物在移植物⁃骨界面附近的过度微运动会中断正常的韧带化,并导致骨隧道内滑膜核束的形成。另外,由创伤性事件引起的移植物部分坏死可导致缓慢生长的神经节囊肿形成。隧道囊肿通常发生于术后1~5年。有的在MRI检查中偶然发现,有的临床表现为胫前肿胀或者可以被触及的肿块(伴或不伴有疼痛),可能出现活动范围受限。值得注意的是,术后1年内隧道中出现游离液体有时是正常的,这种液体通常在术后18个月内被重新吸收。

  • 3.2.3 术后感染

  • ACLR 后有 0.47%的患者因感染需要再次手术[25]。在本组患者中,只有1例术后27 d在膝盖的前内侧切口出现窦道伴少量脓性渗出,表现为隧道前下方不规则T1WI低、T2WI高信号,边界模糊,同时前方的皮下软组织有渗出。查体时患者窦道周围有压痛,局部皮温升高,但无明显高热。Zhao 等[26] 研究指出男性、肥胖、吸烟、糖尿病、类固醇使用史、既往有膝关节手术史、专业运动员、翻修手术、腘绳肌自体移植、伴有外侧关节外肌腱损伤和手术时间较长可能会增加 ACLR 后手术部位感染的风险。

  • 综上,MRI 能够反映 ACLR 后移植物的不良事件,临床医生需要了解并注意这些 MRI 征象,以便早期采取干预措施,提高患者术后的生活质量。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SANDERS T L,MARADIT KREMERS H,BRYAN A J,et al.Incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears and re⁃ construction:a 21⁃year population⁃based study[J].Am J Sports Med,2016,44(6):1502-1507

    • [2] SOMANATHAN A,TANDON A,YANG L W.Review of magnetic resonance imaging features of complications af⁃ ter anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction[J].Singa⁃ pore Med J,2019,60(2):63-68

    • [3] SHANMUGARAJ A,MAHENDRALINGAM M,GOHAL C,et al.Press⁃fit fixation in anterior cruciate ligament re⁃ construction yields low graft failure and revision rates:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2021,29(6):1750-1759

    • [4] CHA J,CHOI S H,KWON J W,et al.Analysis of cyclops lesions after different anterior cruciate ligament recon⁃ structions:a comparison of the single⁃bundle and remnant bundle preservation techniques[J].Skeletal Radiol,2012,41(8):997-1002

    • [5] PIOGER C,GOUSOPOULOS L,HOPPER G P,et al.Clini⁃ cal outcomes after combined ACL and anterolateral liga⁃ ment reconstruction versus isolated ACL reconstruction with bone ⁃ patellar tendon ⁃ bone grafts:a matched ⁃ pair analysis of 2018 patients from the SANTI study group[J].Am J Sports Med,2022,50(13):3493-3501

    • [6] RAYES J,OUANEZAR H,HAIDAR I M,et al.Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone⁃patel⁃ lar tendon ⁃ bone graft combined with modified lemaire technique versus hamstring graft combined with anterola⁃ teral ligament reconstruction:a clinical comparative matched study with a mean follow⁃up of 5 years from the SANTI study group[J].Am J Sports Med,2022,50(2):395-403

    • [7] YAO S Y,CAO M D,HE X,et al.Biological modulations to facilitate graft healing in anterior cruciate ligament re⁃ construction(ACLR),when and where to apply?A system⁃ atic review[J].J Orthop Translat,2021,30:51-60

    • [8] YU H,FU F D,YAO S,et al.Biomechanical,histologic,and molecular characteristics of graft ⁃tunnel healing in a murine modified ACL reconstruction model[J].J Orthop Translat,2020,24:103-111

    • [9] BUCKTHORPE M,DANELON F,LA ROSA G,et al.Re⁃ commendations for hamstring function recovery after ACL reconstruction[J].Sports Med,2021,51(4):607-624

    • [10] BRINLEE A W,DICKENSON S B,HUNTER⁃GIORDANO A,et al.ACL reconstruction rehabilitation:clinical data,biologic healing,and criterion⁃based milestones to inform a return ⁃to ⁃ sport guideline[J].Sports Health,2022,14(5):770-779

    • [11] DU T S,SHI Y R,HUANG H,et al.Current study on the influence of psychological factors on returning to sports after ACLR[J].Heliyon,2022,8(12):e12434

    • [12] FALEIDE A G H,MAGNUSSEN L H,BOGEN B E,et al.Association between psychological readiness and knee laxity and their predictive value for return to sport in pa⁃ tients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction[J].AM J SPORTS MED,2021,49(10):2599-2606

    • [13] GRASSI A,BAILEY J R,SIGNORELLI C,et al.Magne⁃ tic resonance imaging after anterior cruciate ligament re⁃ construction:a practical guide[J].World J Orthop,2016,7(10):638-649

    • [14] PANOS J A,WEBSTER K E,HEWETT T E.Anterior cru⁃ ciate ligament grafts display differential maturation pat⁃ terns on magnetic resonance imaging following reconstruc⁃ tion:a systematic review[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2020,28(7):2124-2138

    • [15] YAU W P,CHAN Y C.Evaluation of graft ligamentization by MRI after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction[J].Am J Sports Med,2023,51(6):1466-1479

    • [16] CHIBA D,YAMAMOTO Y,KIMURA Y,et al.Associa⁃ tion between early postoperative graft signal intensity and residual knee laxity after anterior cruciate ligament recon⁃ struction[J].Orthop J Sports Med,2022,10(7):23259671221109608

    • [17] VAN GRONINGEN B,VAN DER STEEN M C,JANS⁃ SEN D M,et al.Assessment of graft maturity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autografts:a sys⁃ tematic review of biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging studies[J].Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil,2020,2(4):e377-e388

    • [18] MURAMATSU K,HACHIYA Y,IZAWA H.Serial evalu⁃ ation of human anterior cruciate ligament grafts by con⁃ trast ⁃ enhanced magnetic resonance imaging:comparison of allografts and autografts[J].Arthroscopy,2008,24(9):1038-1044

    • [19] PUTNIS S E,KLASAN A,OSHIMA T,et al.Magnetic res⁃ onance imaging assessment of hamstring graft healing and integration 1 and minimum 2 years after ACL reconstruc⁃ tion[J].Am J Sports Med,2022,50(8):2102-2110

    • [20] 郭宇,王凌,金国华,等.前交叉韧带重建胫骨侧止点定位的应用解剖学研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(3):346-348

    • [21] NOAILLES T,CHALOPIN A,BOISSARD M,et al.Inci⁃ dence and risk factors for cyclops syndrome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a systematic literature review[J].Orthop Traumatol Surg Res,2019,105(7):1401-1405

    • [22] FACCHETTI L,SCHWAIGER B J,GERSING A S,et al.Cyclops lesions detected by MRI are frequent findings after ACL surgical reconstruction but do not impact clini⁃ cal outcome over 2 years[J].Eur Radiol,2017,27(8):3499-3508

    • [23] KAMBHAMPATI S B S,GOLLAMUDI S,SHANMUG⁃ ASUNDARAM S,et al.Cyclop lesions of the knee:a nar⁃ rative review of the literature[J].Orthop J Sports Med,2020,8(8):2325967120945671

    • [24] LI X K,YAN L,LI D J,et al.Failure modes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Int Orthop,2023,47(3):719-734

    • [25] ABRAM S G F,JUDGE A,BEARD D J,et al.Rates of adverse outcomes and revision surgery after anterior cruci⁃ ate ligament reconstruction:a study of 104,255 proce⁃ dures using the national hospital episode statistics data⁃ base for England,UK[J].Am J Sports Med,2019,47(11):2533-2542

    • [26] ZHAO D,LIANG G H,PAN J K,et al.Risk factors for postoperative surgical site infections after anterior cru ⁃ ciate ligament reconstruction:a systematic review and me⁃ ta⁃analysis[J].Br J Sports Med,2023,57(2):118-128

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SANDERS T L,MARADIT KREMERS H,BRYAN A J,et al.Incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears and re⁃ construction:a 21⁃year population⁃based study[J].Am J Sports Med,2016,44(6):1502-1507

    • [2] SOMANATHAN A,TANDON A,YANG L W.Review of magnetic resonance imaging features of complications af⁃ ter anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction[J].Singa⁃ pore Med J,2019,60(2):63-68

    • [3] SHANMUGARAJ A,MAHENDRALINGAM M,GOHAL C,et al.Press⁃fit fixation in anterior cruciate ligament re⁃ construction yields low graft failure and revision rates:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2021,29(6):1750-1759

    • [4] CHA J,CHOI S H,KWON J W,et al.Analysis of cyclops lesions after different anterior cruciate ligament recon⁃ structions:a comparison of the single⁃bundle and remnant bundle preservation techniques[J].Skeletal Radiol,2012,41(8):997-1002

    • [5] PIOGER C,GOUSOPOULOS L,HOPPER G P,et al.Clini⁃ cal outcomes after combined ACL and anterolateral liga⁃ ment reconstruction versus isolated ACL reconstruction with bone ⁃ patellar tendon ⁃ bone grafts:a matched ⁃ pair analysis of 2018 patients from the SANTI study group[J].Am J Sports Med,2022,50(13):3493-3501

    • [6] RAYES J,OUANEZAR H,HAIDAR I M,et al.Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone⁃patel⁃ lar tendon ⁃ bone graft combined with modified lemaire technique versus hamstring graft combined with anterola⁃ teral ligament reconstruction:a clinical comparative matched study with a mean follow⁃up of 5 years from the SANTI study group[J].Am J Sports Med,2022,50(2):395-403

    • [7] YAO S Y,CAO M D,HE X,et al.Biological modulations to facilitate graft healing in anterior cruciate ligament re⁃ construction(ACLR),when and where to apply?A system⁃ atic review[J].J Orthop Translat,2021,30:51-60

    • [8] YU H,FU F D,YAO S,et al.Biomechanical,histologic,and molecular characteristics of graft ⁃tunnel healing in a murine modified ACL reconstruction model[J].J Orthop Translat,2020,24:103-111

    • [9] BUCKTHORPE M,DANELON F,LA ROSA G,et al.Re⁃ commendations for hamstring function recovery after ACL reconstruction[J].Sports Med,2021,51(4):607-624

    • [10] BRINLEE A W,DICKENSON S B,HUNTER⁃GIORDANO A,et al.ACL reconstruction rehabilitation:clinical data,biologic healing,and criterion⁃based milestones to inform a return ⁃to ⁃ sport guideline[J].Sports Health,2022,14(5):770-779

    • [11] DU T S,SHI Y R,HUANG H,et al.Current study on the influence of psychological factors on returning to sports after ACLR[J].Heliyon,2022,8(12):e12434

    • [12] FALEIDE A G H,MAGNUSSEN L H,BOGEN B E,et al.Association between psychological readiness and knee laxity and their predictive value for return to sport in pa⁃ tients with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction[J].AM J SPORTS MED,2021,49(10):2599-2606

    • [13] GRASSI A,BAILEY J R,SIGNORELLI C,et al.Magne⁃ tic resonance imaging after anterior cruciate ligament re⁃ construction:a practical guide[J].World J Orthop,2016,7(10):638-649

    • [14] PANOS J A,WEBSTER K E,HEWETT T E.Anterior cru⁃ ciate ligament grafts display differential maturation pat⁃ terns on magnetic resonance imaging following reconstruc⁃ tion:a systematic review[J].Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc,2020,28(7):2124-2138

    • [15] YAU W P,CHAN Y C.Evaluation of graft ligamentization by MRI after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction[J].Am J Sports Med,2023,51(6):1466-1479

    • [16] CHIBA D,YAMAMOTO Y,KIMURA Y,et al.Associa⁃ tion between early postoperative graft signal intensity and residual knee laxity after anterior cruciate ligament recon⁃ struction[J].Orthop J Sports Med,2022,10(7):23259671221109608

    • [17] VAN GRONINGEN B,VAN DER STEEN M C,JANS⁃ SEN D M,et al.Assessment of graft maturity after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using autografts:a sys⁃ tematic review of biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging studies[J].Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil,2020,2(4):e377-e388

    • [18] MURAMATSU K,HACHIYA Y,IZAWA H.Serial evalu⁃ ation of human anterior cruciate ligament grafts by con⁃ trast ⁃ enhanced magnetic resonance imaging:comparison of allografts and autografts[J].Arthroscopy,2008,24(9):1038-1044

    • [19] PUTNIS S E,KLASAN A,OSHIMA T,et al.Magnetic res⁃ onance imaging assessment of hamstring graft healing and integration 1 and minimum 2 years after ACL reconstruc⁃ tion[J].Am J Sports Med,2022,50(8):2102-2110

    • [20] 郭宇,王凌,金国华,等.前交叉韧带重建胫骨侧止点定位的应用解剖学研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2017,37(3):346-348

    • [21] NOAILLES T,CHALOPIN A,BOISSARD M,et al.Inci⁃ dence and risk factors for cyclops syndrome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a systematic literature review[J].Orthop Traumatol Surg Res,2019,105(7):1401-1405

    • [22] FACCHETTI L,SCHWAIGER B J,GERSING A S,et al.Cyclops lesions detected by MRI are frequent findings after ACL surgical reconstruction but do not impact clini⁃ cal outcome over 2 years[J].Eur Radiol,2017,27(8):3499-3508

    • [23] KAMBHAMPATI S B S,GOLLAMUDI S,SHANMUG⁃ ASUNDARAM S,et al.Cyclop lesions of the knee:a nar⁃ rative review of the literature[J].Orthop J Sports Med,2020,8(8):2325967120945671

    • [24] LI X K,YAN L,LI D J,et al.Failure modes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Int Orthop,2023,47(3):719-734

    • [25] ABRAM S G F,JUDGE A,BEARD D J,et al.Rates of adverse outcomes and revision surgery after anterior cruci⁃ ate ligament reconstruction:a study of 104,255 proce⁃ dures using the national hospital episode statistics data⁃ base for England,UK[J].Am J Sports Med,2019,47(11):2533-2542

    • [26] ZHAO D,LIANG G H,PAN J K,et al.Risk factors for postoperative surgical site infections after anterior cru ⁃ ciate ligament reconstruction:a systematic review and me⁃ ta⁃analysis[J].Br J Sports Med,2023,57(2):118-128