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通讯作者:

沈文怡,E-mail:bangbangswy@163.com

中图分类号:R733.72

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)03-417-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN230534

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目录contents

    摘要

    慢性粒单核细胞白血病(chronic myelomonocytic leukemia,CMML)是一类以外周血单核细胞增多及骨髓异常增生为特征的克隆性造血干细胞疾病。CMML患者常合并自身免疫性疾病(autoimmune disease,AID),AID与CMML合并发生的机制尚不明确,给此类患者治疗的选择带来了一定挑战。已有研究提示合并AID对CMML患者的预后及治疗具有重要意义,本文就CMML患者合并AID的类型、可能发病机制、预后及相关治疗进展进行文献复习及综述。

    Abstract

    Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia(CMML)is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by peripheral blood monocytosis and myelodysplasia. Patients with CMML often present with concomitant autoimmune diseases(AID). However,the relationship between the pathogenesis of AID and CMML remains unclear,posing challenges for treatment selection. Several studies have suggested that the prognosis and treatment strategy in CMML patients with concurrent AID is of great significance. This article provides a comprehensive review of the literature on the types,possible mechanisms,prognosis,and relevant treatment progress of concomitant AID in CMML patients.

  • 慢性粒单核细胞白血病(chronic myelomonocytic leukemia,CMML)是一类克隆性造血干细胞疾病,兼具骨髓增生异常综合征(myelodysplastic syndrome, MDS)的发育不良和骨髓增殖性肿瘤(myeloprolifera⁃ tive neoplasm,MPN)的增殖特征,其临床表现具有明显异质性。CMML最初由法美英(FAB)协作组基于血液和骨髓细胞学标准归类为 MDS,2008 年由 WHO 归类为 MDS/MPN,其诊断和预后分类不断发展,除整合细胞遗传学外,还包括高通量测序结果[1]。CMML总体预后不佳,15%~30%的患者3~5年内转化为急性髓系白血病(acute myeloid leukemia, AML)[2]。针对CMML的治疗手段有限,主要包括异基因造血干细胞移植(allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,HSCT)、去甲基化药物(hypo⁃ methylating agent,HMA)、降细胞及支持治疗[2]。 CMML 与自身免疫性疾病(autoimmune disease, AID)的相关性已被证实,约30%的CMML患者可出现或既往已存在多种全身炎症和 AID[3]。迄今,罕有报道描述 CMML 相关的 AID,AID 对 CMML 结局的影响仍存在争议。本文就CMML患者合并AID的类型、相关机制、预后及综合治疗策略进行文献复习和综述。

  • 1 CMML合并AID的表现形式

  • 多项回顾性研究证实,CMML相关多种全身炎症和自身免疫性疾病(systemic inflammatory and auto⁃ immune disease,SIAD)发生率高(约30%),疾病表现呈多样性[4],主要为系统性血管炎、炎症性关节炎及炎症性皮肤病[5]。另有研究表明,风湿性多肌痛、桥本甲状腺炎、炎症性皮肤病、炎症性关节炎、心包炎及炎症性肠病是 CMML 最常见的合并 AID[6]。此外,部分 CMML 患者可存在自身免疫性血细胞减少,其中最常见的是免疫性血小板减少症(immune thrombocytopenia,ITP)和自身免疫性溶血性贫血[7]。部分 CMML 患者仅表现风湿免疫相关指标异常如抗核抗体、类风湿因子异常等,极少数患者能诊断为AID。

  • 2 CMML合并AID的病因和发病机制

  • AID 中单核细胞抗原上调,CMML 中自身抗体滴度高,提示CMML与AID病因存在相关性。外周血中存在>94%的经典单核细胞(CD14bright/CD16-)是 CMML 的诊断标准之一[8],类风湿关节炎、系统性硬化症等 AID 中也观察到单核细胞 CD14 的比例增加[9-10]。其他单核细胞抗原如CD33、CD68、CD54 也被报道与 AID 病因相关[11-12]。此外,AID 的病因为自身抗体与抗原结合后对组织或器官进行自身免疫攻击,而CMML患者中常出现高滴度的抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体、抗磷脂抗体等自身抗体,也提示两者病因的关联[5]。然而,CMML 与 AID 之间的因果关系仍存在争议,目前存在3种假设:遗传或环境因素导致 AID 和 CMML 同时发生;AID 的治疗或 AID 本身引起骨髓受损进而导致 CMML 的发生; CMML引起炎症介导AID的发生。

  • 2.1 遗传或环境因素介导AID和CMML同时发生

  • AID可能是具有遗传易感性的个体在感染等多种因素影响下机体免疫功能失调而引起的疾病。 CMML 临床诊断前的意义不明克隆性造血(clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential,CHIP)导致先天免疫信号通路的激活,进而产生促炎细胞因子,招募炎症介质,可能是AID的诊断常早于CMML 的原因[13]。 Zhao 等[14]认为 TET2、IDH1/2 和/或 SRSF2突变的遗传易感性导致了CMML合并AID的发病。一项纳入 404 例 MDS 和 CMML 患者的大型回顾性研究显示,85 例(21%)MDS/CMML 患者合并 SIAD,其中TET2突变、IDH1/2突变和SRSRF2突变较未合并SIAD 者更为常见[1 5]。TET2编码蛋白可催化 5⁃甲基胞嘧啶(5mC)转化为 5⁃羟甲基胞嘧啶(5hmC)。约50%的CMML患者存在TET2功能缺失型突变,炎症反应相关通路异常上调[1 6]。研究表明,TET2缺失加剧先天免疫细胞介导的局部或全身炎症反应,在动脉粥样硬化、痛风和慢性阻塞性肺疾病中可见组织浸润性巨噬细胞增加[1 7-1 8]。同样参与表观遗传修饰的IDH1/2催化异柠檬酸转化为 α⁃酮戊二酸,与TET2作用于相同的胞嘧啶甲基化途径。IDH1/2突变导致SIAD的原因可能为影响T 细胞稳态和表型,导致免疫检查点CD96的表达降低,从而降低对自身免疫的控制[1 5]。近期研究发现,炎症性疾病 VEXAS 综合征相关的 UBA1 突变可能同时驱动炎症和 MDS,但 CMML 患者中未见 UBA1突变[1 9]。随着CMML合并AID大样本测序研究的深入,可能发现其他同时驱动两种疾病的基因突变。多项研究提示遗传相关AID与人类白细胞抗原 (human leukocyte antigen,HLA)有关,HLA⁃B27基因与强直性脊柱炎密切相关,与AML的易感性也有一定关联[20]

  • 2.2 AID相关炎症导致CMML

  • 大量研究发现,AID的临床诊断常早于CMML,原因可能是AID引起的炎症导致骨髓微环境中先天免疫系统及促炎信号的异常激活。多种AID中单核细胞NF⁃κB通路失调可产生炎性微环境[21-22],抑制骨髓正常造血,机体通过体细胞突变促进克隆造血驱动白血病发生[23]。然而,AID是否直接导致骨髓炎性微环境尚不明确,这一假设主要依赖于流行病学研究,存在一定的局限性。此外,细胞毒性或免疫抑制剂诱导细胞凋亡同时可能也存在“脱靶”作用,导致治疗相关髓系肿瘤的风险增加,497例CMML患者中,45例(9%)为治疗相关CMML,其中3例因AID 接受免疫抑制治疗后发生 CMML[24],但治疗导致 CMML难以解释大多数CMML的发病原因。

  • 2.3 CMML导致AID发生

  • CMML中单核细胞异常以及炎症小体激活支持 CMML导致AID发生的假设。单核细胞来源于骨髓中的造血干细胞,在外周血分化发育为巨噬细胞和树突状细胞,发挥吞噬清除、抗原递呈、免疫监视、释放促炎细胞因子、免疫调节和组织修复等作用。单核细胞异常与类风湿性关节炎、炎症性肠病和多发性硬化症等多种AID的发病机制相关。炎症性肠病患者中巨噬细胞异常升高,促炎细胞因子过度分泌。类风湿关节炎患者的滑膜及关节液中白介素(interleukin,IL)⁃7 水平升高,募集并诱导单核细胞分化为促炎巨噬细胞及成熟破骨细胞[25],释放IL⁃1、 IL⁃6、IL⁃12 和肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor, TNF)⁃α等细胞因子,参与全身炎症及关节软骨退化。CMML患者单核细胞转录组分析表现出高度促炎特征,通路分析提示系统性红斑狼疮、1型糖尿病和 Toll 样信号转导增加[26],CMML 患者外周血可见促炎细胞因子如TNF⁃α、IL⁃6、IL⁃1等升高[27],可能引起全身炎症进而导致AID的发生。此外,炎症小体与多种AID的发病机制有关,研究发现老年CMML患者中NLRP3炎症小体的激活,治疗依赖和疾病严重程度增加[28]

  • 3 CMML合并AID的预后

  • 大多数合并 AID 的 CMML 患者临床分型为 CMML⁃1,向 AML 转化风险与未合并 AID 的患者相当[29]。在一项纳入241例MDS和CMML患者的回顾性研究中,142例MDS/CMML 合并AID患者在第30个月时总体生存(overall survival,OS)率较未合并AID 者低(69% vs.88%)[30],在其他回顾性队列研究中,两组的总生存期没有差异[2931]。但法国一项纳入 123例合并AID的MDS和CMML患者的多中心研究报道,合并AID的患者较未合并AID者更可能具有高风险特征,如较差的染色体核型和较高的国际预后评分系统(international prognostic scoring system,IPSS) 评分[31]。在合并AID的CMML患者中,合并ITP的患者与合并其他类型AID患者相比,OS明显更长[4]。合并ITP的患者中,ITP⁃CMML 患者的复发率更高[5]。 IL⁃10是具有免疫调节功能的细胞因子,可抑制促炎细胞因子释放[32],已被证明可抑制 CMML 中突变细胞增殖,低 IL⁃10 水平是 CMML 预后的独立危险因素[27]。此外,MDS/CMML患者中AID与心血管合并症存在显著关联,但对疾病进展或生存没有影响[33]。以上各项研究结果间的差异可能由于研究人群来源不同以及回顾性研究的局限性,有待进一步大样本的前瞻性研究证实。

  • 4 CMML合并AID的治疗

  • 4.1 免疫抑制治疗

  • 目前,AID治疗方式以改善症状的非甾体消炎药和改善预后的免疫抑制药物为主。类固醇激素是常用免疫抑制药物,可减轻症状及控制疾病进展。髓系肿瘤合并AID患者类固醇治疗通常有效,但类固醇依赖和疾病复发的发生率很高,40%~50%的患者需启用二线治疗[5],且反应往往短暂,此类患者接受免疫抑制治疗易发生机会性感染,增加治疗负担。CMML相关血细胞减少可能因免疫抑制治疗而加重,给治疗选择带来了挑战。ITP⁃CMML 患者对特发性 ITP 常用的所有治疗均有反应,但丙种球蛋白除外[5]。CMML相关血管炎患者接受抗风湿药 (如甲氨蝶呤和硫唑嘌呤)治疗的疾病复发率较类固醇和生物制剂治疗更高[34]

  • 4.2 HMA治疗

  • HMA 包括阿扎胞苷和地西他滨,HMA 治疗 CMML的总缓解率为40%~50%,完全缓解率为7%~17%[3]。目前无前瞻性研究证实 HMA 对 CMML 疾病进程有影响,针对49例CMML患者的全外显子基因组测序发现,患者接受HMA治疗后基因突变负荷量未见明显减少[35]。然而,有研究表明HMA可有效治疗 CMML 相关的 AID,合并 AID 的 MDS 和 CMML 患者接受阿扎胞苷单药治疗后,类固醇依赖患者数量减少,可减少或停止应用类固醇和/或免疫抑制剂[31]。HMA通过改变DNA甲基化和基因表达恢复造血,这种表观遗传机制对免疫调节的作用也可解释其治疗 AID 的有效性。目前相关研究样本量小,均为回顾性研究,仍需前瞻性研究证实HMA对 CMML相关AID的疗效。

  • 4.3 HSCT

  • 现阶段 HSCT 仍是唯一可能治愈 CMML 的手段。欧洲血液及骨髓移植协作组(European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation,EBMT)2015 年发布的迄今为止最大的回顾性研究纳入了513例接受HSCT的CMML患者,移植后4年OS率为33%[36]。此外HSCT也越来越多地应用于对常规治疗反应不佳的AID患者[37],该协作组2019年发布的大型回顾性研究也证实HSCT在难治AID中的远期预后更佳,多因素分析显示,年龄<18岁、男性和近期移植时间与无进展生存期(progression⁃free survival,PFS)的改善显著相关[38]。由于移植相关的并发症和病死率, AID治疗很少选择HSCT,但CMML合并AID患者中 HSCT 的应用或许应该更为积极,判断患者是否应进行移植以及移植时机、预处理方案尤为重要。有研究建议移植后采用大剂量环磷酰胺治疗AID以降低移植物抗宿主病的风险[13]

  • 4.4 靶向药物治疗

  • 随着新的靶向药物如粒细胞⁃巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor,GM ⁃CSF)抑制剂、Janus 激酶(Janus kinase,JAK)抑制剂、CD123 抗体等在 CMML 中的应用,为 CMML的治疗带来新的希望。NRAS、KRAS、CBL等 RAS通路基因突变的CMML细胞对GM⁃CSF抑制剂具有高度敏感性,一项纳入15例难治CMML患者的多中心Ⅰ期临床试验表明,人源化的GM ⁃ CSF单克隆抗体Lenzilumab单药治疗后4例达临床获益,1例骨髓缓解,总累计缓解率达33.33%[39]。JAK抑制剂也可能为 RAS 通路基因突变 CMML 患者带来潜在获益,一项Ⅰ/Ⅱ期多中心临床试验验证了JAK抑制剂Ruxolitinib的安全性及有效性,50 例 CMML 患者临床总缓解率为 38%,脾肿大患者临床总缓解率达43%[40]。CD123在CMML患者中过表达,且与疾病进展相关,一项评估靶向CD123的抗体Tagraxofusp 在 CMML 患者中安全性和有效性的Ⅱ期试验正在进行中(NCT02268253),阶段性数据显示36例患者中11%达骨髓完全缓解,基线脾肿大患者脾脏缓解率为42%[41]。然而,有临床反应患者等位基因突变负荷没有变化,提示Tagraxofusp单药治疗无法改变疾病进程,仍需探索有效药物联合策略。此外,其他针对 CMML 的免疫调节和抗炎药物为治疗带来了新的选择,NLRP3 抑制剂和免疫检查点抑制剂 (如Nivolumab和Ipilimumab)正在进行临床试验,以评估其安全性和有效性。NLRP3 抑制剂可抑制细胞因子 IL⁃1β的产生,进而减少炎症反应。而免疫检查点抑制剂则可刺激免疫系统攻击肿瘤细胞。此外,GM⁃CSF抑制剂、JAK抑制剂也是多种AID的潜在靶标。JAK⁃STAT通路信号转导的异常调节与类风湿性关节炎、系统性红斑狼疮、银屑病/银屑病关节炎、多发性硬化症、炎症性肠病和强直性脊柱炎等多种AID有关。AID相关生物靶向治疗如英夫利昔单抗、阿达木单抗等对MDS或CMML相关AID 的治疗有效,但合并血细胞减少者无血液学反应[31]。目前仅针对CMML的临床试验较少,靶向影响炎症的关键因子治疗可能同时具有抗肿瘤及改善炎症的作用,靶向药物对CMML合并AID的治疗效果仍有待进一步研究。

  • 5 小结

  • 合并AID对CMML患者的预后及治疗具有重要意义,需结合患者合并疾病评估预后,制定个性化治疗策略。随着靶向药物在 CMML 中的应用越来越广泛,靶向药物对CMML合并AID的治疗效果有待进一步研究探索,仍需前瞻性研究证实相关人群的药物疗效。

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  • 参考文献

    • [1] FONTANA D,ELLI E M,PAGNI F,et al.Myelodysplas⁃ tic syndromes/myeloproliferative overlap neoplasms and differential diagnosis in the WHO and ICC 2022 era:a fo⁃ cused review[J].Cancers,2023,15(12):3175

    • [2] PATNAIK M M.How I diagnose and treat chronic myelo⁃ monocytic leukemia[J].Haematologica,2022,107(7):1503-1517

    • [3] PATNAIK M M,TEFFERI A.Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia:2022 update on diagnosis,risk stratification,and management[J].Am J Hematol,2022,97(3):352-372

    • [4] DUSSIAU C,DUPUY H,BIDET A,et al.Impact of muta⁃ tional status and prognostic factors on survival in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with systemic inflammation and autoimmune disorders[J].Hema Sphere,2023,7(3):e847

    • [5] BARCELLINI W,GIANNOTTA J A,FATTIZZO B.Auto⁃ immune complications in hematologic neoplasms[J].Can⁃ cers,2021,13(7):1532

    • [6] MORENO B D,KJELLANDER M,BACKLUND E,et al.Prognostic scoring systems and comorbidities in chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia:a nationwide population ⁃ based study[J].Br J Haematol,2021,192(3):474-483

    • [7] JACHIET V,MOULIS G,HADJADJ J,et al.Clinical spec⁃ trum,outcome and management of immune thrombocyto⁃ penia associated with myelodysplastic syndromes and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia[J].Haematologica,2021,106(5):1414-1422

    • [8] BARGE L,GOOCH M,HENDLE M,et al.Real world im⁃ plementation of flow cytometric monocyte subset partition⁃ ing for distinguishing chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia from other causes of monocytosis[J].Pathology,2023,55(6):827-834

    • [9] SONG X Q,ZHANG Y,ZHAO L J,et al.Analyzation of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells atlas and cell com⁃ munication of rheumatoid arthritis patients based on sin⁃ gle ⁃ cell RNA ⁃ seq[J].J Immunol Res,2023,2023:6300633

    • [10] VILLANUEVA ⁃ MARTIN G,ACOSTA ⁃ HERRERA M,CARMONA E G,et al.Non ⁃ classical circulating mono⁃ cytes expressing high levels of microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase ⁃1 tag an aberrant IFN ⁃ response in systemic sclerosis[J].J Autoimmun,2023,140:103097

    • [11] HAYDINGER C D,ASHANDER L M,TAN A C R,et al.Intercellular adhesion molecule 1:more than a leukocyte adhesion molecule[J].Biology,2023,12(5):743

    • [12] GIANCHECCHI E,ARENA A,FIERABRACCI A.Sialic acid ⁃ siglec axis in human immune regulation,involve⁃ ment in autoimmunity and cancer and potential therapeu⁃ tic treatments[J].Int J Mol Sci,2021,22(11):5774

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    • [26] FRANZINI A,POMICTER A D,YAN D Q,et al.The tran⁃ scriptome of CMML monocytes is highly inflammatory and reflects leukemia⁃specific and age⁃related alterations [J].Blood Adv,2019,3(20):2949-2961

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    • [30] MONTORO J,GALLVR L,MERCHAN B,et al.Autoim⁃ mune discorders are common in myelodysplastic syn⁃ drome patients and conter an adverse impact on outcomes [J].Ann Hematol,2018,97(8):1349-1356

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