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通讯作者:

马元,E-mail:mayuan@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R562.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)03-435-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN231060

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目录contents

    摘要

    支气管哮喘是常见的呼吸道疾病,发病机制尚未完全阐明。气道重塑作为哮喘的关键特征之一,在哮喘早期即可发生。气道平滑肌细胞(airway smooth muscle cell,ASMC)是哮喘气道重塑的关键靶细胞,其表型从正常收缩型向增殖/合成型转化是气道重塑的重要特征之一。ASMC具有可塑性,其表型可受多种因素调节。自噬作为真核细胞生物的一种防御性保守生物过程,近年来被证实可通过调节ASMC的表型参与气道重塑。本文针对哮喘中自噬对ASMC表型的调控机制进行综述,以期对未来研究有所启发。

    Abstract

    Asthma,a prevalent respiratory disease,remains incompletely understood in terms of its pathogenesis. Airway remodeling,a prominent feature of asthma,occurs early in the disease process. Airway smooth muscle cells(ASMC)are recognized as a critical target in asthmatic airway remodeling,and the phenotypic transformation from normal contraction to proliferation/synthesis is one of the important characteristics of airway remodeling. Autophagy,a cellular process that serves as a defense mechanism,plays a significant regulatory role in the pathogenesis of asthma,particularly in the phenotype transformation of ASMC to promote airway remodeling. In this paper,we review the relationship between autophagy and phenotype transformation of ASMC,as well as relevant findings in the context of asthma pathogenesis,with the aim of inspiring future research endeavors in this field.

  • 支气管哮喘(简称哮喘)是世界范围内常见的呼吸系统疾病,严重危害人类健康。我国是哮喘患病大国,流行病学研究显示,我国20岁以上哮喘患者约 4 570万人[1]。气道高反应性(airway hyperreactivity, AHR)、气道炎症和气道重塑是哮喘的重要病理生理表现。其中,气道重塑在哮喘发病早期即可出现[2],与肺功能渐进恶化密切相关,是哮喘治疗亟待攻克的难关之一。气道平滑肌细胞(airway smooth muscle cell,ASMC)在哮喘的发病中起着核心作用[3],其表型转化及伴随的功能改变是导致气道重塑和AHR 的主要因素[4]。自噬是一种防御和应激调控机制,在细胞生长和发育、先天和适应性免疫、程序性细胞死亡以及维持内环境稳态中发挥着关键作用[5]。新近研究报道,自噬可能在ASMC表型转化中发挥重要的调控作用[6],具体机制尚未完全阐明。本文就自噬在ASMC表型转化中的调节机制进行综述,以期为哮喘的治疗提供新思路。

  • 1 ASMC表型转化参与哮喘发病

  • ASMC 具有可塑性,在不同的微环境下可表现不同的形态及功能,主要分为收缩型和增殖/合成型。正常情况下ASMC主要为收缩型,能够正常收缩和有效舒张,以维持正常的气道阻力,几乎不分泌蛋白质[4]。电镜下观察,增殖/合成型ASMC有大量合成型细胞器,包括丰富的线粒体、高度发达的高尔基体池和粗面内质网[7]。哮喘的特点是增殖/ 合成型ASMC比例增高,在炎症因子、过敏原、毒素和环境因素等多种刺激下,ASMC 会通过多种信号通路从正常的收缩型向增殖/合成型转化,表现为具有较强的增殖分裂能力、病理性收缩,同时能够合成分泌大量细胞因子、趋化因子、生长因子及一系列细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)蛋白,如纤连蛋白、串珠素、弹性蛋白、血栓形成素、硫酸软骨素和胶原蛋白等[4]。这些物质参与气道炎症,介导细胞氧化应激、气道微环境改变,最终导致不可逆性气流受限。其中ECM蛋白,尤其I型胶原蛋白和纤连蛋白,可作为ASMC表型转化的重要表征之一,它们通过促增殖或促进生长因子分泌的作用,为 ASMC向增殖/合成型转化提供正反馈信号,进一步加重哮喘症状和气道重塑,形成恶性循环[8]

  • 2 自噬是调控哮喘发病的双刃剑

  • 自噬是一种保守的细胞生物过程,广泛存在于真核细胞中,参与调节正常呼吸道稳态[9]。自噬具有双面性,生理状态下,自噬可吞噬有害分子,如外源病毒、细菌等微生物,联合溶酶体降解受损蛋白质、脂质或细胞器等,维持细胞稳态,促进细胞存活;病理条件下,高度活化的自噬,可触发炎症风暴,诱导细胞程序性死亡。环境污染物及过敏原可以通过激活不同的信号通路诱导自噬[10],进一步促进氧化应激、线粒体功能障碍和多种炎症趋化因子的分泌,触发哮喘气道病理性改变。自噬小体是细胞自噬激活的标志之一,研究证实在哮喘患者气道组织(包括气道平滑肌)中自噬小体明显增多[11]。重症哮喘患者的痰中的粒细胞、外周血细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞中也显示出较高水平的自噬[1012]。有研究认为,抑制自噬有助于缓解气道炎症,逆转气道重塑 [13]。也有研究指出,慢性哮喘小鼠模型中自噬水平降低,抑制了 ECM 蛋白的降解,加重气道重塑[14]。自噬是动态的过程,以上结果虽不一致,但均提示哮喘中存在自噬水平的失衡。

  • 3 自噬在ASMC表型转化中的作用

  • 气道重塑是哮喘重要的病理特征之一,表现为气道组织、结构和功能的不可逆性改变,其特征包括:黏膜下成纤维细胞增殖,气道平滑肌增厚,ECM 沉积,支气管、血管数目增加,杯状细胞增生和黏液过度分泌。其中,气道平滑肌形态及功能异常与哮喘患者AHR及肺功能进行性下降密切相关,也是目前哮喘药物治疗反应欠佳的重要原因[15]。气道平滑肌功能异常主要由ASMC表型转化引起,包括ASMC的过度增殖、肥大、迁移及异常分泌[16]。自噬在ASMC表型转化中扮演重要角色,主要包括以下几方面。

  • 3.1 自噬调控ASMC细胞周期和凋亡过程

  • ASMC 凋亡/增殖失衡与气道重塑密切相关。细胞凋亡是维持形态发生和组织稳态的基本细胞死亡机制[17],作为一种保护机制来限制ASMC的过度增殖。ASMC 的增殖是一个需要 D1 型细胞周期蛋白(cyclin D1)参与的有丝分裂过程,cyclin D1 表达可作为细胞增殖的标志物[18]。自噬可以降解和清除cyclin D1,维持凋亡/增殖平衡[19]。但高水平自噬可抑制ASMC凋亡,导致ASMC过度增殖,从而加重哮喘气道重塑[20]。在转化生长因子(transforming growth factor,TGF)⁃β1诱导的ASMC中,阻断自噬通路能抑制增殖细胞核抗原的表达并降低ASMC中活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平,有助于逆转ASMC的增殖/合成表型[7]

  • 3.2 自噬调节ASMC线粒体功能及代谢

  • 自噬调控气道细胞能量平衡,维持气道微环境稳态[21]。ASMC 的增殖及肥大是一个能量依赖过程,而线粒体是腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(adenosine tri⁃ phosphate,ATP)生成的动力站,在哮喘患者增殖/合成型ASMC中发现线粒体数量增加和耗氧增多[22]。一方面,自噬可清除损伤的线粒体,维持线粒体质量和活性,强化ASMC的增殖和迁移能力[23]。有研究指出,哮喘气道重塑中 ASMC 分泌 ECM 蛋白所需的大量能量,可通过细胞内增强的自噬通量来补偿[24]。使用自噬抑制剂氯喹和奎宁处理ASMC,能激活ASMC的Ⅱ型味觉受体(苦味受体),导致线粒体裂变及膜电位降低,减少 ATP 产生,从而抑制 ASMC 增殖[25]。另一方面,抑制自噬可使细胞从依赖氧化磷酸化的代谢转向依赖糖酵解的代谢。研究表明,在哮喘中,ASMC的异常增殖与糖酵解途径的激活有关,自噬水平的下降能有效促进糖酵解[14]。综上,自噬失衡能促使ASMC能量代谢重编程,促进其表型转化和功能异常,诱导气道重塑。

  • 3.3 自噬影响ASMC钙通道功能

  • ASMC富含钙库调控性钙通道和电压依赖性钙通道,ASMC 钙通道的异常激活导致细胞内钙增加并激活兴奋⁃收缩耦联,促进ASMC 收缩,加重气道重塑和AHR[26]。钙库调控性钙内流(store⁃operated Ca2+ entry,SOCE)是由位于内质网的基质相互作用分子(stromal interaction molecules,STIM)、钙释放激活钙通道蛋白(calcium release ⁃ activated calcium channel modulator,ORAI)介导[27]。哮喘患者中 STIM1 高表达,增强了 ASMC 的 Ca2+内流,促进 ASMC异常收缩[28]。STIM1还能通过自噬相关蛋白激酶 B(protein kinase B,PKB)信号通路,促进ASMC增殖[29]。最新报道,脑源性神经营养因子通过调控瞬时受体电位通道介导的自噬调节钙信号蛋白,促进哮喘中ASMC的增殖[30]。通过靶向钙通道蛋白可以抑制自噬,从而逆转上述改变[30]。因此,哮喘中ASMC自噬可能通过调控钙通道参与ASMC表型转化。

  • 3.4 自噬改变ASMC周围微环境

  • ASMC周围的局部微环境对其功能和表型具有深远影响[31]。细胞间质改变或炎症因子增加,均是诱导 ASMC 向增殖/合成型转变的重要因素。ECM 作为细胞间质的重要组成部分,在维持气道结构稳定中起关键作用。哮喘患者气道ECM的过度沉积可降低气道顺应性[32],促进ASMC的肥大和异常分泌。TGF⁃β1 诱导的自噬能促进 ECM 蛋白释放,诱导ASMC向增殖/合成型转化。此外,炎症介质增加也可通过影响钙稳态,触发 ASMC 的表型转化[4]。哮喘气道上皮和炎症细胞响应过敏原等外界刺激,激活细胞自噬,增加促炎因子及生长因子释放,进一步诱导ASMC表型转化[1732]

  • 4 ASMC中自噬的干预方案

  • 目前治疗策略主要针对哮喘中自噬过度活化。常见的自噬抑制剂有氯喹、巴佛洛霉素 A1 和 3⁃甲基腺嘌呤(3⁃methyladenine,3⁃MA),其中前两者可阻碍自噬体与溶酶体的融合、3⁃MA主要抑制自噬体的形成[10]。除此之外,靶向微小RNA(microRNA, miRNA)、相关细胞因子和信号通路等,也能通过抑制自噬,逆转增殖/合成型ASMC。

  • 4.1 靶向miRNA

  • miRNA 是基因表达转录后调控的重要调节因子,在自噬介导哮喘发病中起关键作用,同时也可以作为气道重塑改善的参照。miR⁃21通过下调聚腺苷酸二磷酸核糖转移酶⁃1降低AMP依赖的蛋白激酶的磷酸化水平和升高mTOR磷酸化水平,激活自噬,抑制凋亡,促进ASMC的增殖[33]。miR⁃200a的过表达可下调人叉头框蛋白C1,从而抑制自噬相关 PI3K/AKT 信号通路,降低白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)⁃4、IL⁃6、IL⁃8、肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis fac⁃ tor,TNF),最终抑制哮喘小鼠 ASMC 增殖和气道重塑[34]。miR⁃192⁃5p通过抑制基质金属蛋白酶(matrix metalloproteinases,MMP ⁃ 16)和自噬相关基因 7 (autophagy⁃related protein 7,ATG7)降低自噬水平,逆转 ASMC 增殖,减轻哮喘气道重塑[31]。miR⁃335⁃ 5p抑制自噬相关基因5(autophagy⁃related protein 5, ATG5)蛋白从而抑制各种胶原基因表达,抑制 ASMC自噬、异常增殖、炎症反应和纤维化[35]

  • 4.2 靶向自噬相关细胞因子

  • 研究表明,哮喘气道中存在着大量有丝分裂原,如血小板生长因子、结缔组织生长因子、血管内皮生长因子等[36-37]。上述生长因子通过 TGF ⁃β⁃ PI3K/AKT信号通路激活自噬引起下游细胞因子释放和各型胶原蛋白表达,促进 ASMC 表型转化[38]。此外,炎症介质也能激活ASMC自噬[39]。胸腺基质淋巴细胞生成素是一种IL⁃7样炎症因子,分为短亚型和长亚型,由ASMC和气道上皮细胞分泌,二者在哮喘的气道重塑中相互制衡,长亚型激活PI3K/AKT 通路,促进ASMC 自噬并引起重塑相关蛋白ɑ⁃平滑肌肌动蛋白和Ⅰ型胶原的产生,而短亚型抑制自噬、减轻气道炎症和重塑[40]。巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子(macrophage inhibition factor,MIF)是一种促炎细胞因子,可以通过靶向 CD74 和 ERK1/2 通路促进 ASMC自噬,加重哮喘气道重塑[41-42]。通过抑制气道中异常分泌的生长因子和炎症介质调控ASMC自噬。

  • 4.3 靶向自噬相关信号通路分子

  • AKT 和细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular sig⁃ nal⁃regulated kinase,ERK)通路的激活是启动自噬、促进炎症因子合成和分泌、诱导ASMC表型向增殖/ 合成型转变的关键通路。抑制AKT/ERK通路可以逆转气道重塑。

  • 鞘氨醇⁃1⁃磷酸(sphingosine⁃1⁃phosphate,S1P) 信号传导参与许多重要的细胞过程,包括细胞增殖、迁移和血管生成,S1P通路的激活促进ASMC增殖。S1P 受体拮抗剂阻碍 RAS 相关 C3 肉毒杆菌毒素底物1(Ras⁃related C3 botulinum toxin substrate1, RAC1)/c⁃Jun N⁃末端激酶(c⁃Jun N⁃terminal kinase,JNK)信号转导从而降低自噬相关蛋白 Beclin1、 LC3和p62的表达,显著降低气道重塑相关蛋白,如 I 型胶原蛋白、MMP⁃9 和 ERK1/2 的表达水平,抑制 ASMC增殖和逆转气道重塑[43]

  • 此外,临床已应用于治疗其他疾病的药物在哮喘ASMC表型调节中的作用也逐渐被挖掘。辛伐他汀属于降脂药,其促进自噬相关蛋白ATG5、LC3B和 Beclin1的表达和自噬体的形成,并能诱导ASMC分泌干扰素γ,同时抑制IL⁃4、IL⁃5和IL⁃13等细胞因子表达,逆转ECM沉积,促进气道平滑肌细胞凋亡,从而减轻气道炎症和重塑[44]。恩格列净是一种降糖药,用恩格列净干预哮喘模型小鼠,能抑制平滑肌细胞肥大和肌成纤维细胞活化,这种效应能被自噬激活剂雷帕霉素逆转[45]

  • 5 总结与展望

  • 自噬在哮喘的发生发展中起着关键的作用。 ASMC 是参与哮喘气道重塑的核心细胞,在哮喘中呈现出显著的增殖/合成倾向。自噬通过影响 ASMC的细胞周期、凋亡、线粒体功能及代谢、钙通道及细胞周围微环境诱导ASMC表型转化,其中涉及机制复杂,仍需进一步探索。恢复自噬稳态可能成为逆转哮喘病理状态的一个有效策略,为哮喘的治疗提供了新的视角和方法。未来的研究应着重于解析哮喘中自噬过程的机制细节,并探索有效的药物干预策略。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] PAPI A,BRIGHTLING C,PEDERSEN S E,et al.Asthma [J].Lancet,2018,391(10122):783-800

    • [3] YU Q J,YU X W,ZHONG X H,et al.Melatonin modu⁃ lates airway smooth muscle cell phenotype by targeting the STAT3/Akt/GSK ⁃3β pathway in experimental asthma [J].Cell Tissue Res,2020,380(1):129-142

    • [4] WRIGHT D B,TRIAN T,SIDDIQUI S,et al.Phenotype modulation of airway smooth muscle in asthma[J].Pulm Pharmacol Ther,2013,26(1):42-49

    • [5] YADAV S K,SHAH S D,PENN R B.Give me a fork:can autophagy research solve the riddle of airway remodeling in asthma?[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2019,60(5):494-496

    • [6] 孙鹏,张倩.细胞自噬和支气管哮喘[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(5):779-784

    • [7] REN Y,ZHONG X H,WANG H Y,et al.Chloroquine attenuates asthma development by restoring airway smooth muscle cell phenotype via the ROS⁃AKT pathway [J].Front Pharmacol,2022,13:916508

    • [8] MARTIN J G.Airway smooth muscle may drive mucus hy⁃ persecretion in asthma[J].Eur Respir J,2018,52(2):1801166

    • [9] RACANELLI A C,KIKKERS S A,CHOI A M K,et al.Autophagy and inflammation in chronic respiratory disease [J].Autophagy,2018,14(2):221-232

    • [10] SACHDEVA K,DO D C,ZHANG Y,et al.Environmental exposures and asthma development:autophagy,mitophagy,and cellular senescence[J].Front Immunol,2019,10:2787

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    • [12] POON A H,CHOY D F,CHOUIALI F,et al.Increased autophagy ⁃ related 5 gene expression is associated with collagen expression in the airways of refractory asthmatics [J].Front Immunol,2017,8:355

    • [13] WU Y Y,LI W,HU Y F,et al.Suppression of sirtuin 1 alleviates airway inflammation through mTOR ⁃ mediated autophagy[J].Mol Med Rep,2020,22(3):2219-2226

    • [14] YU H Y,CHENG Y,ZHANG G R,et al.p62⁃dependent autophagy in airway smooth muscle cells regulates meta⁃ bolic reprogramming and promotes airway remodeling[J].Life Sci,2021,266:118884

    • [15] HOUGH K P,CURTISS M L,BLAIN T J,et al.Airway re⁃ modeling in asthma[J].Front Med,2020,7:191

    • [16] ZENG S L,CUI J A,ZHANG Y T,et al.MicroRNA⁃15b⁃ 5p inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha⁃induced prolifera⁃ tion,migration,and extracellular matrix production of air⁃ way smooth muscle cells via targeting yes⁃associated pro⁃ tein 1[J].Bioengineered,2022,13(3):5396-5406

    • [17] BEAUFILS F,BERGER P.Increased airway smooth mus⁃ cle cells in asthma:mechanisms and therapeutic prospects [J].Ann Transl Med,2022,10(17):920

    • [18] DAMERA G,JR PANETTIERI R A.Does airway smooth muscle express an inflammatory phenotype in asthma?[J].Br J Pharmacol,2011,163(1):68-80

    • [19] WU S Y,LAN S H,WU S R,et al.Hepatocellular carci⁃ noma⁃related cyclin D1 is selectively regulated by autoph⁃ agy degradation system[J].Hepatology,2018,68(1):141-154

    • [20] JIA M,YAO X.Epigenetic links to airway smooth muscle proliferation[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2019,61(5):552-553

    • [21] LI X,ZHAO F,WANG A,et al.Role and mechanisms of autophagy in lung metabolism and repair[J].Cell Mol Life Sci,2021,78(12):5051-5068

    • [22] CHETTY A,NIELSEN H C.Targeting airway smooth mus⁃ cle hypertrophy in asthma:an approach whose time has come[J].J Asthma Allergy,2021,14:539-556

    • [23] ZHAO X Z,TAN F C,CAO X R,et al.PKM2⁃dependent glycolysis promotes the proliferation and migration of vas⁃ cular smooth muscle cells during atherosclerosis[J].Acta Biochim Biophys Sin,2020,52(1):9-17

    • [24] KOTA A,DESHPANDE D A,HAGHI M,et al.Autophagy and airway fibrosis:is there a link?[J].F1000Res,2017,6:409

    • [25] PAN S,SHARMA P,SHAH S D,et al.Bitter taste recep⁃ tor agonists alter mitochondrial function and induce auto⁃ phagy in airway smooth muscle cells[J].Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,2017,313(1):154-165

    • [26] LI J E,HE Q,WANG L W,et al.SET knockdown attenu⁃ ated phenotype modulation and calcium channel associated markers of airway smooth muscle cells in asthmatic mice [J].Ann Transl Med,2021,9(8):657

    • [27] THAKORE P,EARLEY S.STIM1 is the key that unlocks airway smooth muscle remodeling and hyperresponsive⁃ ness during asthma[J].Cell Calcium,2022,104:102589

    • [28] JOHNSON M T,XIN P,BENSON J C,et al.STIM1 is a core trigger of airway smooth muscle remodeling and hy⁃ perresponsiveness in asthma[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2022,119(1):e2114557118

    • [29] YEGANEH B,XIA C,MOVASSAGH H,et al.Emerging mediators of airway smooth muscle dysfunction in asthma [J].Pulm Pharmacol Ther,2013,26(1):105-111

    • [30] LIU Q Q,TIAN C J,LI N,et al.Brain⁃derived neurotrophic factor promotes airway smooth muscle cell proliferation in asthma through regulation of transient receptor potential channel ⁃ mediated autophagy[J].Mol Immunol,2023,158:22-34

    • [31] ZHANG W W,WU Y D,GUNST S J.Membrane adhesion junctions regulate airway smooth muscle phenotype and function[J].Physiol Rev,2023,103(3):2321-2347

    • [32] ZEKI A A,YEGANEH B,KENYON N J,et al.Autophagy in airway diseases:a new frontier in human asthma?[J].Allergy,2016,71(1):5-14

    • [33] SUN P,ZHANG S Q,WU D,et al.MiR⁃21 modulates pro⁃ liferation and apoptosis of human airway smooth muscle cells by regulating autophagy via PARP ⁃ 1/AMPK/mTOR signalling pathway[J].Respir Physiol Neurobiol,2022,301:103891

    • [34] LIU Y,MIAO Y,GAO X,et al.MicroRNA⁃200a affects the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells and airway remodeling by targeting FOXC1 via the PI3K/AKT signal⁃ ing pathway in ovalbumin ⁃ induced asthmatic mice[J].Cell Physiol Biochem,2018,50(6):2365-2389

    • [35] TRAN T,HALAYKO A J.Extracellular matrix and airway smooth muscle interactions:a target for modulating air⁃ way wall remodelling and hyperresponsiveness?This arti⁃ cle is one of a selection of papers published in the special issue on recent advances in asthma research[J].Can J Physiol Pharmacol,2007,85(7):666-671

    • [36] GHAVAMI S,CUNNINGTON R H,GUPTA S,et al.Auto⁃ phagy is a regulator of TGF ⁃β1 ⁃induced fibrogenesis in primary human atrial myofibroblasts[J].Cell Death Dis,2015,6(3):e1696

    • [37] LIANG X,WANG J J,CHEN W W,et al.Inhibition of air⁃ way remodeling and inflammation by isoforskolin in PDGF ⁃induced rat ASMCs and OVA⁃induced rat asthma model [J].Biomed Pharmacother,2017,95:275-286

    • [38] MCALINDEN K D,DESHPANDE D A,GHAVAMI S,et al.Autophagy activation in asthma airways remodeling [J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2019,60(5):541-553

    • [39] SONG G H,ZHANG Y,YU S P,et al.Chrysophanol atten⁃ uates airway inflammation and remodeling through nuclear factor⁃kappa B signaling pathway in asthma[J].Phytother Res,2019,33(10):2702-2713

    • [40] ZHAO J P,ZHANG J T,TANG S M,et al.The different functions of short and long thymic stromal lymphopoietin isoforms in autophagy ⁃mediated asthmatic airway inflam⁃ mation and remodeling[J].Immunobiology,2021,226(5):152124

    • [41] LI R Y,WANG F Y,WEI J H,et al.The role of macro⁃ phage migration inhibitory factor(MIF)in asthmatic air⁃ way remodeling[J].Allergy Asthma Immunol Res,2021,13(1):88-105

    • [42] LIU J,CHEN Y Q,CHEN H,et al.Macrophage migration inhibitory factor exacerbates asthmatic airway remodeling via dynamin⁃related protein 1⁃mediated autophagy activa⁃ tion[J].Respir Res,2023,24(1):216

    • [43] LIU H Y,LI L C,CHEN Z G,et al.S1PR2 inhibition attenuates allergic asthma possibly by regulating autopha⁃ gy[J].Front Pharmacol,2021,11:598007

    • [44] GU W,CUI R,DING T,et al.Simvastatin alleviates air⁃ way inflammation and remodelling through up ⁃ regulation of autophagy in mouse models of asthma[J].Respirol Carlton Vic,2017,22(3):533-541

    • [45] HUSSEIN N A,ABDEL GAWAD H S,MAKLAD H M,et al.Empagliflozin inhibits autophagy and mitigates airway inflammation and remodelling in mice with ovalbumin⁃in⁃ duced allergic asthma[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2023,950:175701

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 中华医学会呼吸病学分会哮喘学组.支气管哮喘防治指南(2020 年版)[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2020,43(12):1023-1048

    • [2] PAPI A,BRIGHTLING C,PEDERSEN S E,et al.Asthma [J].Lancet,2018,391(10122):783-800

    • [3] YU Q J,YU X W,ZHONG X H,et al.Melatonin modu⁃ lates airway smooth muscle cell phenotype by targeting the STAT3/Akt/GSK ⁃3β pathway in experimental asthma [J].Cell Tissue Res,2020,380(1):129-142

    • [4] WRIGHT D B,TRIAN T,SIDDIQUI S,et al.Phenotype modulation of airway smooth muscle in asthma[J].Pulm Pharmacol Ther,2013,26(1):42-49

    • [5] YADAV S K,SHAH S D,PENN R B.Give me a fork:can autophagy research solve the riddle of airway remodeling in asthma?[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2019,60(5):494-496

    • [6] 孙鹏,张倩.细胞自噬和支气管哮喘[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(5):779-784

    • [7] REN Y,ZHONG X H,WANG H Y,et al.Chloroquine attenuates asthma development by restoring airway smooth muscle cell phenotype via the ROS⁃AKT pathway [J].Front Pharmacol,2022,13:916508

    • [8] MARTIN J G.Airway smooth muscle may drive mucus hy⁃ persecretion in asthma[J].Eur Respir J,2018,52(2):1801166

    • [9] RACANELLI A C,KIKKERS S A,CHOI A M K,et al.Autophagy and inflammation in chronic respiratory disease [J].Autophagy,2018,14(2):221-232

    • [10] SACHDEVA K,DO D C,ZHANG Y,et al.Environmental exposures and asthma development:autophagy,mitophagy,and cellular senescence[J].Front Immunol,2019,10:2787

    • [11] LIU T,LIU Y H,MILLER M,et al.Autophagy plays a role in FSTL1⁃induced epithelial mesenchymal transition and airway remodeling in asthma[J].Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,2017,313(1):27-40

    • [12] POON A H,CHOY D F,CHOUIALI F,et al.Increased autophagy ⁃ related 5 gene expression is associated with collagen expression in the airways of refractory asthmatics [J].Front Immunol,2017,8:355

    • [13] WU Y Y,LI W,HU Y F,et al.Suppression of sirtuin 1 alleviates airway inflammation through mTOR ⁃ mediated autophagy[J].Mol Med Rep,2020,22(3):2219-2226

    • [14] YU H Y,CHENG Y,ZHANG G R,et al.p62⁃dependent autophagy in airway smooth muscle cells regulates meta⁃ bolic reprogramming and promotes airway remodeling[J].Life Sci,2021,266:118884

    • [15] HOUGH K P,CURTISS M L,BLAIN T J,et al.Airway re⁃ modeling in asthma[J].Front Med,2020,7:191

    • [16] ZENG S L,CUI J A,ZHANG Y T,et al.MicroRNA⁃15b⁃ 5p inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha⁃induced prolifera⁃ tion,migration,and extracellular matrix production of air⁃ way smooth muscle cells via targeting yes⁃associated pro⁃ tein 1[J].Bioengineered,2022,13(3):5396-5406

    • [17] BEAUFILS F,BERGER P.Increased airway smooth mus⁃ cle cells in asthma:mechanisms and therapeutic prospects [J].Ann Transl Med,2022,10(17):920

    • [18] DAMERA G,JR PANETTIERI R A.Does airway smooth muscle express an inflammatory phenotype in asthma?[J].Br J Pharmacol,2011,163(1):68-80

    • [19] WU S Y,LAN S H,WU S R,et al.Hepatocellular carci⁃ noma⁃related cyclin D1 is selectively regulated by autoph⁃ agy degradation system[J].Hepatology,2018,68(1):141-154

    • [20] JIA M,YAO X.Epigenetic links to airway smooth muscle proliferation[J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2019,61(5):552-553

    • [21] LI X,ZHAO F,WANG A,et al.Role and mechanisms of autophagy in lung metabolism and repair[J].Cell Mol Life Sci,2021,78(12):5051-5068

    • [22] CHETTY A,NIELSEN H C.Targeting airway smooth mus⁃ cle hypertrophy in asthma:an approach whose time has come[J].J Asthma Allergy,2021,14:539-556

    • [23] ZHAO X Z,TAN F C,CAO X R,et al.PKM2⁃dependent glycolysis promotes the proliferation and migration of vas⁃ cular smooth muscle cells during atherosclerosis[J].Acta Biochim Biophys Sin,2020,52(1):9-17

    • [24] KOTA A,DESHPANDE D A,HAGHI M,et al.Autophagy and airway fibrosis:is there a link?[J].F1000Res,2017,6:409

    • [25] PAN S,SHARMA P,SHAH S D,et al.Bitter taste recep⁃ tor agonists alter mitochondrial function and induce auto⁃ phagy in airway smooth muscle cells[J].Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,2017,313(1):154-165

    • [26] LI J E,HE Q,WANG L W,et al.SET knockdown attenu⁃ ated phenotype modulation and calcium channel associated markers of airway smooth muscle cells in asthmatic mice [J].Ann Transl Med,2021,9(8):657

    • [27] THAKORE P,EARLEY S.STIM1 is the key that unlocks airway smooth muscle remodeling and hyperresponsive⁃ ness during asthma[J].Cell Calcium,2022,104:102589

    • [28] JOHNSON M T,XIN P,BENSON J C,et al.STIM1 is a core trigger of airway smooth muscle remodeling and hy⁃ perresponsiveness in asthma[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2022,119(1):e2114557118

    • [29] YEGANEH B,XIA C,MOVASSAGH H,et al.Emerging mediators of airway smooth muscle dysfunction in asthma [J].Pulm Pharmacol Ther,2013,26(1):105-111

    • [30] LIU Q Q,TIAN C J,LI N,et al.Brain⁃derived neurotrophic factor promotes airway smooth muscle cell proliferation in asthma through regulation of transient receptor potential channel ⁃ mediated autophagy[J].Mol Immunol,2023,158:22-34

    • [31] ZHANG W W,WU Y D,GUNST S J.Membrane adhesion junctions regulate airway smooth muscle phenotype and function[J].Physiol Rev,2023,103(3):2321-2347

    • [32] ZEKI A A,YEGANEH B,KENYON N J,et al.Autophagy in airway diseases:a new frontier in human asthma?[J].Allergy,2016,71(1):5-14

    • [33] SUN P,ZHANG S Q,WU D,et al.MiR⁃21 modulates pro⁃ liferation and apoptosis of human airway smooth muscle cells by regulating autophagy via PARP ⁃ 1/AMPK/mTOR signalling pathway[J].Respir Physiol Neurobiol,2022,301:103891

    • [34] LIU Y,MIAO Y,GAO X,et al.MicroRNA⁃200a affects the proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells and airway remodeling by targeting FOXC1 via the PI3K/AKT signal⁃ ing pathway in ovalbumin ⁃ induced asthmatic mice[J].Cell Physiol Biochem,2018,50(6):2365-2389

    • [35] TRAN T,HALAYKO A J.Extracellular matrix and airway smooth muscle interactions:a target for modulating air⁃ way wall remodelling and hyperresponsiveness?This arti⁃ cle is one of a selection of papers published in the special issue on recent advances in asthma research[J].Can J Physiol Pharmacol,2007,85(7):666-671

    • [36] GHAVAMI S,CUNNINGTON R H,GUPTA S,et al.Auto⁃ phagy is a regulator of TGF ⁃β1 ⁃induced fibrogenesis in primary human atrial myofibroblasts[J].Cell Death Dis,2015,6(3):e1696

    • [37] LIANG X,WANG J J,CHEN W W,et al.Inhibition of air⁃ way remodeling and inflammation by isoforskolin in PDGF ⁃induced rat ASMCs and OVA⁃induced rat asthma model [J].Biomed Pharmacother,2017,95:275-286

    • [38] MCALINDEN K D,DESHPANDE D A,GHAVAMI S,et al.Autophagy activation in asthma airways remodeling [J].Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol,2019,60(5):541-553

    • [39] SONG G H,ZHANG Y,YU S P,et al.Chrysophanol atten⁃ uates airway inflammation and remodeling through nuclear factor⁃kappa B signaling pathway in asthma[J].Phytother Res,2019,33(10):2702-2713

    • [40] ZHAO J P,ZHANG J T,TANG S M,et al.The different functions of short and long thymic stromal lymphopoietin isoforms in autophagy ⁃mediated asthmatic airway inflam⁃ mation and remodeling[J].Immunobiology,2021,226(5):152124

    • [41] LI R Y,WANG F Y,WEI J H,et al.The role of macro⁃ phage migration inhibitory factor(MIF)in asthmatic air⁃ way remodeling[J].Allergy Asthma Immunol Res,2021,13(1):88-105

    • [42] LIU J,CHEN Y Q,CHEN H,et al.Macrophage migration inhibitory factor exacerbates asthmatic airway remodeling via dynamin⁃related protein 1⁃mediated autophagy activa⁃ tion[J].Respir Res,2023,24(1):216

    • [43] LIU H Y,LI L C,CHEN Z G,et al.S1PR2 inhibition attenuates allergic asthma possibly by regulating autopha⁃ gy[J].Front Pharmacol,2021,11:598007

    • [44] GU W,CUI R,DING T,et al.Simvastatin alleviates air⁃ way inflammation and remodelling through up ⁃ regulation of autophagy in mouse models of asthma[J].Respirol Carlton Vic,2017,22(3):533-541

    • [45] HUSSEIN N A,ABDEL GAWAD H S,MAKLAD H M,et al.Empagliflozin inhibits autophagy and mitigates airway inflammation and remodelling in mice with ovalbumin⁃in⁃ duced allergic asthma[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2023,950:175701