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通讯作者:

徐靖,E-mail:xj680390@126.com

中图分类号:R563.8

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)04-511-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN230296

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(obstructive sleep apnea,OSA)患者夜间低氧事件诱发的血压变异性与血管内皮功能之间的相关性。方法:选取2022年2月—2023年4月分别就诊于南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院等3家不同医院睡眠医学中心的131例中重度OSA患者作为研究对象。在行多导睡眠监测(polysomnography,PSG)时同步行连续无创血压监测,计算低氧事件诱发的血压变异性;以低氧事件发生时的收缩压最高值与最低值的差值作为血压波动的幅度(ΔBP);以睡眠状态下每小时ΔBP≥10 mmHg的次数/氧减指数(oxygen desaturation index,ODI)反映低氧事件诱发血压波动百分比。使用血流介导的内皮依赖性血管舒张功能(flow-mediated dilation,FMD)反映血管内皮功能,并根据FMD值分为内皮功能正常组(70例)及内皮功能障碍组(61例)。分析比较两组血压变异性相关指标,探讨血压变异性的相关因素。结果:两组患者年龄、性别、体重指数、疾病严重程度等差异无统计学意义。内皮功能障碍组的夜间收缩压峰值及舒张压峰值、ΔBP、血压波动百分比及内皮素-1均显著高于内皮功能正常组[(152.0±7.2)mmHg vs.(148.1±8.8)mmHg;(89.8±5.7)mmHg vs.(87.5±6.6)mmHg;(15.3±2.9)mmHg vs. (13.3±2.7)mmHg;(63.5±14.3)% vs.(44.8±10.7)%;(50.7±7.0)ng/L vs.(47.8±8.5)ng/L,P均< 0.05]。在校正年龄等基线资料后,回归方程显示夜间收缩压峰值,血压波动百分比及血压波动幅度均与FMD显著相关(P均< 0.05)。结论:对于中重度OSA患者,夜间低氧事件诱发的血压变异性增高与血管内皮功能障碍密切相关。

    Abstract

    Objective:To explore the correlation between blood pressure variability(BPV)and vascular endothelial function induced by nocturnal hypoxia events in obstructive sleep apnea(OSA)patients. Methods:Between February 2022 and April 2023,a total of 131 moderate to severe OSA patients were studied from the departments of Sleep Medicine Centers in three different hospitals, including the Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,etc. Continuous non-invasive blood pressure (BP)monitoring was performed simultaneously during polysomnography(PSG)to calculate BPV induced by hypoxic events,the gap between the peak value of systolio blood pressure(SBP)and the lowest SBP during a hypoxia event reflects the amplitude of BP fluctuation(ΔBP);the number of times ΔBP≥10 mmHg per hour/oxygen desaturation index(ODI)indicates the percentage of hypoxia- induced BP fluctuation. Endothelial function was assessed by flow -mediated dilation(FMD),and patients were divided into normal endothelial function group(n=70)and endothelial dysfunction group(n=61)according to the FMD value. The study analyzed and compared the BPV parameters between the two groups,aiming to explore the factors associated with BPV. Results:There were no significant differences between the two groups of patients in age,sex distribution,body mass index,and OSA severity. Compared with the normal endothelial function group,the endothelial dysfunction group exhibited higher Bnocturnal systolic peak BP[(152.0±7.2) mmHg vs.(148.1±8.8)mmHg],nocturnal diastolic peak BP[(89.8±5.7)mmHg vs.(87.5±6.6)mmHg],ΔBP[(15.3±2.9)mmHg vs. (13.3±2.7)mmHg],the percentage of BP fluctuation[(63.5±14.3)% vs.(44.8±10.7)%,all P < 0.05],a n d endothelin-1[(50.7± 7.0)ng/L vs.(47.8 ± 8.5)ng/L,P < 0.05]. After adjusting the baseline data of patients,the line regression model showed that the nocturnal SBP peak,the percentage of BP fluctuation,and ΔBP were all positively correlated with FMD(all P < 0.05). Conclusion:For moderate - to - severe OSA patients,the elevation of BPV induced by nocturnal hypoxia events is closely correlated to vascular endothelial dysfunction.

  • 阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(obstructive sleep apnea, OSA)是一种以夜间反复出现呼吸暂停及低通气为特征的睡眠障碍性疾病[1]。夜间血压变异性增高是 OSA特有的疾病特点,表现为夜间血压在低氧事件发生时出现短暂的激增,继而迅速下降[2]。然而,部分OSA在夜间低氧事件发生时,其血压仍能保持在相对平稳的水平[3]。OSA 患者表现出上述不同的夜间血压表型的原因尚未完全明确。研究发现血管内皮细胞对血压稳态的维持至关重要[4]。因此本研究通过对比分析有或无内皮功能障碍的 OSA 患者的夜间血压波动特点,探讨血管内皮功能与夜间低氧事件诱发的血压变异性之间的关系。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 2022 年 2 月—2023 年 4 月,分别从 3 个睡眠医学中心共纳入131例中重度OSA患者作为研究对象,其中,南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院63例,南京医科大学第一附属医院39例,徐州医科大学附属医院 29例。

  • 纳入标准:①中重度 OSA 患者[呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnen⁃hypopnea index,AHI)≥15 次/h][5]; ②年龄18~65岁。排除标准:①合并其他睡眠障碍性疾病;②合并高血压、糖尿病等慢性基础疾病; ③服用影响血压或血管内皮功能的药物;④睡眠时间<4 h;⑤拒绝参与本研究。本研究经南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院医学伦理委员会批准 (IRB⁃KPJ2017⁃008⁃01),所有患者均签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 基线资料收集

  • 包括性别、年龄、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、颈围、腹围、Epworth 嗜睡量表(Epworth sleep scale,ESS)评分、吸烟史、饮酒史、基础病史等基线资料。

  • 1.2.2 多导睡眠监测(polysomnography,PSG)监测

  • 使用德国SOMNO screen plus PSG+监测系统记录和分析。导联包括脑电图(C4⁃M1、C3⁃M2)、眼电图 (双侧)、肌电图(下颌肌电)、口鼻气流、呼吸运动、血氧饱和度等参数。根据美国睡眠医学学会OSA诊治指南进行人工判读[6-7]。主要检测指标包括AHI、微觉醒指数、氧减指数(oxygen desaturation index,ODI)、基线血氧饱和度<90%的睡眠时间占比(total recorded time spent below 90% oxygen saturation,TS90)、平均血氧饱和度、最低血氧饱和度等睡眠参数。

  • 1.2.3 内皮依赖性血管舒张功能(flour mediated di⁃ lation,FMD)的测量[8]

  • 患者禁食8 h,测量前应避免剧烈运动。取仰卧位,安静休息20 min后使用7.5~12.0 MHz超声诊断仪在肘关节上2~5 cm处测量右上肢肱动脉内径,测量3次,取平均值作为D0。将袖带置于前臂(肘关节下2~3 cm),充气至200~250 mmHg,5 min后放气,放气后1 min内测量同一部位肱动脉内径,共测量3次,取平均值记为D1。FMD(%)=(D1-D0)/ D0×100%。根据指南标准,FMD<10%提示内皮功能障碍[9]

  • 1.2.4 血压采集

  • 在患者休息5 min后,取坐位,将肘部与心脏置于同一水平,使用水银血压计测量血压(blood pressure, BP),重复3次,每次间隔5 min,取3 次测量值的平均值作为诊室血压。行PSG监测时,使用脉搏传导时间测压法同步行夜间连续无创血压监测[10-11],使用袖带测压法行血压定标,取患者睡眠状态下血压平均值为夜间血压。分析整夜所有低氧事件诱发血压最高值并取平均值作为夜间血压峰值,计算低氧事件诱发的血压变异性:以低氧事件发生时的收缩压最高值(A 值)及最低值(B 值)的差值作为血压波动的幅度(ΔBP)(图1);以睡眠状态下每小时ΔBP≥10 mmHg的次数/ODI 反映血压波动百分比。

  • 图1 ΔBP的测量方法

  • Figure1 The method of measuring ΔBP

  • 1.2.5 血清学指标检测

  • 取患者晨间空腹外周静脉血约5 mL,以1 500 r/min离心 10 min,取上清液置于-80℃冰箱中保存待测。采用酶联免疫吸附试验测定内皮素⁃1(endothe⁃ lin⁃1,ET⁃1)的浓度;采用硝酸还原酶法测定一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)的浓度[12]。同时检测患者空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)、糖化血红蛋白(hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c)。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 26.0统计学软件进行统计学分析,计量资料符合正态分布者用均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,组间差异性采用独立样本 t 检验进行比较,偏态分布资料用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,采用秩和检验分析,计数资料用频数(百分率)表示,采用χ2 检验进行组间差异比较。在分析影响血压波动的相关因素时,首先使用 Pearson 或 Spearman 相关性分析,控制患者的基本资料等变量后,进一步线性回归分析。所有检验均为双侧检验,P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 两组患者基本资料比较

  • 根据入排标准,共纳入131例患者。年龄28~63岁, BMI 24.1~43.0 kg/m2。按照 FMD 值将患者分为两组:内皮功能正常组(FMD≥10%,70例)及内皮功能障碍组(FMD<10%,61 例)。两组的年龄、性别分布、BMI、颈围、腹围等指标差异无统计学意义(P均 >0.05,表1)。内皮功能障碍组 FBG、TG、HbA1c 及 ET⁃1水平均显著高于内皮功能正常组(P均<0.05),血清NO水平低于内皮功能正常组(P <0.05,表1)。

  • 表1 两组患者基本资料的比较

  • Table1 Comparisons of baseline data between two groups

  • 2.2 各组PSG相关参数与血压值比较

  • 两组间的 ESS 评分、总睡眠时间、AHI、微觉醒指数、ODI、夜间低氧严重程度差异均无统计学意义 (P均>0.05,表2)。内皮功能障碍组的夜间平均收缩压、夜间收缩压峰值、夜间舒张压峰值、血压波动百分比显著高于内皮功能正常组(P <0.05,表2),而两组的诊室血压以及夜间平均舒张压差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。

  • 2.3 相关性分析

  • 相关性分析显示,夜间收缩压峰值与FMD、ET⁃1 及 NO 均显著相关(r=-0.292、0.190、-0.179,P 均<0.05),血压波动百分比与 FMD 及 NO 呈负相关 (r=-0.569、-0.201,P均<0.05),而ΔBP仅与FMD呈负相关(r=-0.334,P <0.001,表3)。控制年龄、性别、BMI 等基线资料后,以 AHD、FMD 等作为自变量,以血压变异性相关指标作为因变量进行回归分析。回归方程显示,夜间收缩压峰值、血压波动百分比以及ΔBP 与 FMD 均呈显著相关(β=-0.226、-0.531、-0.288,P 均<0.05),与 OSA 疾病严重程度等均无相关性。

  • 3 讨论

  • 短时血压变异性是描述血压在几秒钟至几分钟内波动程度的量化指标。研究发现,短时血压变异性与靶器官损伤、心血管事件发生风险及死亡率增加均显著相关,且独立于血压平均水平[13-14]。生理条件下,每个心动周期所引起的血压波动受到交感神经中枢驱动、动脉/心肺反射及体液反射等机制的调控[15-16]。因此,OSA夜间逐拍血压波动的增加可能与上述调控作用的改变有关。Shafer等[17] 研究发现低氧事件发生时,血压与肌肉交感神经张力之间的变化存在较强的正相关性。动物实验发现去肾交感神经可以显著抑制呼吸暂停后的血压激增现象。田彦明等[18] 研究发现间歇性低氧暴露后,外周化学感受器敏感性的增加在低氧诱发的升压反应中起到重要调控作用。因此,OSA患者夜间低氧事件诱发的血压波动可能与其外周化学感受器敏感性增强、交感神经过度激活有关。

  • 表2 两组患者的PSG相关参数及血压值比较

  • Table2 Comparison of PSG related parameters and BP between two groups

  • TST:total sleep time;severity of DSA:moderate(15<AHI≤30)、severe(AHI>30)。

  • 表3 血压变异性的相关性分析与回归分析

  • Table3 Correlation and regression analyses of BPV

  • r:correlation coefficient of correlation analysis;β:regression coefficient of regression analysis.

  • 外周血管作为血压多种调控机制的靶点,其自身属性也可能与血压变异性增高有关。研究发现,血管内皮细胞作为血压调节的重要组成部分,对血压稳态的维持至关重要[4]。Foster等[19] 在动物研究中发现,小鼠在间歇性低氧暴露4 d后,平均动脉压增加4 mmHg,NO 衍生物减少了 55%,提示低氧所致的血压增高与 NO 衍生物利用度下降有关。 Saito 等[20] 研究发现夜间血压变异性与反应性充血指数(reactive hyperemia index,RHI,一种反映内皮功能的检测方法)相关,内皮功能异常的患者夜间血压变异性增高。迄今为止,尚无研究探讨OSA 低氧事件诱发的血压波动与内皮功能两者间的关系。本研究分别使用FMD、外周血清ET⁃1及NO水平间接反映 OSA 血管内皮功能,相关性分析提示 FMD、外周血清ET⁃1 及 NO 均与 OSA夜间血压变异性增高有关。回归方程表明FMD降低是影响低氧事件诱发血压变异性的独立危险因素。由此提示,正常的血管内皮功能对低氧刺激诱发的血压波动存在一定的缓冲作用。

  • 关于 OSA 夜间间歇性低氧诱发的血压波动与血管内皮功能障碍有关的调控机制尚未明确。研究发现,在首次血压波动后,eNOS/NO 信号通路被激活,可以明显降低随后发生的第2次血压波动幅度[21]。本研究推测,间歇性低氧所致血压波动可引起血管内剪切应力的改变,刺激内皮细胞中Ca2+ 增加,激活内皮细胞的 NO 合成酶(endothelial nitric oxide synthase,eNOS),NO 释放增加[22-23]。NO 进一步扩散到血管平滑肌细胞,促使血管舒张。鉴于 NO诱导的血管舒张主要依赖于环状单磷酸鸟苷通过缝隙连接处细胞间隙进行扩散[24],缝隙连接处信号转导降低可能与 OSA 夜间低氧诱发血压波动增加有关。本研究也发现外周血清 NO 水平与血压波动百分比、血压峰值之间存在明显的负相关性。推测对于内皮功能正常的 OSA 患者,可能通过 eNOS/NO信号通路,降低OSA夜间增高的短时血压变异性,有利于血压稳态的维持[25];而内皮功能障碍OSA患者,eNOS/NO信号通路障碍,如eNOS磷酸化水平表达下降或 eNOS 发生脱偶联,NO 水平降低,对血压变化的缓冲作用减弱,即表现出夜间急剧的血压波动及频繁出现的血压峰值。

  • 尽管本研究发现了低氧诱发的血压变异性与血管内皮功能障碍有关,但其存在局限性,因为本研究属于横断面研究,无法提供直接证据证实血管内皮功能与低氧诱发血压波动之间的因果关系,还需行动物实验等进一步深入探讨血管内皮功能与低氧诱发血压变异性之间的内在调控机制。

  • 综上所述,在无基础疾病的中重度 OSA 患者中,低氧事件诱发的血压变异性增高与血管内皮功能障碍有关。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BONSIGNORE M R,SAARESRANTA T,RIHA R L.Sex differences in obstructive sleep apnoea[J].Eur Respir Rev,2019,28(154):190030

    • [2] COCCAGNA G,MANTOVANI M,BRIGNANI F,et al.Continuous recording of the pulmonary and systemic arte⁃ rial pressure during sleep in syndromes of hypersomnia with periodic breathing[J].Bull Physiopathol Respir(Nancy),1972,8(5):1159-1172

    • [3] XU J,DING N,CHEN L,et al.Inducers of post ⁃ apneic blood pressure fluctuation monitored by pulse transfer time measurement in obstructive sleep apnea varied with syndrome severity[J].Sleep Breath,2019,23(3):769-776

    • [4] CRAIGHEAD D H,FREEBERG K A,SEALS D R.Vas⁃ cular endothelial function in midlife/older adults classi⁃ fied according to 2017 american college of cardiology/american heart association blood pressure guidelines[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2020,9(17):e16625

    • [5] 中华医学会,中华医学会杂志社,中华医学会全科医学分会,等.成人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停基层诊疗指南(2018年)[J].中华全科医师杂志,2019,18(1):21-29

    • [6] BERRY R B,BUDHIRAJA R,GOTTLIEB D J,et al.Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep:update of the 2007 aasm manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events.Deliberations of the sleep apnea definitions task force of the american academy of sleep medicine[J].J Clin Sleep Med,2012,8(5):597-619

    • [7] FELTNER C,WALLACE I F,AYMES S,et al.Screening for obstructive sleep apnea in adults:updated evidence re⁃ port and systematic review for the us preventive services task force[J].JAMA,2022,328(19):1951-1971

    • [8] THIJSSEN D,BRUNO R M,VAN MIL A,et al.Expert consensus and evidence ⁃ based recommendations for the assessment of flow ⁃mediated dilation in humans[J].Eur Heart J,2019,40(30):2534-2547

    • [9] 中国医药教育协会血管医学专业委员会,中华医学会北京心血管病学分会血管专业学组,北京大学医学部血管疾病社区防治中心.中国血管健康评估系统应用指南(2018 第三次报告)[J].中华医学杂志,2018,98(37):2955-2967

    • [10] ZACHWIEJA J,NEYMAN ⁃ BARTKOWIAK A,RABIE⁃ GA A,et al.Comparison of cuff⁃based and cuffless contin⁃ uous blood pressure measurements in children and adoles⁃ cents[J].Clin Exp Hypertens,2020,42(6):512-518

    • [11] ZAGRADA E,KRICKAU T,RASCHER W.continuous non ⁃ invasive blood pressure measurement using pulse transit time in children and adolescents[J].Klin Padiatr,2019,231(2):67-73

    • [12] 田剑,刘运秋,兰璇,等.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征合并高血压患者一氧化氮、内皮素 1、同型半胱氨酸及c反应蛋白水平的变化及与多导睡眠仪监测指标的关系[J].中国综合临床,2020,36(4):314-318

    • [13] HOSHIDE S,YANO Y,MIZUNO H,et al.Day ⁃ by ⁃ day variability of home blood pressure and incident cardiovas⁃ cular disease in clinical practice:the j ⁃ hop study(japan morning surge ⁃ home blood pressure)[J].Hypertension,2018,71(1):177-184

    • [14] 朱祎娜,翁晓芹,杜强,等.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与凝血功能的相关性研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(7):1049-1052

    • [15] HINTSALA H E,KIVINIEMI A M,ANTIKAINEN R,et al.High home blood pressure variability associates with exaggerated blood pressure response to cold stress[J].Am J Hypertens,2019,32(6):538-546

    • [16] BURLANDO B,BLANCHINI F,GIORDANO G.Loop analysis of blood pressure/volume homeostasis[J].PLoS Comput Biol,2019,15(9):e1007346

    • [17] SHAFER B M,INCOGNITO A V,VERMEULEN T D,et al.Muscle metaboreflex control of sympathetic activity is preserved after acute intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2021,53(11):2233-2244

    • [18] 田彦明,马兰,耿丹阳,等.低氧增强清醒自发性高血压大鼠心血管⁃呼吸活动[J].生理学报,2019,71(4):505-513

    • [19] FOSTER G E,BRUGNIAUX J V,PIALOUX V,et al.Car⁃ diovascular and cerebrovascular responses to acute hypox⁃ ia following exposure to intermittent hypoxia in healthy humans[J].J Physiol,2009,587(Pt 13):3287-3299

    • [20] SAITO Y,KITAHARA H,NAKAYAMA T,et al.Night ⁃ time blood pressure variability negatively correlated with reactive hyperemia index[J].Int J Cardiol,2017,230:332-334

    • [21] STAUSS H M,GÖDECKE A,MROWKA R,et al.Enhanced blood pressure variability in enos knockout mice[J].Hypertension,1999,33(6):1359-1363

    • [22] HARRAZ O F,JENSEN L J.Vascular calcium signalling and ageing[J].J Physiol,2021,599(24):5361-5377

    • [23] KUCK L,PEART J N,SIMMONDS M J.Piezo1 regulates shear⁃dependent nitric oxide production in human erythro⁃ cytes[J].Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2022,323(1):H24-H37

    • [24] GIESEN J,FÜCHTBAUER E M,FÜCHTBAUER A,et al.Ampa induces no ⁃ dependent cgmp signals in hippocam⁃ pal and cortical neurons via l⁃type voltage⁃gated calcium channels[J].Cereb Cortex,2020,30(4):2128-2143

    • [25] BATTAULT S,MEZIAT C,NASCIMENTO A,et al.Vas⁃ cular endothelial function masks increased sympathetic vasopressor activity in rats with metabolic syndrome[J].Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2018,314(3):H497-H507

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BONSIGNORE M R,SAARESRANTA T,RIHA R L.Sex differences in obstructive sleep apnoea[J].Eur Respir Rev,2019,28(154):190030

    • [2] COCCAGNA G,MANTOVANI M,BRIGNANI F,et al.Continuous recording of the pulmonary and systemic arte⁃ rial pressure during sleep in syndromes of hypersomnia with periodic breathing[J].Bull Physiopathol Respir(Nancy),1972,8(5):1159-1172

    • [3] XU J,DING N,CHEN L,et al.Inducers of post ⁃ apneic blood pressure fluctuation monitored by pulse transfer time measurement in obstructive sleep apnea varied with syndrome severity[J].Sleep Breath,2019,23(3):769-776

    • [4] CRAIGHEAD D H,FREEBERG K A,SEALS D R.Vas⁃ cular endothelial function in midlife/older adults classi⁃ fied according to 2017 american college of cardiology/american heart association blood pressure guidelines[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2020,9(17):e16625

    • [5] 中华医学会,中华医学会杂志社,中华医学会全科医学分会,等.成人阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停基层诊疗指南(2018年)[J].中华全科医师杂志,2019,18(1):21-29

    • [6] BERRY R B,BUDHIRAJA R,GOTTLIEB D J,et al.Rules for scoring respiratory events in sleep:update of the 2007 aasm manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events.Deliberations of the sleep apnea definitions task force of the american academy of sleep medicine[J].J Clin Sleep Med,2012,8(5):597-619

    • [7] FELTNER C,WALLACE I F,AYMES S,et al.Screening for obstructive sleep apnea in adults:updated evidence re⁃ port and systematic review for the us preventive services task force[J].JAMA,2022,328(19):1951-1971

    • [8] THIJSSEN D,BRUNO R M,VAN MIL A,et al.Expert consensus and evidence ⁃ based recommendations for the assessment of flow ⁃mediated dilation in humans[J].Eur Heart J,2019,40(30):2534-2547

    • [9] 中国医药教育协会血管医学专业委员会,中华医学会北京心血管病学分会血管专业学组,北京大学医学部血管疾病社区防治中心.中国血管健康评估系统应用指南(2018 第三次报告)[J].中华医学杂志,2018,98(37):2955-2967

    • [10] ZACHWIEJA J,NEYMAN ⁃ BARTKOWIAK A,RABIE⁃ GA A,et al.Comparison of cuff⁃based and cuffless contin⁃ uous blood pressure measurements in children and adoles⁃ cents[J].Clin Exp Hypertens,2020,42(6):512-518

    • [11] ZAGRADA E,KRICKAU T,RASCHER W.continuous non ⁃ invasive blood pressure measurement using pulse transit time in children and adolescents[J].Klin Padiatr,2019,231(2):67-73

    • [12] 田剑,刘运秋,兰璇,等.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征合并高血压患者一氧化氮、内皮素 1、同型半胱氨酸及c反应蛋白水平的变化及与多导睡眠仪监测指标的关系[J].中国综合临床,2020,36(4):314-318

    • [13] HOSHIDE S,YANO Y,MIZUNO H,et al.Day ⁃ by ⁃ day variability of home blood pressure and incident cardiovas⁃ cular disease in clinical practice:the j ⁃ hop study(japan morning surge ⁃ home blood pressure)[J].Hypertension,2018,71(1):177-184

    • [14] 朱祎娜,翁晓芹,杜强,等.阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停与凝血功能的相关性研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(7):1049-1052

    • [15] HINTSALA H E,KIVINIEMI A M,ANTIKAINEN R,et al.High home blood pressure variability associates with exaggerated blood pressure response to cold stress[J].Am J Hypertens,2019,32(6):538-546

    • [16] BURLANDO B,BLANCHINI F,GIORDANO G.Loop analysis of blood pressure/volume homeostasis[J].PLoS Comput Biol,2019,15(9):e1007346

    • [17] SHAFER B M,INCOGNITO A V,VERMEULEN T D,et al.Muscle metaboreflex control of sympathetic activity is preserved after acute intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia[J].Med Sci Sports Exerc,2021,53(11):2233-2244

    • [18] 田彦明,马兰,耿丹阳,等.低氧增强清醒自发性高血压大鼠心血管⁃呼吸活动[J].生理学报,2019,71(4):505-513

    • [19] FOSTER G E,BRUGNIAUX J V,PIALOUX V,et al.Car⁃ diovascular and cerebrovascular responses to acute hypox⁃ ia following exposure to intermittent hypoxia in healthy humans[J].J Physiol,2009,587(Pt 13):3287-3299

    • [20] SAITO Y,KITAHARA H,NAKAYAMA T,et al.Night ⁃ time blood pressure variability negatively correlated with reactive hyperemia index[J].Int J Cardiol,2017,230:332-334

    • [21] STAUSS H M,GÖDECKE A,MROWKA R,et al.Enhanced blood pressure variability in enos knockout mice[J].Hypertension,1999,33(6):1359-1363

    • [22] HARRAZ O F,JENSEN L J.Vascular calcium signalling and ageing[J].J Physiol,2021,599(24):5361-5377

    • [23] KUCK L,PEART J N,SIMMONDS M J.Piezo1 regulates shear⁃dependent nitric oxide production in human erythro⁃ cytes[J].Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2022,323(1):H24-H37

    • [24] GIESEN J,FÜCHTBAUER E M,FÜCHTBAUER A,et al.Ampa induces no ⁃ dependent cgmp signals in hippocam⁃ pal and cortical neurons via l⁃type voltage⁃gated calcium channels[J].Cereb Cortex,2020,30(4):2128-2143

    • [25] BATTAULT S,MEZIAT C,NASCIMENTO A,et al.Vas⁃ cular endothelial function masks increased sympathetic vasopressor activity in rats with metabolic syndrome[J].Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol,2018,314(3):H497-H507