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通讯作者:

陈筱青,E-mail:xqchen@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R725

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)04-561-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN230935

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目录contents

    摘要

    脂氧素A4(lipoxin A4,LXA4)是花生四烯酸的产物之一,是内源性脂肪酸产生的天然促分解代谢分子,被誉为炎症因子的“刹车信号”,有强大的抗炎作用,但其代谢迅速,而LXA4类似物相对更稳定,也具有一定的抗炎效果。对抗炎症的明星细胞——巨噬细胞,是天然免疫屏障的重要组分,和LXA4一样,在炎症的消退中有着不可替代的作用。LXA4及其类似物与巨噬细胞在抑制炎症反应的过程中有着千丝万缕的联系,本文就两者在炎症反应中的相互作用进行综述,为多种炎症相关疾病的治疗提供新思路。

    Abstract

    Lipoxin A4(LXA4)is a natural pro -catabolic molecule produced by endogenous fatty acids that is known as the“brake signal”of inflammatory factors. It has a powerful anti-inflammatory effect,but its metabolism is fast,and LXA4 analogues are relatively more stable and also have certain anti-inflammatory effects. The star cell in the fight against inflammation,the macrophage,is a vital component of our natural immunological barrier and plays a crucial role in inflammation reduction,as does LXA4. LXA4 and its analogs are intricately related to macrophages in the anti-inflammatory process. The interactions between the two in the inflammatory response are examined in order to generate novel ideas for treating a variety of inflammation-related disorders.

    关键词

    脂氧素A4巨噬细胞炎症

  • 炎症可导致脂氧素A4(lipoxin A4,LXA4)的生物合成,包括5⁃脂氧合酶催化花生四烯酸生成白三烯 A4,然后在血小板中由12⁃脂氧合酶转化为LXA4,或者由花生四烯酸在脂氧合酶催化下多次转化而成。LXA4是体内最重要的内源性抗炎和促炎症消退介质[1-3],可抑制炎症细胞的募集,抑制白三烯等多种炎症因子,调节促炎和抗炎因子的平衡,限制炎症损伤,防止损伤组织的坏死[4]。目前有研究表明,LXA4对多种疾病有一定的治疗效果,尤其是感染相关疾病,如脓毒症[5-6]。同时,在各种炎症性疾病中,已证实LXA4在病灶中的不足会加重非可控炎症,如重度哮喘患者的支气管肺泡灌洗液中的LXA4 水平低于轻度哮喘患者[7-8],此外,炎症性肠病患者结肠黏膜产生的LXA4也低于正常人[9],以上事实证明了 LXA4强大的抗炎能力。实际上,内源性 LXA4 的生成量很低[8],且在局部发挥作用后会在15⁃羟基前列腺脱氢酶(15⁃hydroyprostaglandin dehydrogenase,15⁃PGDH)和15⁃氧前列腺素⁃13⁃还原酶(15⁃oxopro⁃ staglandin⁃13⁃reductase,PGR)的作用下迅速失活[10],这意味着即使LXA4有强大的抗炎作用,但失活快仍旧是其短板,这使得研究人员着眼于其类似物的研究中[11-12],旨在寻找一种活性保存时间长,且抗炎作用不亚于LXA4的替代物。LXA4类似物是人为合成的一种新型介质,其保留了LXA4的基本化学结构,同时对LXA4不稳定的三烯结构进行改造,目的就在于增加稳定性。目前已存在多种LXA4类似物,研究较多的有阿司匹林诱导的LXA4、苯并LXA4、甲酯化 LXA4等,他们可以很好地满足研究人员的需求,在兼顾稳定性的同时也具有良好的抗炎效果。

  • 巨噬细胞是体液免疫的重要组成部分,是人类与生俱来的免疫屏障的重要参与者。根据巨噬细胞的解剖位置及功能表性,通常将其分为小胶质细胞、破骨细胞、肺巨噬细胞、M1型巨噬细胞、M2型巨噬细胞等[13]。关于巨噬细胞,最新的观点表明,体内大多数组织器官中存在的巨噬细胞都是在出生前定植的,每个器官都有自己独特的驻留巨噬细胞[14],它们具有趋化、吞噬、抗原提呈等作用。LXA4及其类似物和巨噬细胞同时存在于炎症反应中并发挥抗炎作用,二者之间可能存在相互作用,增强本身的抗炎能力,更大程度地推动炎症的消退。本文主要讲述二者在炎症反应中存在的相互作用,为多种疾病的治疗提供新的思路。

  • 1 LXA4与巨噬细胞

  • 1.1 LXA4对巨噬细胞的作用

  • 1.1.1 减少损伤,抑制凋亡

  • 巨噬细胞在炎症反应中具有重要作用,具有强大的吞噬能力,能够有效清除炎症部位的病原体和坏死细胞。因此,延长巨噬细胞的寿命,抑制其凋亡,可以加速炎症反应的消退过程。CD36 是巨噬细胞和小胶质细胞上表达的一种清除受体,与细胞的凋亡及吞噬作用有关。在炎症反应过程中,氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxidized low ⁃ density lipoprotein, oxLDL)可以通过CD36依赖途径促进巨噬细胞的凋亡[9]。LXA4也可以直接抑制巨噬细胞 CD36 的表达,减少乙酰化低密度脂蛋白(acetylated low density lipoprotein,acLDL)及 oxLDL 的摄取,阻止 oxLDL 诱导的巨噬细胞凋亡[9]。此外,JNK 信号通路作为 CD36的下游信号通路,也是调控细胞凋亡的关键途径之一,它可以被多种刺激因素激活,包括炎症刺激、应激反应、细胞因子及生长因子,LXA4对于oxLDL诱导的巨噬细胞凋亡的抑制作用与此信号通路也有一定关系[915]。Prieto等[16] 提出LXA4还可以激活 PI3K/Akt和ERK/NRF⁃2通路,使抗凋亡蛋白Bcl2家族表达增加,抑制巨噬细胞的凋亡,这一结论也被后来的研究所证实[17]。在炎症反应的过程中,活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)通常在损伤的发生与发展中占据重要地位,其产生的氧化应激反应会导致巨噬细胞损伤,LXA4可以有效抑制 ROS 的产生,对巨噬细胞形成保护作用,延长巨噬细胞在炎症反应中发挥作用的时间[18]。已有研究证实,LXA4 可以保护巨噬细胞线粒体的完整性,并增强细胞中的抗氧化防御系统,使其缺乏依赖线粒体途径或者是死亡受体途径的促凋亡信号,导致在细胞凋亡及细胞焦亡中的关键物质——半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspase)活性受损[16]。综上所述,LXA4在炎症反应过程中可以通过多种途径减轻巨噬细胞损伤,抑制巨噬细胞凋亡,从而延长巨噬细胞寿命,加速炎症反应的消退。

  • 1.1.2 调节巨噬细胞表型

  • 众所周知巨噬细胞有两种表型,M1型巨噬细胞发挥促炎活性,产生促炎细胞因子,导致免疫刺激; M2型巨噬细胞产生抗炎细胞因子,参与碎片清除、血管生成、组织重塑以及炎症的消退,从而促进修复功能[213]。巨噬细胞的不同活化状态之间的平衡对机体健康有着重要意义,M1和M2表型的活化及抑制失衡与多种疾病的发生有关,同时,不同极化表型也决定了炎症事件的发生和进展。LXA4可以通过多种途径抑制巨噬细胞的M1型分化,促进M2 型分化,从而发挥抑制炎症的作用。首先LXA4可以通过 FPR2⁃IRF 途径调控巨噬细胞 M1/M2 极化,其对急性巨噬细胞极化的抑制作用与下调 p⁃NF⁃κB p65和干扰素调节因子(5 interferon regulatory factor 5, IRF5)活性有关,从而通过FPR2/IRF5信号通路下调脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)诱导的巨噬细胞 M1的表型和功能极化[219]。其次,LXA4可以通过将 M1型巨噬细胞重新编程为M2型巨噬细胞,从而加速炎症的消退[1-220]。此外,LXA4还通过促进FPR2/ IRF4 信号通路,促进白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)⁃4 诱导的 M2 巨噬细胞极化。最近一项研究发现,在炎症反应过程中,LXA4治疗后的人血中M2型巨噬细胞的比例增加[21],再次印证了这一观点。

  • 1.1.3 增加巨噬细胞的募集,增强吞噬能力

  • 成功抑制炎症的重要因素之一就是吞噬细胞对凋亡细胞的识别、摄取和降解。病变细胞及发挥抗炎作用后死亡的中性粒细胞及单核细胞等,都可以在炎症部位产生级联反应,加重炎症反应。LXA4 可以抑制促炎因子的释放和炎症细胞的浸润,促进巨噬细胞的趋化和募集,增强其吞噬能力[1922]。肌动蛋白聚集及细胞骨架重构是所有吞噬过程的先决条件[23],LXA4可以通过PI3K/Akt信号通路影响其下游的蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)及糖原合酶激酶(glycogen synthase kinase3β,GSK ⁃3β)的磷酸化,从而影响巨噬细胞骨架的重排,使其对存在的凋亡细胞及随后的吞噬做出快速反应,增加吞噬能力,促进炎症的消退[1824]。LXA4还可以通过上调 CD36,经血小板反应蛋白与凋亡细胞表面的磷脂酰丝氨酸和oxLDL位点结合,直接增强细胞的吞噬作用[25]。此外,LXA4能够上调巨噬细胞血红素加氧酶⁃1的表达,增强吞噬功能[6]

  • 1.1.4 调节巨噬细胞外泌体的组成成分

  • 本课题组通过提取LXA4作用后的巨噬细胞所产生的外泌体发现,LXA4可以改变巨噬细胞外泌体的组成成分,miRNA 出现上调或下调,甚至产生新的miRNA。测序分析发现,LXA4作用后的M2型巨噬细胞产生的外泌体中 hsa⁃miR⁃141⁃3p 表达量增加,在TargetScan、miRDB、miRtarbase等多个数据库中发现其靶基因中ZEB1/ZEB2综合可信度最高(数据待发表)。多篇文章证明ZEB1为PI3K信号通路的下游基因,可以刺激血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)的生成,促进血管生成[26]。另外ZEB2也被证实有促进血管生成的作用[27-28],促血管生成因子TMSB4和PTMA受ZEB2的调控,他们可以刺激缺血损伤的血管新生[27],同时可以通过下调 NF⁃κB 信号通路,减轻炎症反应[29]。我们推测,LXA4作用后的M2型巨噬细胞外泌体中 has⁃miR⁃141⁃3p的生成上调,靶向调节ZEB1/ZEB2,促进血管的生成,减轻炎症反应,从而对机体产生保护作用。

  • 1.2 巨噬细胞对LXA4的作用

  • 1.2.1 巨噬细胞可以直接促进LXA4的产生

  • 肺泡巨噬细胞是肺部宿主防御系统的第一道防线,在健康和疾病状态下都能产生许多具有生物活性的花生四烯酸代谢产物,其有高水平的脂氧合酶活性,在炎症反应中可以通过脂氧合酶的连续加氧,生成LXA4;另一方面,肺气道上皮细胞选择性产生 15⁃脂氧合酶产物,因此肺泡巨噬细胞有可能利用上皮细胞来源的15⁃脂氧合酶产物,如15S⁃羟过氧化二十四碳四烯酸(15S⁃hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid,15S⁃HPETE)、15S⁃ 羟二十碳四烯酸(15S⁃ hydroxyeicosatetraenoic,15S⁃HETE),将其加工成脂氧素及相关化合物[30-31]。肺泡巨噬细胞也可以通过脂氧合酶转化外源性的白三烯A4,从而提高肺组织中LXA4水平,减轻肺部炎症[32]。目前的研究结果仅表明人肺泡巨噬细胞可以产生这样的效果,但我们猜测,其他部位定植的巨噬细胞也可以产生同样的作用。

  • 1.2.2 巨噬细胞外泌体通过脂质介质转换促进 LXA4生成

  • 炎症的消退是一个积极的过程,涉及脂质衍生的特异性促炎症消退介质(specializd pro⁃resolving mediator,SPM),包括脂氧素、消退素、保护素和蛋白酶。这些介质的生物合成是在脂质介质类别转换过程中启动的[33]。M2 巨噬细胞来源的外泌体可以通过前列腺素 E2增加 15⁃脂加氧酶的表达,促进脂质介质类别从白三烯 B4转换为 LXA4,从而抑制中性粒细胞的募集和中性粒细胞胞外诱捕网络 (neutrophil extracellular trap,NET)的形成,进一步抑制炎症反应[5]。此方面研究结果较少,仍需进一步探索。

  • 2 LXA4类似物与巨噬细胞

  • 2.1 阿司匹林诱导的LXA4(aspirin⁃triggered lipoxin A4,ATL)放大巨噬细胞作用

  • 阿司匹林促进环氧合酶2的乙酰化,导致环氧合酶2活性的改变,由此产生ATL,在抗炎研究中占据重要地位,15⁃epi⁃LXA4为阿司匹林诱生的主要类型,同时 ATL 可以通过环氧合酶⁃2 乙酰化合成乙酰水杨酸[34]。ATL 可以与 ALX⁃FPR2 受体结合,对巨噬细胞进行重编程,将巨噬细胞转换为保护性表型[35]。同时,ATL可以通过刺激内皮型一氧化氮合酶诱导一氧化氮的产生,促使巨噬细胞对凋亡的中性粒细胞进行非炎性吞噬[34];此外,有研究观察到ATL处理可以诱导ERK⁃2的磷酸化,使人单核细胞肌动蛋白聚集及细胞骨架明显改变[36],从而再一次验证了ATL可以增强巨噬细胞的吞噬能力。ATL 也可以抑制内皮细胞中NADPH氧化酶介导的ROS 产生,这可以减少巨噬细胞损伤,延长巨噬细胞寿命[3437]

  • 2.2 苯并LXA4类似物调节巨噬细胞的表型及吞噬功能

  • 苯并类似物是指用苯环取代天然LXA4的四烯单元,具有易合成和强抗炎的优点[10]。有研究表明,苯并⁃LXA4类似物可以通过调节肌动蛋白重排,同时激活甲酰肽受体 2(formyl peptide receptor 2, FPR2),增强巨噬细胞的吞噬能力,也可对巨噬细胞表型进行重编,这与ATL的作用是类似的[38]。也有研究表明,苯并⁃LXA4可以改变M1/M2比值,并通过 PI3K/Akt和ERK/NRF⁃2途径抑制 LPS 诱导的凋亡来延长巨噬细胞的寿命[39]。NAP1051是苯并⁃LXA4 类似物的代表之一,它与 ATL 具有同等效力。 NAP1051 对巨噬细胞中 ERK 及 PI3K/Akt 信号通路均有影响。尽管ERK激活通常参与炎症的急性期,但 PI3K/Akt 信号轴的激活是限制巨噬细胞促进炎症反应的关键。有研究表明NAP1051可以使Akt及 ERK1/2的部分位点磷酸化,这都可以改变肌动蛋白的聚集,增强巨噬细胞的吞噬作用[40]。N⁃Formyl⁃ Met⁃Leu⁃Phe(fMLP)是一种趋化肽,也是FPR的特异配体和激动剂,NAP1051在dTHP⁃1细胞中诱导Akt 和 ERK1/2 上的强磷酸化,类似于 FPR2 激动剂,作用与ATL相当,增强吞噬作用的同时抑制NET的形成,进一步促进炎症反应的消退[40]

  • 2.3 BML⁃111及甲酯化LXA4保护巨噬细胞并调节表型

  • BML⁃111[5(S),6(R),7⁃trihydroxyheptanoic acid methyl ester,C8H16O5]和甲酯化 LXA4(LXA4 methyl ester,LXA4ME)都是常见的 LXA4类似物,具有强大的抗炎及抑制肿瘤迁移的作用。P2X7受体是ATP 门控的非选择性阳离子通道,其激活会导致许多促炎事件。目前有研究表明,BML⁃111可以通过抑制 PX27的表达,减少巨噬细胞向M1型分化,调节巨噬细胞表型,从而调节炎症反应[41]。除此之外,Notch⁃1 信号通路也可能是其影响巨噬细胞极化的可靠通路之一[42]。BML⁃111有着与天然LXA4同样的抗氧化作用,可能通过Keap1/NRF⁃2/ARE信号通路产生作用[15];LXA4ME可以激活NRK/NRF⁃2信号通路,增加Bcl⁃2的表达,也可以减少ROS的产生,我们推测这两种类似物产生的抗氧化应激作用也可以影响巨噬细胞的寿命,调节炎症反应,但目前暂缺少对 BML⁃111及LXA4ME的抗氧化效果与巨噬细胞寿命相关的研究,需要进一步探索。

  • 3 小结与展望

  • 由于天然LXA4生成量低、失活快,LXA4类似物应运而生。相比于天然 LXA4,LXA4类似物更加稳定,在促炎症消退方面与天然LXA4的作用机制及涉及通路几乎一致。然而,研究也显示,某些LXA4类似物在调节巨噬细胞表型和抑制炎症因子产生方面仍然无法与天然LXA4媲美[3943]。因此,尽管LXA4 类似物具有独特的优点,但它可能仍然无法取代天然LXA4。有研究显示,炎症后期的IL⁃4和IL⁃13可以促进LXA4的扩增,人肺泡巨噬细胞可以将外源性的白三烯A4转化为更多的LXA4 [8]。LXA4进一步调节巨噬细胞的生理作用,加速炎症消退,这是一个正向循环的过程,可以部分弥补 LXA4失活快的缺点。可以猜想,外源性补充 LXA4可以弥补内源性 LXA4不足以及 LXA4失活快的问题,在体内更好地维持LXA4与巨噬细胞的良性循环,至少在肺部炎症中,这可能产生更好的治疗效果。相比 LXA4类似物,外源性补充天然LXA4可能具有更显著的治疗效果,避免类似物可能潜在的不良反应,这或许可为支气管肺发育不良、哮喘、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、脓毒血症、急性肾损伤、炎症性肠病、系统性红斑狼疮、急性肾损伤、牙周炎等多种炎症性疾病的治疗提供新的思路。

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  • 参考文献

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    • [2] AUBEUX D,TESSIER S,PÉREZ F,et al.In vitro pheno⁃ typic effects of lipoxin A4 on M1 and M2 polarized macro⁃ phages derived from THP ⁃1[J].Mol Biol Rep,2023,50(1):339-348

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    • [4] PAN W H,HU X,CHEN B,et al.The effect and mecha⁃ nism of lipoxin A4 on neutrophil function in LPS⁃induced lung injury[J].Inflammation,2022,45(5):1950-1967

    • [5] JIAO Y,ZHANG T,LIU M,et al.Exosomal PGE2 from M2 macrophages inhibits neutrophil recruitment and NET formation through lipid mediator class switching in sepsis[J].J Biomed Sci,2023,30(1):62

    • [6] JERKIC M,GAGNON S,RABANI R,et al.Human umbi⁃ lical cord mesenchymal stromal cells attenuate systemic sepsis in part by enhancing peritoneal macrophage bacte⁃ rial killing via heme oxygenase ⁃ 1 induction in rats[J].Anesthesiology,2020,132(1):140-154

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