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通讯作者:

吴延虎,E-mail:wuyanhu@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R654.2

文献标识码:B

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)04-586-04

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN230912

参考文献 1
BLAIR G,CARDONA J J,CHAIYAMOON A,et al.Quad⁃ ricuspid pulmonary valve with fenestration:cadaveric findings[J].Cureus,2023,15(7):42705
参考文献 2
TOSHIHARU M,TOMOHIRO I,SOTARO M.Quadricus⁃ pid pulmonary valve⁃case report and the comparison with quadricuspid aortic valve[J].Curr Cardiol Rev,2022,19(2):220322202505
参考文献 3
MARON B J,HUTCHINS G M.The development of the semilunar valves in the human heart[J].Am J Pathol,1974,74(2):331-344
参考文献 4
SAWAI T,MATSUBAYASHI M,UCHIDA F,et al.Quad⁃ ricuspid pulmonary valve evaluated by multi⁃modal imag⁃ ing[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging,2018,19(12):1333
参考文献 5
DAVIA J E,FENOGLIO J J,DECASTRO C M,et al.Quadricuspid semilunar valves[J].Chest,1977,72(2):186-189
参考文献 6
郭方舟,王小锋,聂芳,等.超声心动图诊断肺动脉瓣四叶畸形合并主动脉瓣二叶畸形1例并文献复习[J].兰州大学学报(医学版),2020,46(1):82-84
参考文献 7
CZEKAJSKA⁃CHEHAB E,UHLIG S,STAŚKIEWICZ G,et al.Quadricuspid pulmonary valve complicated with an⁃ eurysm of pulmonary trunk diagnosed with ECG ⁃ gated computed tomography[J].Folia Morphol,2009,68(4):290-293
参考文献 8
AKEREM S K,ANAVEKAR N S,ARAOZ P A.Quadri⁃ cuspid pulmonary valve[J].J Thorac Imag,2012,27(6):W171-W173
参考文献 9
NIKOLAIDOU C,SHANMUGANATHAN M,LACHARIE M,et al.Rare congenital quadricuspid pulmonary valve stenosis evaluated by CMR[J].Oxf Med Case Reports,2020,2020(12):112
参考文献 10
TEIS A,CADENA A,ALOMAR X,et al.Quadricuspid pulmonic valve:diagnosis by MRI[J].Eur Heart J Cardio⁃ vasc Imaging,2013,14(4):398
参考文献 11
RUCKDESCHEL E,KIM Y Y.Pulmonary valve stenosis in the adult patient:pathophysiology,diagnosis and man⁃ agement[J].Heart,2019,105(5):414-422
参考文献 12
CUYPERS J A A E,WITSENBURG M,VANDER L D,et al.Pulmonary stenosis:update on diagnosis and thera⁃peu⁃ tic options[J].Heart,2013,99(5):339-347
参考文献 13
STOUT K K,DANIECS C J,ABOULHOSN J A,et al.2018 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease:a report of the American college of cardiology/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines[J].Circulation,2019,139(14):698-800
参考文献 14
刘益明,陆良华,莫绪明.法洛四联症矫治术后远期肺动脉瓣关闭不全的治疗进展[J].中国胸心血管外科临床杂志,2012,19(3):304-308
参考文献 15
FATHALLAH M,KRASUSKI R A.Pulmonic valve dis⁃ ease:review of pathology and current treatment options[J].Curr Cardiol Rep,2017,19(11):108
参考文献 16
BROWN J R,PLOTNICK G.Pulmonary artery aneurysm as a cause for chest pain in a patient with noonan’s syn⁃ drome:a case report[J].Cardiology,2007,110(4):249-251
参考文献 17
KREIBICH M,SIEPE M,KROLL J,et al.Aneurysms of the pulmonary artery[J].Circulation,2015,131(3):310-316
参考文献 18
SHIH H H,KANG P L,LIN C Y,et al.Main pulmonary artery aneurysm[J].J Chin Med Assoc,2007,70(10):453-455
参考文献 19
IOSIFESCU A G,DOROBANŢU L F,ANCA T M,et al.Surgical treatment of a pulmonary artery aneurysm due to a regurgitant quadricuspid pulmonary valve[J].Interact Cardio Vasc Thorac Surg,2012,14(6):880-882
参考文献 20
SHIMIZU T,TADA N,NOZAKI Y,et al.Quadricuspid pulmonary valve stenosis treated by transcatheter pulmo⁃ nary valvuloplasty with inoue balloon catheter[J].J Cardiol Cases,2018,18(6):204-206
目录contents
  • 四叶式肺动脉瓣(quadricuspid pulmonic valve, QPV)是一种罕见的先天性心脏结构异常,其发生率为1/1 000~1/2 000,男性高于女性[1-2]。QPV早期一般无特异性症状,很难进行无创评估,国内对该疾病诊疗的研究较少。本研究通过分析南京医科大学第一附属医院心脏大血管外科于 2020 年收治的 1 例 QPV 畸形患者的诊疗经过,并结合文献复习,以加强对QPV的认识。

  • 1 病例资料

  • 患者,男,64岁,因“心悸伴胸闷半年,加重10 d” 入院。患者常于劳累后出现心悸、胸闷,休息10 min 后可自行缓解。平素可耐受日常活动。近1周,患者夜间平躺时突发呼吸困难,坐起后缓解。为求进一步诊治,遂至南京医科大学第一附属医院门诊。二维超声心动图示:二尖瓣钙化、重度狭窄伴中重度关闭不全;主肺动脉扩张;中重度肺动脉瓣关闭不全;中重度三尖瓣关闭不全。肺动脉 CT 血管造影示:肺动脉干稍增粗,约4.4 cm。多排CT冠状动脉平扫+增强示:左心耳血栓形成,二尖瓣钙化,左房增大,肺动脉干增粗,主动脉硬化(图1)。24 h 动态心电图示:心房颤动,最慢心率 61 次/min,最快心率207次/min。入院后B型钠尿肽(brain natriuretic peptide,BNP)2 095.4 pg/mL。患者平素有高血压病史20年,血压控制尚可。入院后查体,心律绝对不齐,二尖瓣区可及4/6级双期杂音。胸骨左缘2~3肋间可及3/6级舒张期杂音。双下肢轻度水肿,肝颈静脉回流征(-)。完善术前检查结合患者体征,诊断为心脏瓣膜病(二尖瓣重度狭窄伴中⁃重度关闭不全,中⁃ 重度三尖瓣关闭不全),心房颤动,高血压。患者于 2020年12月28日全麻体外循环下行“二尖瓣置换+ 肺动脉瓣置换+三尖瓣成形+房颤消融术”。其中肺动脉瓣置换成 25#Mosaic 生物瓣(猪生物瓣膜假体),二尖瓣置换成27#Mosaic生物瓣。术中行右房房间隔切口探查见二尖瓣瓣叶明显钙化,挛缩狭窄合并关闭不全;左心耳可见血栓。肺动脉纵切口探查见肺动脉瓣呈四叶式(图2),中重度关闭不全。术中诊断为心脏瓣膜病(二尖瓣重度狭窄伴中-重度关闭不全,中-重度三尖瓣关闭不全),QPV,心房颤动,高血压。术后病理检测:二尖瓣瓣膜组织示纤维结缔组织增生伴玻璃样变及黏液样变性,局灶钙化;肺动脉瓣膜组织示纤维结缔组织增生伴玻璃样变及黏液变性(图3)。患者术后于监护病房机械通气8 d,后转入普通病房,术后16 d出院。BNP由术前的 2 095.4 pg/mL 降至 689.1 pg/mL。2023 年 9 月 1 号复查心脏彩超示右房内径(33 mm)、右室(36 mm) 内径较术前(右房 46 mm、右室 44 mm)缩小。肺动脉瓣见轻微反流。随访2年,患者心功能正常。

  • 2 讨论

  • 从胚胎发育角度看,肺动脉瓣与主动脉瓣是共同动脉干发育为左右两个心室流出道的过程中形成的,肺动脉瓣叶数量的增多,可能是在早期瓣膜形成时正常主肺动脉间隔之间的间质细胞不典型增生所致[3]。QPV 可与其他先天性心脏病如动脉导管未闭、房间隔和室间隔缺损、主动脉瓣畸形等并存[4],其中最常见的是主动脉瓣畸形。Davia等[5] 曾对10例患有QPV的伴有严重充血性心力衰竭的患者进行尸检,发现其中一半的病例同时患有不同类型的主动脉瓣畸形。先前的研究总结,根据瓣叶的形态QPV可被分为以下7种类型:a型,4个相等的瓣叶;b型,3个等大瓣叶及1个较小瓣叶;c型,2个等大瓣叶及2个等小瓣叶;d型,1个较大瓣叶、2 个中等大小瓣叶及 1 个最小瓣叶;e 型,1 个较大瓣叶及 3个较小瓣叶;f型,2个等大瓣叶及2个大小不同的较小瓣叶;g型,4个大小不等的瓣叶。本例符合上述c型改变[1]

  • 图1 术前肺动脉CT血管造影和三维重建

  • Figure1 Preoperative CT angiography and 3D reconstruction of pulmonary artery

  • 图2 患者术中所见

  • Figure2 Surgical findings of the patient

  • 图3 患者切除的肺动脉瓣及术后病理检查结果

  • Figure3 Resected pulmonary valves and pathological examination results of the patient

  • 常规经胸超声心动图可以获得肺动脉瓣的形态及功能状态,QPV患者常常表现为短轴切面心室舒张期肺动脉瓣口关闭线呈“X”字形[6],但在实际操作中显示肺动脉瓣叶较为困难。经食道超声心动图(trans esophageal echocardiography,TEE)的普及,可能会提高QPV的检出率[7]。通过TEE高肋间窗的肺动脉瓣短轴切面,可以直观地观察到QPV并评估瓣膜的功能状态。目前多排螺旋CT的发展及心脏 CT的日渐普及使我们能够获得更清晰的肺动脉瓣图像,并可进行三维重建,有利于早期发现肺动脉瓣畸形,然而对于瓣膜的功能状况判断,仍然主要依赖超声心动图。心脏 MRI 也可显示肺动脉瓣短轴切面,对于诊断QPV及其他肺动脉瓣解剖畸形也有一定优势,并且也能提供如反流情况及跨瓣压力差等瓣膜功能信息[8-9]。随着新技术的发展,CT 以及 MRI 将在诊断 QPV 及其他肺动脉瓣畸形过程中发挥越来越大的作用。

  • QPV早期一般无特异性症状,通常是在手术治疗或尸检过程中偶然发现[10],随着病情的发展,将会导致以下肺动脉相关疾病。

  • 肺动脉瓣狭窄(pulmonary stenosis,PS):肺动脉瓣的发育不良将导致肺动脉瓣的增厚及严重变形,这是PS常见原因之一[11]。根据Cuypers等[12] 的总结,肺动脉瓣跨瓣压差 >64 mmHg或者峰值流速 >4 m/s的患者可先行肺动脉瓣球囊成形术(balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty,BPV)。目前许多研究证实了BPV的安全性和良好的短期和长期预后。若球囊扩张成形失败且跨瓣压差 >80 mmHg或者峰值流速 >4.3 m/s,可行肺动脉瓣置换术。

  • 肺动脉瓣反流(pulmonary regurgitation,PR):PR 多见于法洛四联症修复术后的远期并发症,肺动脉瓣畸形也是PR的常见原因。单纯的肺动脉关闭不全一般不必特殊治疗,但需预防细菌性心内膜炎的发生。需要治疗的是导致肺动脉高压的原发性疾病以及因治疗肺动脉瓣狭窄导致的有症状的肺动脉瓣中重度关闭不全。严重的PR导致顽固性右心功能不全时,应对该瓣膜进行手术治疗[13]。目前, PR的治疗方法包括肺动脉瓣置换术、介入治疗及镶嵌治疗(外科手术加介入的混合治疗)等[14]。经导管的肺动脉瓣置换术(transcatheter pulmonic valve replacement,TPVR)手术成功率与体外循环下肺动脉瓣置换术相当,且可同时降低围手术期发病率和病死率,但是操作路径的显示、着落区的选择、如何获得更好的开口面积、如何克服长期异物植入导致的钙化及感染仍需不断研究[15]。本例患者肺动脉瓣存在中重度关闭不全合并右心功能不全,根据 《2018 年的 AHA/ACC 成人先天性心脏病管理指南》,该患者符合肺动脉瓣置换术指征。

  • 肺动脉瘤(pulmonary artery aneurysm,PAA):目前对于PAA尚无统一定义,Brown等[16] 认为主肺动脉瘤样扩张且直径 >40 mm即可定义为PAA。PAA 分为原发性PAA 及继发性PAA。原发性PAA 与先天性心脏病有关,其中肺动脉瓣关闭不全是一大病因[17]。继发性 PAA 主要与传染性疾病或者自身免疫性疾病等导致的大动脉炎相关。大部分 PAA 患者无临床症状,有症状时为气喘、胸痛、心悸、晕厥和声嘶等。Kreibich 等[17] 总结的 PAA 手术指征为: ①PAA样扩张,直径 >5.5 cm;②6个月内PAA直径增加 >0.5 cm;③PAA压迫邻近组织;④瘤内血栓形成;⑤出现相应临床症状;⑥有严重瓣膜病变或反流证据;⑦诊断为肺动脉高压;⑧有破裂或者夹层形成可能。目前的手术方式包括 PAA 切除术和右室流出道替换或者重建术[18]。无手术指征者以积极处理原发病为主要治疗方案。本例患者虽然主肺动脉直径为4.4 cm,但尚未形成瘤样扩张,因此无相应手术指征。

  • 综上所述,QPV 是罕见的心脏瓣膜畸形,文献报道较少,完备的影像学检查是发现该病的关键。当患者出现因肺动脉瓣狭窄或关闭不全导致右心功能不全及继发PAA时应及时手术干预,如合并其他心脏器质性病变,可考虑同期处理。本例患者诊断为风湿性心脏病,肺动脉瓣叶质量较差,出现中重度肺动脉瓣关闭不全,主肺动脉扩张,有右心功能不全的症状,且伴发其他心脏疾病(需同期行二尖瓣置换术)。尽管机械瓣膜具有更高的耐用性,但肺动脉瓣解剖位置特殊,血栓形成的风险较低,并且易于通过肺血管床以进行未来干预,且该患者年纪较大,暂不考虑生物瓣膜衰败的风险,因此肺动脉瓣生物瓣置换术是该病例的首选治疗方案。目前尚没有相关的指南或共识表明通过瓣膜修复或重建的方式矫治QPV,仅有少数案例尝试通过瓣膜成形的方法矫治QPV。Iosifescu等[19] 第1次尝试用三尖瓣成形的方式来修复QPV畸形,Shimizu等[20] 首次利用经导管肺动脉瓣成形术治疗因 QPV 导致的肺动脉瓣狭窄,这些为治疗 QPV 提供了新的方向。虽然QPV多为死后诊断,但不能排除QPV在肺动脉高压或心功能衰竭发生中的作用,因此临床医生仍应加强对该病的重视。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BLAIR G,CARDONA J J,CHAIYAMOON A,et al.Quad⁃ ricuspid pulmonary valve with fenestration:cadaveric findings[J].Cureus,2023,15(7):42705

    • [2] TOSHIHARU M,TOMOHIRO I,SOTARO M.Quadricus⁃ pid pulmonary valve⁃case report and the comparison with quadricuspid aortic valve[J].Curr Cardiol Rev,2022,19(2):220322202505

    • [3] MARON B J,HUTCHINS G M.The development of the semilunar valves in the human heart[J].Am J Pathol,1974,74(2):331-344

    • [4] SAWAI T,MATSUBAYASHI M,UCHIDA F,et al.Quad⁃ ricuspid pulmonary valve evaluated by multi⁃modal imag⁃ ing[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging,2018,19(12):1333

    • [5] DAVIA J E,FENOGLIO J J,DECASTRO C M,et al.Quadricuspid semilunar valves[J].Chest,1977,72(2):186-189

    • [6] 郭方舟,王小锋,聂芳,等.超声心动图诊断肺动脉瓣四叶畸形合并主动脉瓣二叶畸形1例并文献复习[J].兰州大学学报(医学版),2020,46(1):82-84

    • [7] CZEKAJSKA⁃CHEHAB E,UHLIG S,STAŚKIEWICZ G,et al.Quadricuspid pulmonary valve complicated with an⁃ eurysm of pulmonary trunk diagnosed with ECG ⁃ gated computed tomography[J].Folia Morphol,2009,68(4):290-293

    • [8] AKEREM S K,ANAVEKAR N S,ARAOZ P A.Quadri⁃ cuspid pulmonary valve[J].J Thorac Imag,2012,27(6):W171-W173

    • [9] NIKOLAIDOU C,SHANMUGANATHAN M,LACHARIE M,et al.Rare congenital quadricuspid pulmonary valve stenosis evaluated by CMR[J].Oxf Med Case Reports,2020,2020(12):112

    • [10] TEIS A,CADENA A,ALOMAR X,et al.Quadricuspid pulmonic valve:diagnosis by MRI[J].Eur Heart J Cardio⁃ vasc Imaging,2013,14(4):398

    • [11] RUCKDESCHEL E,KIM Y Y.Pulmonary valve stenosis in the adult patient:pathophysiology,diagnosis and man⁃ agement[J].Heart,2019,105(5):414-422

    • [12] CUYPERS J A A E,WITSENBURG M,VANDER L D,et al.Pulmonary stenosis:update on diagnosis and thera⁃peu⁃ tic options[J].Heart,2013,99(5):339-347

    • [13] STOUT K K,DANIECS C J,ABOULHOSN J A,et al.2018 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of adults with congenital heart disease:a report of the American college of cardiology/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines[J].Circulation,2019,139(14):698-800

    • [14] 刘益明,陆良华,莫绪明.法洛四联症矫治术后远期肺动脉瓣关闭不全的治疗进展[J].中国胸心血管外科临床杂志,2012,19(3):304-308

    • [15] FATHALLAH M,KRASUSKI R A.Pulmonic valve dis⁃ ease:review of pathology and current treatment options[J].Curr Cardiol Rep,2017,19(11):108

    • [16] BROWN J R,PLOTNICK G.Pulmonary artery aneurysm as a cause for chest pain in a patient with noonan’s syn⁃ drome:a case report[J].Cardiology,2007,110(4):249-251

    • [17] KREIBICH M,SIEPE M,KROLL J,et al.Aneurysms of the pulmonary artery[J].Circulation,2015,131(3):310-316

    • [18] SHIH H H,KANG P L,LIN C Y,et al.Main pulmonary artery aneurysm[J].J Chin Med Assoc,2007,70(10):453-455

    • [19] IOSIFESCU A G,DOROBANŢU L F,ANCA T M,et al.Surgical treatment of a pulmonary artery aneurysm due to a regurgitant quadricuspid pulmonary valve[J].Interact Cardio Vasc Thorac Surg,2012,14(6):880-882

    • [20] SHIMIZU T,TADA N,NOZAKI Y,et al.Quadricuspid pulmonary valve stenosis treated by transcatheter pulmo⁃ nary valvuloplasty with inoue balloon catheter[J].J Cardiol Cases,2018,18(6):204-206

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BLAIR G,CARDONA J J,CHAIYAMOON A,et al.Quad⁃ ricuspid pulmonary valve with fenestration:cadaveric findings[J].Cureus,2023,15(7):42705

    • [2] TOSHIHARU M,TOMOHIRO I,SOTARO M.Quadricus⁃ pid pulmonary valve⁃case report and the comparison with quadricuspid aortic valve[J].Curr Cardiol Rev,2022,19(2):220322202505

    • [3] MARON B J,HUTCHINS G M.The development of the semilunar valves in the human heart[J].Am J Pathol,1974,74(2):331-344

    • [4] SAWAI T,MATSUBAYASHI M,UCHIDA F,et al.Quad⁃ ricuspid pulmonary valve evaluated by multi⁃modal imag⁃ ing[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging,2018,19(12):1333

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