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通讯作者:

何震宇,E-mail:hezhenyu1968@163.com

中图分类号:R735

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)05-681-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN231165

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究组织线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)含量和结直肠癌预后相关性。方法:选取117例结直肠癌患者并收集临床病理资料。运用RT-qPCR检测患者癌组织与癌旁组织mtDNA含量,探究mtDNA含量与各项预后指标的相关性。绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线,根据截断值区分患者并绘制无病生存期(disease free sur- vival,DFS)曲线。单因素和多因素Cox回归分析探究术后DFS相关的危险因素。结果:与癌旁组织相比,癌组织mtDNA含量差异无统计学意义(P=0.432);低mtDNA含量与肿瘤位于结肠、低分化、TNM分期差、淋巴结转移相关(P < 0.05)。ROC曲线提示 mtDNA 含量为 500.699 可作为截断值。单因素和多因素分析显示,mtDNA 含量低于 500.699(HR=4.285,95%CI:1.938~ 9.475)、肿瘤低分化(HR=2.886,95%CI:1.428~5.835)是与DFS相关的独立危险因素。结论:结直肠癌患者中,组织mtDNA含量与临床病理特征有关,低mtDNA含量是患者预后相关的独立危险因素。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the prognostic correlation between mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)content and colorectal cancer. Methods:Clinical and pathological data were collected from 117 patients with colorectal cancer. RT-qPCR was used to determine the mtDNA content of cancer tissues and paracancerous tissues of patients,and the correlation between mtDNA content and various prognostic indicators was investigated. Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were plotted,and the cut - off value was determined to distinguish patients,and disease free survival(DFS)curves were plotted accordingly. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to explore the risk factors related to postoperative DFS. Results:There was no significant difference in mtDNA content between cancer tissues and paracancerous tissues(P=0.432);low mtDNA content was associated with tumor location in the colon,poor differentiation,advanced TNM stage,and lymph node metastasis(P < 0.05). The ROC curve indicated a cut-off value of 500.699 for mtDNA content. Univariate and multivariate Cox analyses showed that mtDNA content lower than 500.699 (HR=4.285,95%CI:1.938-9.475)and poorly differentiated tumors(HR=2.886,95%CI:1.428-5.835)were independent risk factors associated with DFS. Conclusion:In patients with colorectal cancer,tissue mtDNA content is associated with clinical and pathological characteristics,and low mtDNA content is an independent risk factor for patient prognosis.

  • 结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)作为全球第3 大最常见的恶性肿瘤,是癌症死亡的第2大原因[1]。 目前,伴随着中国经济逐渐发展,CRC 发病率迅速上升[2]。手术切除以及术后辅助治疗是Ⅱ期或Ⅲ期 CRC患者的标准治疗方法,但仍有超过30%的Ⅱ期或Ⅲ期CRC患者在术后复发[3]。当前精准医学高速发展,依靠传统指标(如癌胚抗原)预测肿瘤复发灵敏度及特异度均较低,亟需新的标志物为临床医生提供信息以精准识别术后复发的高危患者。

  • 线粒体是进化上相对保守的细胞器,具有独特的生物学特征,在调节代谢、调节细胞周期、能量产生、细胞凋亡和细胞衰老中发挥重要作用[4]。线粒体 DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)为不同于核 DNA 的双链环状 DNA,携带的 37 个编码基因是维持线粒体、细胞正常功能所必需的[5]。目前mtDNA 在肿瘤相关研究中更多围绕DNA序列变异展开,关于DNA 含量的研究尚不多见[6]。尽管mtDNA 含量变化受多种遗传、组织环境等因素影响,但这也可能意味着线粒体功能障碍,并在肿瘤、线粒体疾病、抑郁症、糖尿病等疾病中发挥重要作用[7]。mtDNA 含量与CRC患者预后的关系鲜有报道。因此,本研究收集117例CRC患者新鲜组织标本,分析mtDNA 含量与CRC临床病理特征及患者预后的相关性。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 选取2018年1月—2020年6月在南京医科大学第二附属医院行手术治疗的117例CRC患者。纳入标准:①术后病理确诊为腺癌;②患者知情同意且依从性好;③初次诊断且术前未行新辅助放化疗。排除标准:①合并其他恶性肿瘤或免疫系统疾病;② 随访资料缺失或失访;③急诊手术;④非复发/死亡因素而术后辅助治疗中断。本研究经过本院伦理委员会批准(编号:[2021]⁃KY⁃048⁃01),并知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 临床资料

  • 收集患者一般临床资料,包括年龄、性别、肿瘤位置、肿瘤大小、病理分化、大体类型、DNA 错配修复(mismatch repair,MMR)状态、KRAS 基因突变情况、BRAF基因突变情况、T分期、N分期、TNM分期。 117例中,男70例,女47例。TNM分期中,Ⅰ期31例, Ⅱ期34例,Ⅲ期52例。随访3年内出现影像学上明确局部复发或远处转移定义为肿瘤复发,采用无病生存期(disease free survival,DFS)进行评价。

  • 1.2.2 组织DNA的提取

  • 手术时,从肿瘤边缘切取肿瘤组织,癌旁组织从距离肿瘤2 cm处获取。所获组织均由液氮保存,每个样本提取时取适量并碾碎。将碾碎后的组织放于 1.5 mL EP 管中,按照 DNA 抽提试剂盒说明书(北京天根公司)操作。收集的DNA样品使用分光光度计测定吸光率并计算浓度,分装后在-80℃冰箱保存待用。

  • 1.2.3 实时定量荧光 PCR(qRT⁃PCR)检测 mtDNA 含量

  • 采用 20 μL PCR 反应体系(Q321⁃02/03,南京 Vazyme 公司):2×Mix 10 μL,正向引物(10 μmol/L) 0.4 μL,反向引物(10 μmol/L)0.4 μL,DNA模板10 ng, ddH20 补至 20 μL。置于 Cobas Z PCR 仪依照程序: 95℃,30 s;95℃,10 s;60℃,30 s;40个循环。反应结束后读取Ct值,以3个平行复孔计算平均值。

  • 1.2.4 mtDNA引物及含量计算方法

  • 便于科学合理计算mtDNA相对于核DNA的含量,本文参考文献方法[8] 并进行了适当修改。通过相对定量法,即将线粒体16 S rRNA基因(MT⁃RNR2 基因)扩增水平作为mtDNA含量指标,将HemoG基因扩增水平作为核 DNA 含量指标,将每个样品的 mtDNA含量指标除以HemoG扩增水平以校正组织间差异。该比值被当作组织mtDNA 相对含量。计算公式为 2-ΔCt,ΔCt=(MT-RNR2 基因 Ct 值-HemoG 基因 Ct 值)。引物序列:HemoG,正向:5′ ⁃ GAAGAGCCAAGGACAGGTAC⁃3′,反向:5′⁃CAACT⁃ TCATCCACGTTCACC⁃3′;MT⁃RNR2,正向:5′⁃ GCC⁃ TTCCCCCGTAAATGATA ⁃3′,反向:5′⁃ TTATGCGA⁃ TTACCGGGCTCT ⁃3′。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 24.0统计软件、GraphPad Prism 8.0进行数据分析及作图。mtDNA含量不符合正态分布,以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示。癌与癌旁组织间mtDNA含量比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验,两组间mtDNA含量比较采用 Mann⁃Whitney U检验,多组间比较使用Kruskal⁃Wallis检验。采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线、 ROC曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)判断mtDNA 含量预测价值,使用约登指数计算公式(灵敏度+特异度-1)计算最佳截断值。DFS生存曲线绘制采用 Kaplan⁃Meier 检验。采用单因素和多因素Cox回归分析DFS相关危险因素。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 癌组织及癌旁组织mtDNA含量比较

  • 在收集的 117 例 CRC 组织样本中,提取组织 DNA并计算癌组织中的mtDNA含量以及相对应癌旁组织中的 mtDNA 含量(以癌组织中的 mtDNA 含量为标准进行归一化处理)。结果显示,mtDNA 含量在117对CRC组织及癌旁组织中差异无统计学意义(P=0.432,图1)。

  • 图1 癌组织与癌旁组织mtDNA含量

  • Figure1 Content of mtDNA in cancer and paracancerous tissues

  • 2.2 mtDNA含量与临床病理参数的相关性

  • 将上述已检测的癌组织 mtDNA 含量与患者各项临床病理参数做相关性分析。结果显示,癌组织 mtDNA 含量与肿瘤低分化、肿瘤位于结肠、有淋巴结转移、TNM 分期较差显著相关(P <0.01)。与患者年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、大体类型、MMR 状态、 KRAS突变情况、BRAF突变情况、T分期无关,差异无统计学意义(表1)。

  • 2.3 mtDNA含量相关ROC曲线和截断值

  • 基于 DFS 状态和 mtDNA 含量绘制 ROC 曲线。结果显示,癌组织AUC值为0.754,癌旁组织AUC值为 0.714,癌组织 AUC 值高于癌旁组织。根据约登指数得出癌组织 ROC 曲线最佳界值为 0.495,此时灵敏度为 0.738,特异度为 0.757,对应截断值为 500.699。癌旁组织 ROC 曲线最佳界值为 0.417,此时灵敏度为 0.688,特异度为 0.730,对应截断值为 643.745(图2)。

  • 2.4 mtDNA含量相关DFS曲线

  • 根据癌组织ROC曲线的截断值,将患者分为高 mtDNA 含量组(mtDNA≥500.699)和低 mtDNA 含量组(mtDNA<500.699),绘制Kaplan⁃Meier曲线。结果显示,低mtDNA含量组患者DFS显著低于高mtDNA 含量组(P <0.05,图3)。

  • 2.5 基于DFS的单因素和多因素分析

  • 将包括 mtDNA 含量在内的各项临床病理参数纳入单因素预后分析。单因素Cox回归分析结果显示,肿瘤低分化(HR=4.638,95%CI:2.380~9.039)、BRAF 突变(HR=2.574,95%CI:1.243~5.328)、Ⅲ期患者(HR=4.156,95%CI:1.436~12.027)、淋巴结有转移(HR=2.385,95%CI:1.226~4.638)、低mtDNA含量(HR=6.026,95% CI:2.835~12.810)是影响术后 DFS的危险因素(图4)。将纳入多因素分析的标准定为 P <0.1。多因素 Cox 回归分析结果显示,低 mtDNA含量(HR=4.285,95%CI:1.938~9.475)、肿瘤低分化(HR=2.886,95%CI:1.428~5.835)是影响预后的独立危险因素(表2)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 近几年,CRC相关发病率以及死亡率在我国处于上升趋势。在发病率与发达国家相近的情况下, CRC相关死亡率明显高于发达国家[9]。CRC术后复发情况与患者长期预后相关,因此迫切需要一种能够尽早预测术后复发的可靠生物标志物用于指导 CRC诊治。mtDNA作为双链DNA,其稳定性较普通 RNA好,而且易于从术后的病理标本或者内镜活检组织中提取,是理想的候选生物标志物,因此本研究探讨了mtDNA含量与CRC临床病理特征及预后的相关性,以探讨其作为CRC预后风险标志物的可能价值。

  • mtDNA是衡量线粒体功能的指标,越来越多的证据表明mtDNA 含量的变化在不同肿瘤发生进展中作用不同[10]。关于CRC与癌旁组织中mtDNA含量的变化存在一定争议,Wang 等[11] 发现癌组织 mtDNA含量高于癌旁组织。而Cui等[12] 指出CRC组织中mtDNA含量更低。本研究结果显示,mtDNA含量在癌组织与癌旁组织中差异无统计学意义。这一结论与Reznik等[13] 通过TCGA数据库分析CRC的结果一致。传统的观点一般认为癌组织具有区别于癌旁组织的特性。但目前有学者认为肿瘤的生长和发展可以影响癌旁组织,甚至癌旁组织中的某些指标与癌症的特征和状态有关,可以为预测肿瘤预后提供信息[14-15]。此外有研究表明,癌旁组织具有独特的转录组学特征,与正常组织相比在细胞构成、免疫微环境方面也存在较大差别[16]。 Suwatthanarak等[17] 研究也证实结肠癌癌旁组织基因表达集随着与肿瘤距离的变化而变化。Von等[18] 研究支持这一观点,他们发现 mtDNA 含量在癌组织和癌旁组织中显著低于正常的腺瘤组织。本文采用的是距肿瘤 2 cm 的癌旁组织而非正常组织,其 mtDNA 含量仍与正常组织有较大差异。因此,癌旁组织与癌组织mtDNA 含量差异无统计学意义并不意味着mtDNA在CRC发生发展中作用较小,对此更好的解释是肿瘤微环境导致了癌旁组织mtDNA 含量与癌组织趋于一致。

  • 表1 CRC患者癌组织mtDNA含量与临床病理参数

  • Table1 mtDNA content in cancer tissues and clinicopathological parameters in CRC patients

  • mtDNA含量与临床病理特征的关联也存在不同观点。Perdns等[19] 在甲状腺乳头状癌中发现有区域淋巴结转移的患者mtDNA含量较低。Chen等[20] 认为低mtDNA含量与肺癌中淋巴结转移、远处转移等较差预后有关。在本研究中,癌组织低mtDNA含量被证实与结肠肿瘤、分化较差、有淋巴结转移、TNM Ⅲ 期患者有关。一般认为,肿瘤位置相关的 mtDNA 含量变化,与肿瘤起源组织的原始 mtDNA 含量有关[13]。因此,除肿瘤位置以外,本研究mtDNA含量相关的阳性结果均提示低mtDNA含量与较差的病理特征相关。这与Wang等[11] 提出的CRC组织高mtDNA含量与TNM分期较差、肿瘤体积较大等不良因素有关的结论相反。值得注意的是,在胃癌相关的研究中,Zhang等[21] 发现mtDNA含量降低和升高均增加了晚期胃癌患者淋巴结转移的风险。这可能意味着 mtDNA含量的变化本身便是预后不佳的危险因素。

  • 图2 癌组织与癌旁组织mtDNA含量的ROC曲线分析

  • Figure2 ROC curve analysis of mtDNA content in can⁃ cer tissues and paracancerous tissues

  • 图3 mtDNA含量相关DFS曲线

  • Figure3 DFS curves of mtDNA content

  • 图4 DFS相关单因素Cox回归分析

  • Figure4 Univariate Cox regression analysis related to DFS

  • 患者生存期相关的mtDNA含量变化,不同研究依然有不同结论。在一项关于青年胶质母细胞瘤患者的研究中发现,高mtDNA含量与患者生存期较长相关[22]。CRC相关研究中,Zhao等[23] 通过对患者的超深度全外显子组测序,提出mtDNA含量是预测 CRC存活结果的独立因素,且高mtDNA含量的患者生存期更短。Van 等[18] 研究显示 mtDNA 拷贝数和肠癌生存率呈倒 U 型关系。通过 ROC 曲线和 DFS 曲线,本研究证实,低 mtDNA 含量与 CRC 较差 DFS有关。Zhao 等[23] 开展的大样本研究包含接近 25% 的Ⅳ期患者和部分黏液腺癌患者,其设置的mtDNA 含量最佳截断值为前 10%。本研究主要纳入非转移性CRC 患者,所得出的结论更具有针对性,有利于分辨目标人群的预后。进一步探究 DFS 相关危险因素后,单因素分析显示肿瘤低分化、BRAF 突变、Ⅲ期患者、淋巴结有转移、低mtDNA含量是危险因素。因为本研究中并未纳入Ⅳ期患者,所以TNM 分期为Ⅲ期与淋巴结有转移可以认为是相同的,在多因素分析中两者仅纳入淋巴结有转移这一项。最终多因素分析显示,低mtDNA含量、肿瘤低分化是DFS相关的独立危险因素。

  • 表2 DFS相关多因素Cox回归分析

  • Table2 Multivariate Cox regression analysis related to DFS

  • BRAF:B⁃Raf proto⁃oncogen,serine/threonine⁃protein kinase.

  • 肿瘤低分化、BRAF突变、淋巴结有转移和TNM 分期较晚在 CRC 中作为预后因素已在多项临床研究中得到证实。低 mtDNA 含量与患者术后较差 DFS显著相关。一方面,相对较低的mtDNA含量可能反映了肿瘤对于缺氧的耐受性更强,肿瘤侵袭性更高,淋巴结转移较早[24]。在CRC中,Shi等[25] 发现 mtDNA 含量减少的癌细胞存在呼吸链复合物Ⅰ缺陷诱导放疗抵抗促进肿瘤进展的现象。Kang 等[26] 研究表明,mtDNA含量较低的患者免疫细胞浸润较少,从而导致免疫治疗抵抗。此外,肿瘤干细胞具有类似于“干细胞”的功能,其独特干性与恶性肿瘤转移侵袭相关[27]。另一方面,mtDNA具有复杂的调控机制进一步影响肿瘤的复发。在食管鳞癌中, Kubo等[28] 提出降低mtDNA含量可诱导DNA甲基化介导化疗耐药,进而促进肿瘤复发的观点。胶质母细胞瘤的相关研究表明,低mtDNA含量上调细胞干性,促进放化疗耐受,进而与患者较差生存期相关[29]。此外在食管鳞状细胞癌的细胞实验中,下调mtDNA含量可以诱导细胞出现干细胞特性并增强侵袭迁移能力,进而促进肿瘤进展[30]。总之,低mtDNA含量可能导致细胞干性增加和治疗抵抗,最终与肿瘤高复发率有关。由于本研究纳入样本量较少且为单中心研究,存在数据偏倚可能,其结果仍需后续大样本数据和多中心研究进一步验证。

  • 综上所述,mtDNA含量在CRC组织与癌旁组织间差异无统计学意义,但癌组织低mtDNA含量与较差临床病理特征相关。mtDNA含量低于500.699是患者术后较差DFS的重要危险因素。

  • 参考文献

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    • [3] KOTANI D,OKI E,NAKAMURA Y,et al.Molecular re⁃ sidual disease and efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer[J].Nat Med,2023,29(1):127-134

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    • [14] MA B,CHAI B,DONG H,et al.Diagnostic classification of cancers using DNA methylation of paracancerous tis⁃ sues[J].Sci Rep,2022,12(1):10646

    • [15] WANG Z,LIU H,YAN Y,et al.Integrated proteomic and N ⁃glycoproteomic analyses of human breast cancer[J].J Proteome Res,2020,19(8):3499-3509

    • [16] RUSSI S,CALICE G,RUGGIERI V,et al.Gastric normal adjacent mucosa versus healthy and cancer tissues:dis⁃ tinctive transcriptomic profiles and biological features[J].Cancers(Basel),2019,11(9):1248

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    • [18] VAN OSCH F H,VOETS A M,SCHOUTEN L J,et al.Mi⁃ tochondrial DNA copy number in colorectal cancer:be⁃ tween tissue comparisons,clinicopathological characteris⁃ tics and survival[J].Carcinogenesis,2015,36(12):1502-1510

    • [19] PERDAS E,STAWSKI R,KACZKA K,et al.Altered lev⁃ els of circulating nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in pa⁃ tients with papillary thyroid cancer[J].Sci Rep,2019,9(1):14438

    • [20] CHEN J,ZHANG L,YU X,et al.Clinical application of plasma mitochondrial DNA content in patients with lung cancer[J].Oncol Lett,2018,16(6):7074-7081

    • [21] ZHANG G,QU Y,DANG S,et al.Variable copy number of mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)predicts worse prognosis in advanced gastric cancer patients[J].Diagn Pathol,2013,8:173

    • [22] DARDAUD L M,BRIS C,DESQUIRET⁃DUMAS V,et al.High mitochondrial DNA copy number is associated with longer survival in young patients with glioblastoma[J].Neuro Oncol,2019,21(8):1084-1085

    • [23] ZHAO Q,WANG F,CHEN Y X,et al.Comprehensive profiling of 1015 patients’exomes reveals genomic⁃clini⁃ cal associations in colorectal cancer[J].Nat Commun,2022,13(1):2342

    • [24] WANG S F,HUANG K H,TSENG W C,et al.DNAJA3/Tid1 is required for mitochondrial DNA maintenance and regulates migration and invasion of human gastric cancer cells[J].Cancers(Basel),2020,12(11):3463

    • [25] SHI Y,WANG Y,JIANG H,et al.Mitochondrial dysfunc⁃ tion induces radioresistance in colorectal cancer by acti⁃ vating[Ca(2+)](m)⁃PDP1⁃PDH⁃histone acetylation ret⁃ rograde signaling[J].Cell Death Dis,2021,12(9):837

    • [26] KANG J,LI N,WANG F,et al.Exploration of reduced mi⁃ tochondrial content ⁃associated gene signature and immu⁃ nocyte infiltration in colon adenocarcinoma by an integrat⁃ ed bioinformatic analysis[J].Front Genet,2022,13:832331

    • [27] 闻杰,李雪婷,李百祥.PIWI相互作用RNA:结直肠癌诊断和预后的生物标志物[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2023,43(10):1450-1455

    • [28] KUBO Y,TANAKA K,MASUIKE Y,et al.Low mitochon⁃ drial DNA copy number induces chemotherapy resistance via epithelial ⁃ mesenchymal transition by DNA methyla⁃ tion in esophageal squamous cancer cells[J].J Transl Med,2022,20(1):383

    • [29] SRAVYA P,NIMBALKAR V P,KANURI N N,et al.Low mitochondrial DNA copy number is associated with poor prognosis and treatment resistance in glioblastoma[J].Mitochondrion,2020,55:154-163

    • [30] MASUIKE Y,TANAKA K,MAKINO T,et al.Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with low mitochondrial copy number has mesenchymal and stem ⁃like characteristics,and contributes to poor prognosis[J].PLoS One,2018,13(2):e0193159

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SUNG H,FERLAY J,SIEGEL R L,et al.Global cancer statistics 2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2021,71(3):209-249

    • [2] XIA C,DONG X,LI H,et al.Cancer statistics in China and United States,2022:profiles,trends,and determi⁃ nants[J].Chin Med J(Engl),2022,135(5):584-590

    • [3] KOTANI D,OKI E,NAKAMURA Y,et al.Molecular re⁃ sidual disease and efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer[J].Nat Med,2023,29(1):127-134

    • [4] KUMMER E,BAN N.Mechanisms and regulation of pro⁃ tein synthesis in mitochondria[J].Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol,2021,22(5):307-325

    • [5] CASTELLANI C A,LONGCHAMPS R J,SUN J,et al.Thinking outside the nucleus:mitochondrial DNA copy number in health and disease[J].Mitochondrion,2020,53:214-223

    • [6] KOPINSKI P K,SINGH L N,ZHANG S,et al.Mitochon⁃ drial DNA variation and cancer[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2021,21(7):431-445

    • [7] PICARD M.Blood mitochondrial DNA copy number:what are we counting?[J].Mitochondrion,2021,60:1-11

    • [8] KENNEDY G T,MITRA N,PENNING T M,et al.Periph⁃ eral blood leukocyte mitochondrial DNA content and risk of lung cancer[J].Transl Lung Cancer Res,2022,11(7):1268-1278

    • [9] CAO W,CHEN H D,YU Y W,et al.Changing profiles of cancer burden worldwide and in China:a secondary analy⁃ sis of the global cancer statistics 2020[J].Chin Med J(Engl),2021,134(7):783-791

    • [10] YUAN Y,JU Y S,KIM Y,et al.Comprehensive molecular characterization of mitochondrial genomes in human can⁃ cers[J].Nat Genet,2020,52(3):342-352

    • [11] WANG Y,HE S,ZHU X,et al.High copy number of mito⁃ chondrial DNA predicts poor prognosis in patients with advanced stage colon cancer[J].Int J Biol Markers,2016,31(4):e382-e388

    • [12] CUI H,HUANG P,WANG Z,et al.Association of de⁃ creased mitochondrial DNA content with the progression of colorectal cancer[J].BMC Cancer,2013,13:110

    • [13] REZNIK E,MILLER M L,ŞENBABAOĞLU Y,et al.Mi⁃ tochondrial DNA copy number variation across human cancers[J].Elife,2016,5:e10769

    • [14] MA B,CHAI B,DONG H,et al.Diagnostic classification of cancers using DNA methylation of paracancerous tis⁃ sues[J].Sci Rep,2022,12(1):10646

    • [15] WANG Z,LIU H,YAN Y,et al.Integrated proteomic and N ⁃glycoproteomic analyses of human breast cancer[J].J Proteome Res,2020,19(8):3499-3509

    • [16] RUSSI S,CALICE G,RUGGIERI V,et al.Gastric normal adjacent mucosa versus healthy and cancer tissues:dis⁃ tinctive transcriptomic profiles and biological features[J].Cancers(Basel),2019,11(9):1248

    • [17] SUWATTHANARAK T,TANJAK P,SUWATTHANA⁃ RAK T,et al.Exploring extracellular matrix and prosta⁃ glandin pathway alterations across varying resection mar⁃ gin distances of right ⁃ sided colonic adenocarcinoma[J].BMC Cancer,2023,23(1):1202

    • [18] VAN OSCH F H,VOETS A M,SCHOUTEN L J,et al.Mi⁃ tochondrial DNA copy number in colorectal cancer:be⁃ tween tissue comparisons,clinicopathological characteris⁃ tics and survival[J].Carcinogenesis,2015,36(12):1502-1510

    • [19] PERDAS E,STAWSKI R,KACZKA K,et al.Altered lev⁃ els of circulating nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in pa⁃ tients with papillary thyroid cancer[J].Sci Rep,2019,9(1):14438

    • [20] CHEN J,ZHANG L,YU X,et al.Clinical application of plasma mitochondrial DNA content in patients with lung cancer[J].Oncol Lett,2018,16(6):7074-7081

    • [21] ZHANG G,QU Y,DANG S,et al.Variable copy number of mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)predicts worse prognosis in advanced gastric cancer patients[J].Diagn Pathol,2013,8:173

    • [22] DARDAUD L M,BRIS C,DESQUIRET⁃DUMAS V,et al.High mitochondrial DNA copy number is associated with longer survival in young patients with glioblastoma[J].Neuro Oncol,2019,21(8):1084-1085

    • [23] ZHAO Q,WANG F,CHEN Y X,et al.Comprehensive profiling of 1015 patients’exomes reveals genomic⁃clini⁃ cal associations in colorectal cancer[J].Nat Commun,2022,13(1):2342

    • [24] WANG S F,HUANG K H,TSENG W C,et al.DNAJA3/Tid1 is required for mitochondrial DNA maintenance and regulates migration and invasion of human gastric cancer cells[J].Cancers(Basel),2020,12(11):3463

    • [25] SHI Y,WANG Y,JIANG H,et al.Mitochondrial dysfunc⁃ tion induces radioresistance in colorectal cancer by acti⁃ vating[Ca(2+)](m)⁃PDP1⁃PDH⁃histone acetylation ret⁃ rograde signaling[J].Cell Death Dis,2021,12(9):837

    • [26] KANG J,LI N,WANG F,et al.Exploration of reduced mi⁃ tochondrial content ⁃associated gene signature and immu⁃ nocyte infiltration in colon adenocarcinoma by an integrat⁃ ed bioinformatic analysis[J].Front Genet,2022,13:832331

    • [27] 闻杰,李雪婷,李百祥.PIWI相互作用RNA:结直肠癌诊断和预后的生物标志物[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2023,43(10):1450-1455

    • [28] KUBO Y,TANAKA K,MASUIKE Y,et al.Low mitochon⁃ drial DNA copy number induces chemotherapy resistance via epithelial ⁃ mesenchymal transition by DNA methyla⁃ tion in esophageal squamous cancer cells[J].J Transl Med,2022,20(1):383

    • [29] SRAVYA P,NIMBALKAR V P,KANURI N N,et al.Low mitochondrial DNA copy number is associated with poor prognosis and treatment resistance in glioblastoma[J].Mitochondrion,2020,55:154-163

    • [30] MASUIKE Y,TANAKA K,MAKINO T,et al.Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma with low mitochondrial copy number has mesenchymal and stem ⁃like characteristics,and contributes to poor prognosis[J].PLoS One,2018,13(2):e0193159