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通讯作者:

李天女,E-mail:litiannv@126.com

中图分类号:R737.9

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)05-726-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240115

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目录contents

    摘要

    乳腺癌是目前世界范围内发病率最高的肿瘤,早发现、早诊断对于乳腺癌患者的治疗及预后具有重要意义。乳腺专用PET(dedicated breast PET,dbPET)是一种新兴的分子成像设备,在临床实践中用于乳腺癌的检测和肿瘤生物学的评估,具有比传统影像学手段更高的空间分辨率,可以识别乳房内放射性示踪剂摄取的详细形态学模式。鉴于国内外对dbPET的综合性分析较少,文章从dbPET在乳腺癌的筛查、诊断、摄取模式、新辅助化疗后评估及PET显像剂等方面的应用进行综述。

    Abstract

    Breast cancer is currently the most common tumor worldwide,and early detection and diagnosis are of great significance for the treatment and prognosis of breast cancer patients. Dedicated breast PET(dbPET)is an emerging molecular imaging device that has been used in clinical practice for the detection of breast cancer and the assessment for tumor biology. It has higher spatial resolution than conventional imaging modalities and can identify detailed morphological patterns of radiotracer uptake within the breast. There have been few comprehensive analysis of dbPET both domestically and internationally. In this paper,we review dbPET in breast cancer screening,diagnosis,uptake patterns,assessment after neoadjuvant chemotherapy,and PET imaging agents to provide a systematic understanding of dbPET.

  • 目前乳腺癌是世界上女性最常见的癌症,根据国际癌症研究机构(International Agency for Research on Cancer,IARC)统计,2020 年乳腺癌发病率为 11.7%,超越肺癌成为全球发病率最高的肿瘤[1]。 乳腺癌的早发现、早诊断、早治疗具有重要意义, 根据中国临床肿瘤学会(Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology,CSCO)最新乳腺癌诊疗指南推荐,目前常用的影像学手段有乳腺 X 线摄影(mammography, MMG)、乳腺超声(ultrasonography,US)、乳腺磁共振 (magnetic resonance imaging,MRI),对于可疑远处转移或术后复发的患者,CSCO 指南还推荐正电子发射型计算机断层显像/计算机体层成像(positron emission tomography/computed tomography,PET/CT), PET/MRI目前也逐步应用于临床。MMG及US目前多用于乳腺癌筛查,其灵敏度低于MRI,MRI灵敏度高,但存在假阳性高的问题,PET/CT空间分辨率较低,对亚厘米级的小肿瘤不敏感,PET/MRI具有高分辨率及MR的多参数成像,但存在价格昂贵、普及率低等局限性[2-3]

  • 乳腺专用 PET(dedicated breast PET,dbPET)具有较高的空间分辨率,可应用于早期亚厘米级乳腺癌的检测[4]。目前有两种类型:相反型和环型。 ①相反型中,如正电子发射乳腺X线摄影术( positron emission mammography,PEM),使用两个平板探测器进行乳房成像,其灵敏度高于PET/CT,特异度高于 MRI。②环型中,俯卧位将乳房悬于探测器中心,每侧乳房采集1次,其空间分辨率可达到1.4 mm,适用于亚厘米级乳腺癌的成像[5]。与 PEM 相比,环型 dbPET不需要压缩乳房、成像时间短、不会给患者带来疼痛,体位为俯卧位,乳腺自然下垂,符合乳腺的自然生理解剖状态。目前国内外对乳腺专用 PET 的研究较少,本文就环型dbPET在乳腺癌的临床应用进展综述如下。

  • 1 显像方案推荐

  • 对于 dbPET 的显像方案,结合文献及临床经验,首先应该遵循PET成像的一般准则[6],比如推荐患者至少禁食4 h后注射18F⁃脱氧葡萄糖(18F⁃fluoro⁃ deoxyglucose,18F⁃FDG),血糖水平在4~11 mmol/L之间,注射18F⁃FDG前30~60 min应保持温暖,并在随后的等待和检查中持续保持温暖,减少18F⁃FDG在棕色脂肪中的摄取,根据患者的体重和每个床位持续采集时间决定注射活度,一般在 90~120 MBq 之间。一项对9例无乳腺癌女性的初步研究表明,与全剂量 dbPET(3 MBq/kg)相比,半剂量dbPET(1.5 MBq/kg) 提供了可接受的图像质量,这需要未来进一步验证[7]。在60 min后行dbPET显像,患者取俯卧位,分别将单侧乳房置于成像探测器中,根据乳房的长度决定成像的时间,每个床位2~3 min,扫描结束后可根据自带的图像重建系统及后处理系统进行图像处理[5]

  • 2 图像质量控制

  • dbPET图像质量的影响因素众多,首先是噪声。噪声能使图像模糊或清晰度降低,图像常表现为颗粒状或花斑状改变。dbPET 空间分辨率提升的同时,噪声也会相应增加,导致检测到大量非病理性摄取灶,增加了假阳性率,从而增加不必要的检查及活检。为了减少噪声,Yuge等[8] 对21例初诊乳腺癌患者行dbPET和乳腺MRI增强扫描,若以MRI作为相对标准,发现所有的恶性病变都是可重复的,而93.4%的噪声是不可重复的,因此重复性评估有助于减少dbPET上噪声引起的假阳性。此外,使用经过训练的残差神经网络(residual neural network,Res⁃Net)创建基于深度学习(deep learning,DL)的去噪模型,以减少在大约一半发射时间内采集的dbPET 图像噪声,并保留病灶量化值,结果表明深度学习在dbPET图像降噪中是可行的,并且有可能比传统的图像后滤波性能更好[9]。其次是视野(field of view,FOV)。FOV是指多少乳腺组织包含在dbPET 中,当全部乳房后间隙被包含其中时称为全 FOV,但即使在全 FOV 的情况下,仍会有一部分病灶在 FOV之外,这也是dbPET的局限性之一。研究发现病灶位于 FOV 外以及 FDG 低摄取是 dbPET 检测不到的两个主要因素[10]。另有研究发现有 5 例乳腺癌病灶位于 dbPET 的 FOV 之外而未被检测到,将 20 mm的检查垫更换为5 mm的检查垫,再次扫描时发现没有病灶遗漏[11]。因此可以通过改进机器进一步增大 FOV,当然这方面的改进需要进一步研究。最后是背景实质摄取(background parenchymal uptake,BPU)。乳腺癌中 18F⁃FDG 摄取增加,而在正常乳腺组织中只有轻微的生理性摄取,那么背景乳腺组织中生理性的18F⁃FDG摄取强度会影响 dbPET对乳腺癌的检测,过强的BPU可能掩盖病灶。Shimizu 等[12] 研究了影响生理性 BPU 的因素。第一是乳腺组织致密程度,致密乳腺组织BPU显著高于非致密乳腺组织(P <0.001),目前其原因尚未阐明,有可能是因为致密乳房具有更大量的基质,并且可能更容易受到月经周期期间激素水平变化的影响。第二是绝经状态,绝经前女性BPU高于绝经后女性。第三是月经周期,在44例致密乳腺的绝经前妇女中,月经⁃卵泡期的BPU 显著低于排卵期⁃黄体期。作者推测,以上影响因素可能与月经周期下雌激素和孕激素周期性变化使上皮细胞增殖,从而使葡萄糖代谢活性增加相关,根据研究结果,建议避免在排卵期⁃黄体期安排dbPET检查。综上所述,对于dbPET 的图像质量控制,许多学者在减少噪声以及改进机器的FOV方面做出了努力,同时在成像时应密切关注患者的月经周期,合理安排检查时间。

  • 3 摄取分布模式

  • dbPET上病灶的摄取分布模式目前没有标准的定义,有学者将其分类为点状、肿块与非肿块,与乳腺 MRI 的分类方式相同,这样可以与其他研究进行比较[13]。对于一些其他成像模式上未发现的偶发病灶,研究发现恶性概率为肿块>非肿块>点状[14-15]。 Sakaguchi 等[16] 评价了 dbPET 的环状摄取(rimup⁃ take,RU)和多灶摄取(multifocal uptake,MU)模式,进而分析其与病理特征及预后的关系,结果表明 dbPET 较全身 PET/CT 能更好地识别乳腺癌详细的 18F⁃FDG 分布模式,这与前文一致,同时,dbPET 显示 RU 的乳腺癌与更高级别的组织病理分型、三阴性亚型及较高的Ki⁃67指数相关。当然,dbPET上的 RU不一定代表高度恶性乳腺癌,有学者分享了db⁃ PET上RU的4种模式:高度浸润性癌、囊内肿瘤、广泛非浸润性癌及真空辅助乳腺活检后的变化[17]

  • 4 临床应用

  • 4.1 筛查

  • 乳腺癌起病隐匿,常常无任何症状,发现时大多为中晚期,进而错失最佳治疗时机,因此对乳腺癌的筛查具有重要意义,目前常用的筛查方式有 MMG 和乳腺 US。MMG 的主要优势在微钙化灶检出方面,对于腺体较为致密的患者,其灵敏度较低,会出现漏诊和误诊的情况。乳腺US检查,不受乳腺腺体致密程度的干扰,且无辐射、简便经济,特别适用于中国及其他亚洲国家。但US检查结果和操作人员的水平密切相关,可重复性较低[18]。国内尚无 dbPET在乳腺癌早期筛查方面报道,在日本该技术应用更为常见。Yuge等[19] 研究了dbPET在乳腺癌筛查中的性能,结果表明,其灵敏度与乳腺US、MMG、数字乳腺断层合成摄影(DM⁃DBT)一致,但 dbPET 特异度(82.6%)稍高于 DM⁃DBT(81.4%),因此 dbPET 可能是一种可行的筛查方式。

  • 4.2 诊断

  • dbPET作为一种新兴的分子成像技术尚未在国内普及,许多学者尤其是国外学者大多致力于研究其与全身 PET/CT 相比的诊断优势。Sasada 等[20] 对 938例未经治疗乳腺癌患者回顾性研究表明,dbPET 检出 Tis 期和 T1 期肿瘤的灵敏度要高于全身 PET/ CT(P 均<0.001),这种差异在亚厘米级肿瘤中更加明显,而在 T2~T4 期未表现出明显的统计学差异。此外该文还研究了两者对不同病理类型乳腺肿瘤的检出率,结果表明全身PET/CT在小叶原位癌、导管原位癌、浸润性小叶癌、黏液腺癌和管状癌中的灵敏度较低(<80%),且最大标准摄取值(max standard uptake value,SUVmax)<2.0,而dbPET 仅对小叶原位癌和管状癌的灵敏度较低,其余均优于全身PET/CT 或与其相当。除了与 PET/CT 进行比较,Hashimoto 等[11] 应用MMG、US、MRI、全身PET/MRI和dbPET研究了82例术前乳腺癌患者,结果显示以上5种方式对所有肿瘤的灵敏度分别为 81.2%(65/80)、98.8%(83/84)、98.6%(73/74)、86.9%(73/84)和 89.2% (75/84);对于早期乳腺癌(≤ 2 cm),dbPET的灵敏度(84.9%)高于全身 PET/MRI(69.7%),其中有 7 处病灶仅dbPET检测到。以上研究表明,无论是与全身PET/CT还是全身PET/MRI相比,dbPET检测早期乳腺癌的灵敏度更高。为了进一步预测病灶的恶性程度,Masumoto等[21] 研究了195例浸润性乳腺癌患者,结果显示 dbPET 相比全身 PET/CT 能准确地显示 18F⁃FDG 的分布,且与病理结果一致性更高,而 18F⁃FDG 的分布与临床病理因素相关,这表明可以通过 18F⁃FDG 分布预测肿瘤的恶性程度,为治疗决策提供更加丰富的信息。

  • 近些年乳腺导管原位癌(ductal carcinoma in situ, DCIS)的发病率迅速增加,当低级别DCIS进展为浸润性癌时,肿瘤通常是低级别和高分化的,而高级别则相反,也就是说DCIS是一种异质性疾病,有学者应用dbPET来区分惰性和潜在侵袭性的DCIS来减少过度诊断及治疗,结果显示 dbPET 区分两种 DCIS的灵敏度和特异度分别为90%和92%[22],说明可以通过积极的dbPET监测管理,降低手术切除时升级为浸润性癌的发生率。

  • 对于 MMG 或 US 评为 BI⁃RADS 4 类的病灶,临床常规推荐行乳腺MRI以明确诊断。有学者研究了 dbPET对BI⁃RADS 4类病灶的诊断效能,但最终结果表明不推荐dbPET诊断MMG或US评为BI⁃RADS 4 类病灶中的恶性肿瘤[23],原因是其对DCIS的假阴性率高及视野范围的限制,但该文并未说明病例中的 DCIS为惰性还是潜在侵袭性。

  • 4.3 新辅助化疗(neoadjuvant chemotherapy,NAC) 后评估

  • NAC 是局部晚期或不可手术乳腺癌患者的标准治疗方法,有利于保乳手术的实施,当然也有部分患者NAC后不能达到病理完全缓解(pathological complete response,pCR),因而迫切需要一种方式来评估NAC后疗效。目前对于NAC疗效评估尚未形成一个公认模式,各种评估方式都有其优势[24-25]。乳腺US从肿瘤体积以及回声变化等方面评估,也可应用超声造影及弹性成像等技术综合评估。 Baumgartner 等[26] 研究发现乳腺超声评估的灵敏度为60.8%,特异度为78.0%。乳腺增强MRI可以从肿瘤体积以及肿瘤灌注等全方位评估,其DWI序列还可反映水分子扩散变化。有研究证实DCE⁃MRI 与 DWI 联用可以直接反映乳腺癌患者NAC 后的病变情况[27]。PET成像的优势在于可从细胞代谢的角度评估,代谢变化常早于形态学变化,从而更加早期地评估 NAC 后的病灶。近年一些学者比较 dbPET 与PET/CT评估NAC后残留肿瘤的能力,结果表明在特异度方面二者相当或PET/CT更优,而在灵敏度方面,dbPET显著优于PET/CT,特别是在导管内残留肿瘤方面,dbPET的准确性更高。此外,上述研究还表明肿瘤正常组织比(tumor normal ratio,TNR)是较 SUV更好的病理学评价指标[28-29]。Tokuda等[30] 前瞻性研究了29例经穿刺活检组织学证实的乳腺癌患者,dbPET、全身PET/CT及MRI三者相比,dbPET预测NAC后病灶pCR的灵敏度、特异度和ROC曲线下面积分别为85.7%、72.7%和0.82,全身PET/CT分别为 71.4%、77.3%和 0.73,MRI 分别为 100%、50%和 0.773,表明dbPET是NAC后pCR的最佳预测因子,该研究还表明 dbPET 的瘦体重标准摄取值峰值 (peak standard uptake value of lean body weight,SUL⁃ peak)下降率>82%,是乳腺癌NAC后pCR的独立相关指标。综上所述,初步研究证明 dbPET 在预测 NAC后pCR是有价值的。但因其普及率低,目前相关研究较少,需要多中心、大规模研究验证 dbPET 在预测NAC后疗效方面的价值。

  • 4.4 PET显像剂

  • 分子成像技术在乳腺癌的诊疗过程中日益发挥着重要的作用,其很大一部分得益于正电子显像剂的发展。18F⁃FDG是目前dbPET最常用的显像剂,通过评估葡萄糖代谢活性进行乳腺癌的诊断及疗效评估等。18F⁃FDG 的高摄取与乳腺癌的高侵袭性、低分化、激素受体阴性、三阴性乳腺癌等不良预后因素相关[31],但其并不具特异性。乳腺癌是一种高度异质性肿瘤,根据雌激素受体(estrogen recep⁃ tor,ER)、孕激素受体(progesterone receptors,PR)、人表皮生长因子受体⁃2(human epidermal growth fac⁃ tor receptor 2,HER⁃2)等受体的表达,出现了许多特异性显像剂。如 18F⁃雌二醇(18F⁃FES)是一种靶向 ER受体的放射性示踪剂,可用于评估ER受体状态及预测内分泌治疗后疗效。Jones等[32] 分享了使用 18F⁃FES的dbPET评估ER+原发性乳腺癌的经验,其中包含 2 例浸润性小叶癌,3 例浸润性导管癌以及 1 例隐匿性乳腺癌,初步肯定了其预测及评估内分泌治疗疗效的作用,研究还发现浸润性小叶癌中的 18F⁃FES 摄取具有扩散模式,而浸润性导管癌中的 18F⁃FES摄取具有独特的局限模式,这与不同类型肿瘤密度的差异相符合。除此之外,还有靶向 PR 的显像剂(如18F⁃FFNP、18F⁃FMNP、18F⁃FENP、18F⁃FPTP、18F⁃EAEF 等),靶向 HER⁃2 的显像剂(如 89Zr⁃trastu⁃ zumab等),18F⁃FMISO等乏氧显像剂,以及近几年非常热门的成纤维细胞活化蛋白(fibroblast activation protein,FAP)抑制剂,FAP是一种基质抗原,由活化的成纤维细胞(包括癌症相关成纤维细胞)表达,而在健康组织中几乎不表达,68Ga⁃FAPI⁃46 在乳腺癌的诊断及分期中的作用已得到初步肯定。此外, FAP抑制剂还提供了作为诊疗配体的可能性,例如与177Lu或90Y结合使用[33-34]。虽然目前尚未有这些显像剂应用于dbPET的相关报道,但随着研究的深入,相信新的显像剂与dbPET的结合必将给相关肿瘤诊疗带来新的希望。

  • 5 总结与展望

  • dbPET作为一种新兴高分辨率分子成像设备,在乳腺癌早期及小病灶的诊断、筛查及NAC后的评估方面都初步展现了其价值,为乳腺癌患者的临床决策与管理提供了更多信息,通过与特异性的显像剂联合展现了其多元的应用场景。但是 dbPET 也存在一些局限性,如FOV较小、检查费用较昂贵、存在辐射等。相信随着 dbPET 技术的不断发展及新型显像剂的涌现,dbPET势必有更为广泛的应用。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] FOWLER A M,STRIGEL R M.Clinical advances in PET⁃ MRI for breast cancer[J].Lancet Oncol,2022,23(1):e32-e43

    • [3] 阳依宏,赵军.PET/MR多参数成像在乳腺癌中的应用进展[J].中华核医学与分子影像杂志,2022,42(8):494-498

    • [4] GARCIA H T,VICEDO G A,FERRER R J,et al.Perfor⁃ mance evaluation of a high resolution dedicated breast PET scanner[J].Med Phys,2016,43(5):2261

    • [5] SATOH Y,KAWAMOTO M,KUBOTA K,et al.Clinical practice guidelines for high ⁃ resolution breast PET,2019 edition[J].Ann Nucl Med,2021,35(3):406-414

    • [6] BOELLAARD R,DELGADO⁃BOLTON R,OYEN W J,et al.FDG PET/CT:EANM procedure guidelines for tu⁃ mourimaging:version 2.0[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag⁃ ing,2015,42(2):328-354

    • [7] SATOH Y,IMAI M,IKEGAWA C,et al.Image quality evaluation of real low⁃dose breast PET[J].Jpn J Radiol,2022,40(11):1186-1193

    • [8] YUGE S,MIYAKE K K,ISHIMORI T,et al.Reproduc⁃ ibility assessment of uptake on dedicated breast PET for noisediscrimination[J].Ann Nucl Med,2023,37(2):121-130

    • [9] ITAGAKI K,MIYAKE K K,TANOUE M,et al.Feasibili⁃ ty of dedicated breast positron emission tomography im⁃ age denoising using a residual neural network[J].Asia Ocean J Nucl Med Biol,2023,11(2):145-157

    • [10] SASADA S,MASUMOTO N,GODA N,et al.Which type of breast cancers is undetectable on ring ⁃type dedicated breast PET?[J].Clin Imaging,2018,51:186-191

    • [11] HASHIMOTO R,AKASHI⁃TANAKA S,WATANABE C,et al.Diagnostic performance of dedicated breast positron emission tomography[J].Breast Cancer,2022,29(6):1013-1021

    • [12] SHIMIZU Y,SATAKE H,ISHIGAKI S,et al.Physiologi⁃ cal background parenchymal uptake of(18)F ⁃ FDG in normal breast tissuesusing dedicated breast PET:correla⁃ tion with mammographic breast composition,menopausal status,and menstrual cycle[J].Ann Nucl Med,2022,36(8):728-735

    • [13] MIYAKE K K,KATAOKA M,ISHIMORI T,et al.A pro⁃ posed dedicated breast PET lexicon:standardization of de⁃ scription and reporting of radiotracer uptake in the breast[J].Diagnostics(Basel),2021,11(7):1267

    • [14] SASADA S,MASUMOTO N,EMI A,et al.Malignant pre⁃ diction of incidental findings using ring ⁃ type dedicated breastpositron emission tomography[J].Sci Rep,2022,12(1):1144

    • [15] SATOH Y,MOTOSUGI U,OMIYA Y,et al.Unexpected abnormal uptake in the breasts at dedicated breast PET:incidentally detected small cancers or nonmalignant fea⁃ tures?[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol,2019,212(2):443-449

    • [16] SAKAGUCHI R,KATAOKA M,KANAO S,et al.Distri⁃ bution pattern of FDG uptake using ring ⁃type dedicated breast PET incomparison to whole⁃body PET/CT scanning in invasive breast cancer[J].Ann Nucl Med,2019,33(8):570-578

    • [17] SASADA S,KAI A,KIMURA Y,et al.Four patterns of ab⁃ normal ring ⁃ like uptakes on dedicated breast PET[J].Clin Nucl Med,2022,47(2):e192-e193

    • [18] 张建兴.多种影像学方法在中国乳腺癌筛查中的应用[J].实用医学杂志,2017,33(9):1365-1368

    • [19] YUGE S,MIYAKE K K,ISHIMORI T,et al.Performance of dedicated breast PET in breast cancer screening:com⁃ parison withdigital mammography plus digital breast tomo⁃ synthesis and ultrasound[J].Ann Nucl Med,2023,37(9):479-493

    • [20] SASADA S,KIMURA Y,MASUMOTO N,et al.Breast cancer detection by dedicated breast positron emission to⁃ mographyaccording to the World Health Organization classification of breast tumors[J].Eur J Surg Oncol,2021,47(7):1588-1592

    • [21] MASUMOTO N,KADOYA T,SASADA S,et al.Intratu⁃ moral heterogeneity on dedicated breast positron emission tomographypredicts malignancy grade of breast cancer[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat,2018,171(2):315-323

    • [22] GRANA ⁃LOPEZ L,HERRANZ M,DOMINGUEZ ⁃PRA⁃ DO I,et al.Can dedicated breast PET help to reduce over⁃ diagnosis and overtreatment bydifferentiating between in⁃ dolent and potentially aggressive ductal carcinoma insi⁃ tu?[J].Eur Radiol,2020,30(1):514-522

    • [23] GRANA ⁃ LOPEZ L,HERRANZ M,DOMINGUEZ ⁃ PRA⁃ DO I,et al.Dedicated breast PET value to evaluate BI ⁃ RADS 4 breast lesions[J].Eur J Radiol,2018,108:201-207

    • [24] WANG H,MAO X.Evaluation of the efficacy of neoadju⁃ vant chemotherapy for breast cancer[J].Drug Des Devel Ther,2020,14:2423-2433

    • [25] RAUCH G M,ADRADA B E,KUERER H M,et al.Multi⁃ modality imaging for evaluating responseto neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer[J].AJR Am J Roentgen⁃ ol,2017,208(2):290-299

    • [26] BAUMGARTNER A,TAUSCH C,HOSCH S,et al.Ultra⁃ sound⁃based prediction of pathologic response to neoadju⁃ vant chemotherapy inbreast cancer patients[J].Breast,2018,39:19-23

    • [27] ZHANG J,HUANG Y,CHEN J,et al.Potential of combi⁃ nation of DCE ⁃ MRI and DWI with serum CA125 and CA199 inevaluating effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemo⁃ therapy in breast cancer[J].World J Surg Oncol,2021,19(1):284

    • [28] SASADA S,MASUMOTO N,GODA N,et al.Dedicated breast PET for detecting residual disease after neoadju⁃ vantchemotherapy in operable breast cancer:a prospec⁃ tive cohort study[J].Eur J Surg Oncol,2018,44(4):444-448

    • [29] KOYASU H,GOSHIMA S,NODA Y,et al.The feasibility of dedicated breast PET for the assessment of residual tu⁃ morafter neoadjuvant chemotherapy[J].Jpn J Radiol,2019,37(1):81-87

    • [30] TOKUDA Y,YANAGAWA M,FUJITA Y,et al.Predic⁃ tion of pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy inbreast cancer:comparison of diagnostic performances of dedicated breast PET,whole⁃body PET,and dynamic contrast ⁃ enhanced MRI[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat,2021,188(1):107-115

    • [31] 李翠翠,杨琦,王荣福,等.乳腺癌的分子核医学研究进展[J].中国肿瘤临床,2022,49(4):193-196

    • [32] JONES E F,RAY K M,LI W,et al.Initial experience of dedicated breast PET imaging of ER+ breast cancers us⁃ ing[F⁃18]fluoroestradiol[J].Npj Breast Cancer,2019,5:12

    • [33] BACKHAUS P,BURG M C,ROLL W,et al.Simultane⁃ ous FAPI PET/MRI targeting the fibroblast⁃activation pro⁃ tein for breast cancer[J].Radiology,2022,302(1):39-47

    • [34] PABST K M,DECKER T,KERSTING D,et al.The future role of PET imaging in metastatic breast cancer[J].Oncol Res Treat,2022,45(1⁃2):18-25

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SUNG H,FERLAY J,SIEGEL R L,et al.Global cancer statistics 2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortalityworldwide for 36 cancers in 185 Countries[J].Ca Cancer J Clin,2021,71(3):209-249

    • [2] FOWLER A M,STRIGEL R M.Clinical advances in PET⁃ MRI for breast cancer[J].Lancet Oncol,2022,23(1):e32-e43

    • [3] 阳依宏,赵军.PET/MR多参数成像在乳腺癌中的应用进展[J].中华核医学与分子影像杂志,2022,42(8):494-498

    • [4] GARCIA H T,VICEDO G A,FERRER R J,et al.Perfor⁃ mance evaluation of a high resolution dedicated breast PET scanner[J].Med Phys,2016,43(5):2261

    • [5] SATOH Y,KAWAMOTO M,KUBOTA K,et al.Clinical practice guidelines for high ⁃ resolution breast PET,2019 edition[J].Ann Nucl Med,2021,35(3):406-414

    • [6] BOELLAARD R,DELGADO⁃BOLTON R,OYEN W J,et al.FDG PET/CT:EANM procedure guidelines for tu⁃ mourimaging:version 2.0[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imag⁃ ing,2015,42(2):328-354

    • [7] SATOH Y,IMAI M,IKEGAWA C,et al.Image quality evaluation of real low⁃dose breast PET[J].Jpn J Radiol,2022,40(11):1186-1193

    • [8] YUGE S,MIYAKE K K,ISHIMORI T,et al.Reproduc⁃ ibility assessment of uptake on dedicated breast PET for noisediscrimination[J].Ann Nucl Med,2023,37(2):121-130

    • [9] ITAGAKI K,MIYAKE K K,TANOUE M,et al.Feasibili⁃ ty of dedicated breast positron emission tomography im⁃ age denoising using a residual neural network[J].Asia Ocean J Nucl Med Biol,2023,11(2):145-157

    • [10] SASADA S,MASUMOTO N,GODA N,et al.Which type of breast cancers is undetectable on ring ⁃type dedicated breast PET?[J].Clin Imaging,2018,51:186-191

    • [11] HASHIMOTO R,AKASHI⁃TANAKA S,WATANABE C,et al.Diagnostic performance of dedicated breast positron emission tomography[J].Breast Cancer,2022,29(6):1013-1021

    • [12] SHIMIZU Y,SATAKE H,ISHIGAKI S,et al.Physiologi⁃ cal background parenchymal uptake of(18)F ⁃ FDG in normal breast tissuesusing dedicated breast PET:correla⁃ tion with mammographic breast composition,menopausal status,and menstrual cycle[J].Ann Nucl Med,2022,36(8):728-735

    • [13] MIYAKE K K,KATAOKA M,ISHIMORI T,et al.A pro⁃ posed dedicated breast PET lexicon:standardization of de⁃ scription and reporting of radiotracer uptake in the breast[J].Diagnostics(Basel),2021,11(7):1267

    • [14] SASADA S,MASUMOTO N,EMI A,et al.Malignant pre⁃ diction of incidental findings using ring ⁃ type dedicated breastpositron emission tomography[J].Sci Rep,2022,12(1):1144

    • [15] SATOH Y,MOTOSUGI U,OMIYA Y,et al.Unexpected abnormal uptake in the breasts at dedicated breast PET:incidentally detected small cancers or nonmalignant fea⁃ tures?[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol,2019,212(2):443-449

    • [16] SAKAGUCHI R,KATAOKA M,KANAO S,et al.Distri⁃ bution pattern of FDG uptake using ring ⁃type dedicated breast PET incomparison to whole⁃body PET/CT scanning in invasive breast cancer[J].Ann Nucl Med,2019,33(8):570-578

    • [17] SASADA S,KAI A,KIMURA Y,et al.Four patterns of ab⁃ normal ring ⁃ like uptakes on dedicated breast PET[J].Clin Nucl Med,2022,47(2):e192-e193

    • [18] 张建兴.多种影像学方法在中国乳腺癌筛查中的应用[J].实用医学杂志,2017,33(9):1365-1368

    • [19] YUGE S,MIYAKE K K,ISHIMORI T,et al.Performance of dedicated breast PET in breast cancer screening:com⁃ parison withdigital mammography plus digital breast tomo⁃ synthesis and ultrasound[J].Ann Nucl Med,2023,37(9):479-493

    • [20] SASADA S,KIMURA Y,MASUMOTO N,et al.Breast cancer detection by dedicated breast positron emission to⁃ mographyaccording to the World Health Organization classification of breast tumors[J].Eur J Surg Oncol,2021,47(7):1588-1592

    • [21] MASUMOTO N,KADOYA T,SASADA S,et al.Intratu⁃ moral heterogeneity on dedicated breast positron emission tomographypredicts malignancy grade of breast cancer[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat,2018,171(2):315-323

    • [22] GRANA ⁃LOPEZ L,HERRANZ M,DOMINGUEZ ⁃PRA⁃ DO I,et al.Can dedicated breast PET help to reduce over⁃ diagnosis and overtreatment bydifferentiating between in⁃ dolent and potentially aggressive ductal carcinoma insi⁃ tu?[J].Eur Radiol,2020,30(1):514-522

    • [23] GRANA ⁃ LOPEZ L,HERRANZ M,DOMINGUEZ ⁃ PRA⁃ DO I,et al.Dedicated breast PET value to evaluate BI ⁃ RADS 4 breast lesions[J].Eur J Radiol,2018,108:201-207

    • [24] WANG H,MAO X.Evaluation of the efficacy of neoadju⁃ vant chemotherapy for breast cancer[J].Drug Des Devel Ther,2020,14:2423-2433

    • [25] RAUCH G M,ADRADA B E,KUERER H M,et al.Multi⁃ modality imaging for evaluating responseto neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer[J].AJR Am J Roentgen⁃ ol,2017,208(2):290-299

    • [26] BAUMGARTNER A,TAUSCH C,HOSCH S,et al.Ultra⁃ sound⁃based prediction of pathologic response to neoadju⁃ vant chemotherapy inbreast cancer patients[J].Breast,2018,39:19-23

    • [27] ZHANG J,HUANG Y,CHEN J,et al.Potential of combi⁃ nation of DCE ⁃ MRI and DWI with serum CA125 and CA199 inevaluating effectiveness of neoadjuvant chemo⁃ therapy in breast cancer[J].World J Surg Oncol,2021,19(1):284

    • [28] SASADA S,MASUMOTO N,GODA N,et al.Dedicated breast PET for detecting residual disease after neoadju⁃ vantchemotherapy in operable breast cancer:a prospec⁃ tive cohort study[J].Eur J Surg Oncol,2018,44(4):444-448

    • [29] KOYASU H,GOSHIMA S,NODA Y,et al.The feasibility of dedicated breast PET for the assessment of residual tu⁃ morafter neoadjuvant chemotherapy[J].Jpn J Radiol,2019,37(1):81-87

    • [30] TOKUDA Y,YANAGAWA M,FUJITA Y,et al.Predic⁃ tion of pathological complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy inbreast cancer:comparison of diagnostic performances of dedicated breast PET,whole⁃body PET,and dynamic contrast ⁃ enhanced MRI[J].Breast Cancer Res Treat,2021,188(1):107-115

    • [31] 李翠翠,杨琦,王荣福,等.乳腺癌的分子核医学研究进展[J].中国肿瘤临床,2022,49(4):193-196

    • [32] JONES E F,RAY K M,LI W,et al.Initial experience of dedicated breast PET imaging of ER+ breast cancers us⁃ ing[F⁃18]fluoroestradiol[J].Npj Breast Cancer,2019,5:12

    • [33] BACKHAUS P,BURG M C,ROLL W,et al.Simultane⁃ ous FAPI PET/MRI targeting the fibroblast⁃activation pro⁃ tein for breast cancer[J].Radiology,2022,302(1):39-47

    • [34] PABST K M,DECKER T,KERSTING D,et al.The future role of PET imaging in metastatic breast cancer[J].Oncol Res Treat,2022,45(1⁃2):18-25