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通讯作者:

刘锋,E-mail:njliuf@163.cm

中图分类号:R687.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)06-853-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240162

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)术中放置关节腔引流对术后失血以及关节功能恢复的影响。方法:回顾性分析2021年9月—2022年10月在南京医科大学第一附属医院行TKA治疗的终末期膝关节骨性关节炎患者,根据术中是否放置引流分为引流组与非引流组。对比两组患者术后失血情况、膝关节功能恢复指标、术后并发症及随访结果。结果:共纳入患者 147 例,非引流组 53 例,引流组 94 例。与非引流组比较,引流组隐性失血(hidden blood loss,HBL)少 [(906.94±438.41)mL vs.(1262.85±563.46)mL,P < 0.001],但输血率、总失血量差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。非引流组术后 1 d,3 d,5 d 下肢肿胀程度均高于引流组,其中术后 3 d 分别为[(9.31±4.47)% vs.(7.74±3.75)%],差异有统计学意义(P= 0.025)。引流组较非引流组术后主动膝关节活动度明显增加(P < 0.001),术后3 d疼痛程度明显增高(P=0.029),术后瘀斑发生率降低(52.13% vs. 79.25%,P=0.001),但术后深静脉血栓形成(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)发生率差异无统计学意义(P= 0.552)。两组患者术后切口均Ⅰ期甲等愈合,未出现红肿、渗出及脂肪液化等感染情况。引流组引流管未发现引流不畅、持续出血不愈合、引流管脱出甚至断裂等情况。两组患者随访期内均无感染病例,术后1个月、3个月膝关节功能恢复情况与疼痛程度差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。结论:TKA术中放置引流可减少HBL,减轻患者术后早期疼痛及肿胀程度。

    Abstract

    Objective:The use of drains in total knee arthroplasty(TKA)remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the effects of intra-articular drainage on blood loss and joint function recovery in TKA. Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients with end-stage knee osteoarthritis who underwent TKA at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from September 2021 to October 2022. Patients were divided into a drainage group and a non-drainage group according to whether drains were placed intraoperatively. Postoperative blood loss,knee joint functional recovery index,postoperative complications,and follow-up results were compared between the two groups. Results:A total of 147 patients were included,with 53 cases in the non-drainage group and 94 cases in the drainage group. Compared to the non-drainage group,the drainage group had significantly less hidden blood loss (HBL)[(906.94±438.41)mL vs.(1262.85±563.46)mL,P < 0.001],but there was no significant difference in transfusion rate or total blood loss(P > 0.05). The degree of lower limb swelling in the non- drainage group was higher than that in the drainage group at postoperative day 1,3,and 5,with significant differences noted at postoperative day 3[(9.31±4.47)% vs.(7.74±3.75)%,P=0.025]. The drainage group showed a significant increase in postoperative range of motion(ROM)of the knee joint compared to the nondrainage group(P < 0.001),along with a significant increase in postoperative pain at day 3(P=0.029)and a decrease in postoperative ecchymosis rate(52.13% vs. 79.25% ,P=0.001). However,there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of postoperative deep venous thrombosis(DVT)between the two groups(P=0.552). Both groups achieved primary healing of the incision without signs of infection such as redness,discharge,or liquefaction of fat. No cases of drainage obstruction,continuous bleeding at the drainage site,or dislocation or rupture of the drainage tube were observed in the drainage group. There were no cases of infection during the follow-up period in either group,and there were no significant differences in knee joint function recovery and pain level at 1 and 3 months postoperatively(P > 0.05). Conclusion:Intra - articular drainage in TKA can reduce HBL and alleviate early postoperative pain and swelling.

  • 全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA) 作为目前治疗终末期膝关节骨关节炎(knee osteoar⁃ thritis,KOA)的一项外科技术,其缓解疼痛、改善膝关节活动功能的疗效已得到广泛认可[1]。然而,作为创伤性较大的开放性骨科手术,TKA术中需去除大量的骨质,对软组织进行一定程度的剥离松解,所带来的失血问题值得关注。目前大多 TKA 中常规使用止血带,术中出血较少,失血主要出现在术后[2-3]。术中是否放置关节腔引流一直存在争议。

  • 有学者研究认为,放置引流可减少切口软组织张力,减少切口血肿形成,有利于切口愈合[4]。但放置引流使得原本封闭的关节腔与外界相通,有导致关节置换术后逆行感染的可能[5]。也有学者认为术后不放置引流亦有优点,无引流管束缚可以帮助患者早期功能锻炼,更好地改善患者术后关节活动度等功能恢复[6-7]。然而,有学者认为不放置引流可能导致术后关节腔内血液瘀滞过多,致使血肿更易形成,从而增高关节腔内局部压力,阻碍淋巴及静脉回流,进一步加重失血,增加隐性失血(hidden blood loss,HBL)[8-9]。同时,HBL 的增加导致患肢术后肿胀程度以及疼痛加重,降低患者满意度[10]。故目前针对TKA术后是否放置引流缺乏统一意见。

  • 本研究回顾性分析2021年9月—2022年10月南京医科大学第一附属医院因KOA接受单侧TKA 患者,根据术中是否放置引流将患者分为引流组与非引流组,比较患者术后HBL 情况、疼痛以及患肢肿胀程度、膝关节功能恢复情况。为TKA术中引流的放置与否提供理论依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 共纳入2021年9月—2022年10月南京医科大学第一附属医院因 KOA 接受单侧 TKA 患者 147 例。根据术中是否放置引流将患者分为引流组(94 例)和非引流组(53例)。纳入标准[11]:①经临床病史、影像学资料、血清学资料诊断明确的原发性 KOA者;②初次接受单侧TKA者。排除标准:①因类风湿关节炎、痛风性关节炎或强制性脊柱炎等血清学阳性的炎症性关节炎者;②人工关节翻修、双侧TKA者;③凝血功能障碍者;④患有严重冠心病、高血压者;⑤临床资料不全者;⑥主动退出者。

  • 本研究经南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准(2022⁃SR⁃666),所有患者或家属均签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 手术方法

  • 所有 TKA 手术均由同一位关节外科高年资主任医师及其团队完成,手术均采取全身麻醉方式,平卧位,术侧下肢近端采用同一款气囊止血带加压止血,压力为280~300 mmHg,手术全程行止血带加压止血,中途不松开止血带。手术时间控制在1.0~1.5 h完成。手术均采取膝关节前正中切口,由髌骨内侧切开关节囊显露,常规切除滑膜以及部分髌下脂肪垫,视术中软组织平衡情况做软组织松解。股骨远端髓内定位,外翻(5°~7°)截骨,开髓孔均用骨蜡封闭,胫骨平台行髓外定位,后倾(3°~5°)截骨,截骨完成后经测量后选择合适大小假体试模,确保膝关节伸直、关节稳定、下肢力线处于中立位,使用同种骨水泥行假体固定。所有手术均未行髌骨置换,咬骨钳修整髌骨并使用电刀烧灼髌骨边缘去神经化,确保良好的髌骨轨迹。引流组需放置引流,于切口上外侧切开0.5 cm左右作为引流口,使用血管钳夹出引流管,引流口处打结固定,引流管放置于膝关节外侧沟内。缝合关节囊,逐层关闭切口,夹闭引流4 h后打开;非引流组不放置引流,手术医师与术中操作均与放置引流组一致。

  • 1.2.2 术后管理

  • 两组术后均采用棉垫、弹力绷带加压包扎方式,24 h内拔除引流,解除加压。术后 48 h 内静滴头孢呋辛钠预防关节感染。术后每天补液量控制在1 500 mL以内,防止血液过度稀释。两组患者术后第 1天开始均在康复医师同样的康复指导下开始康复训练如主被动屈伸、踝泵训练、股四头肌等长训练等,直至出院当天。鼓励患者早期下地活动。术后每日均肌肉注射低分子肝素4 000 U 1次[12],直至患者出院。

  • 1.2.3 观察指标

  • 记录两组患者身高、体重、置换前后血红蛋白 (hemoglobin,Hb)与红细胞压积值(hematocrit, HCT)。经Gross方程[13] 计算,患者失血总量=血容量× (置换前HCT-置换后HCT)/HCT平均值。其中HCT 平均值为患者术后最低HCT与术前HCT的平均值。患者血容量(patient blood volume,PBV)计算公式(依据 Nadler 公式[14]):男性 PBV=0.366 9×身高(m)3 + 0.032 19×体重(kg)+0.604 1;女性 PBV=0.356 1×身高(m)3 +0.033 08×体重(kg)+0.183 3。总失血量=显性失血(visible blood loss,VBL)+HBL-引流回输血量。由此公式可得HBL=总失血量-VBL+引流回输血量。其中 VBL 含量包含术中失血量和术后引流量。本研究中所有手术每台均冲洗完 3 000 mL 生理盐水,故术中出血量以冲洗后引流瓶中液体量减去冲洗量,引流回输血量即输血量,本研究中受试者围术期间Hb ≤80 g/L,行输注悬浮红细胞治疗,平均每次输血200 mL。

  • 观察并记录患者围术期间下肢肿胀程度,定位术侧下肢股骨大转子与股骨远端外侧髁连线中点,并记录术后1、3、5天该点大腿周径(cm),肿胀程度 =(术后周径长度-术前周径长度)/术前周径长度× 100%,取3位有效数字。观察并记录患者术后1、3、 5 d主动膝关节活动度(range of motion,ROM)、疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS),术前膝关节特种外科医院评分(hospital for special surgery knee score,HSS)。所有临床数据均由同一位医生测量并记录。VAS评分采用数字量表,0分表示无痛;1~3分,轻度疼痛;4~6分,中度疼痛,尚能忍受,影响睡眠;7~9分,重度疼痛,不能忍受,难以入睡;10分为剧烈疼痛,被动体位。观察并记录术后患者深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis,DVT)、切口感染、瘀斑发生率。观察引流组患者引流管并发症,如引流管引流不畅、引流口持续出血不愈合、引流管脱出、引流管不能拔除断裂情况。

  • 1.2.4 随访

  • 患者术后1个月、3个月至门诊进行随访。观察并记录患者VAS评分,膝关节HSS功能评分。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用 SPSS 27.0 统计学软件(IBM 公司,美国),正态分布的计量资料以均数标准差(x-±s)表示,两组比较采用独立样本t检验。非正态分布计量资料以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,两组比较采用Mann⁃Whitney U检验。计数资料以例数(百分比)[n(%)]表示,组间比较采用χ2 检验。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 基线资料比较

  • 两组患者性别、年龄、身高、体重、BMI、止血带时间、术前Hb和HCT,基线资料比较差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表1)。

  • 2.2 失血及输血情况比较

  • 比较两组患者血容量、总失血量、术中失血及输血情况,两组差异无统计学意义(P >0.05);两组 VBL比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.001);非引流组 HBL少于引流组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05,表2)。

  • 2.3 术后下肢肿胀程度比较

  • 两组患者术后下肢较术前均有肿胀,且非引流组肿胀程度大于引流组。术后第1 天,两组患者下肢肿胀程度差异无统计学意义(P=0.542)。术后第3 天,两组患者肿胀程度较术后第1天增加,非引流组肿胀程度大于引流组,且差异有统计学意义(P= 0.025)。术后第 5 天,两组患者肿胀程度均较前减少,非引流组患者肿胀程度仍大于引流组,但差异无统计学意义(P=0.077,表3)。

  • 表1 两组患者基线资料对比

  • Table1 Comparison for the baseline characteristics among two groups of patients

  • BMI:body mass index;Hb:hemoglobin;HCT:hematocrit.

  • 表2 两组患者术后失血与输血情况对比

  • Table2 Comparison of blood loss after surgery and transfusion rate among two groups of patients

  • PBV:patient blood volume;TBL:total blood loss;HBL:hidden blood loss.

  • 表3 两组患者术后下肢肿胀程度对比

  • Table3 Comparison of the degree of postoperative swell⁃ ing of the lower limbs among two groups of pa⁃tients

  • 2.4 术后同样康复指导下ROM对比

  • 两组患者术前ROM 对比,非引流组100(° 90°, 115°),引流组110(° 95°,120°),差异无统计学意义 (P=0.093)。术后第 1 天,引流组患者 ROM 较非引流组增加,差异有统计学意义(P <0.001);术后第 3天,两组患者ROM均较术后第1天增加,且引流组患者 ROM 大于非引流组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.001);术后第5天,两组患者ROM均较术后第3天增加,且引流组患者ROM仍大于非引流组患者,差异有统计学意义(P <0.001,表4)。

  • 2.5 术后VAS评分和HSS评分对比

  • 两组患者术前VAS评分差异无统计学意义(P= 0.101)。术后VAS评分均低于术前,且引流组VAS评分低于非引流组。术后第3天,两组VAS评分之间差异有统计学意义(P=0.029)。两组患者术后经随访显示,HSS评分较术前均有增加,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P >0.05),VAS疼痛功能评分较术前均有减少,且呈下降趋势,两组之间对比差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表5)。

  • 2.6 术后DVT及瘀斑对比

  • 非引流组和引流组术后 DVT 发生率分别为 39.62%、44.68%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.552);瘀斑发生率分别为79.25%、52.13%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001,表6)。

  • 2.7 切口情况及引流管并发症对比

  • 两组患者手术切口均Ⅰ期甲等愈合,无红肿、渗出等切口感染情况,无脂肪液化,术后2周左右切口缝线均自动脱落,所有患者未出现感染及疑似感染情况。所有引流组患者引流管均管理良好,无引流管引流不畅、引流管脱落、引流管拔除困难甚至断裂情况。所有引流口均Ⅰ期愈合,未出现红肿、渗出及脂肪液化,无持续出血致引流口不愈合情况,无引流口补针情况。

  • 3 讨论

  • TKA 作为目前治疗重度KOA的有效治疗手段,可以显著减轻疼痛和改善膝关节功能[15]。然而膝关节因其复杂的结构,丰富的血运机制[16],以及 TKA术中大量截骨及必要的软组织松解,即使目前常规术中应用止血带,但经观察发现术后患者的Hb及HCT均会出现明显下降。究其原因,与术中关节囊密闭功能丧失使得丢失的血液在骨组织及软组织间隙中游走,以及术后大量出血使得术后血液积蓄于关节间隙内密不可分。这类未流出体外的出血称为HBL。Anderson等[17] 使用放射性同位素标记红细胞方法,发现术后大量红细胞游离于细胞间隙内,减少体循环内红细胞数量,致使 Hb 进一步下降,从而证实这一猜想。HBL的逐步增加一定程度上影响患者术后肢体肿胀情况、皮下瘀斑发生率,甚至大量积血后的血肿机化可成为关节功能恢复的严重障碍[18]。同时,HBL也是造成体内有效血容量不足的原因之一,Tille 等[19] 提出 TKA 导致的总失血中 HBL可占50%,对患者病情恢复造成负面影响。接受 TKA患者多数为中老年人,通常既往病史复杂,贫血问题更应重视。因而TKA的HBL值得重视。

  • 表4 两组患者术后ROM对比

  • Table4 Comparison of postoperative ROM among two groups of patients

  • 表5 两组患者术后VAS、HSS对比

  • Table5 Comparison of postoperative VAS and HSS among two groups of patients

  • 表6 两组患者术后DVT及瘀斑发生率对比

  • Table6 Comparison of postoperative occurance of DVT and ecchymosis among two groups of patients

  • 本研究观察了 TBL、VBL、HBL 等指标,发现两组患者在 TBL 上差异无统计学意义,非引流组的 HBL 较引流组显著增加,差异有统计学意义,考虑与关节腔内积血无法引出从而在组织间隙内游走有关,而放置引流可将部分积血引出体外成为 VBL,一定程度上减轻了HBL。有研究表明放置引流可能与术后输血率上升有关,与术后总失血量、 Hb下降程度并无明显关联,然而不放置引流患者会加重围术期HBL的丢失[20-21]。同时,还有研究表明 TKA后放置引流并不会造成失血量大幅增加,反而能够减轻膝关节局部压力,减轻患者围术期间疼痛,并取得相应临床疗效[22]

  • 本研究所有患者手术切口、引流口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染或疑似感染情况发生。有学者认为放置引流时使原本封闭的关节腔与外界相通,引流口成为细菌入侵的门户,增加了感染几率,因此不推荐放置引流。Albasha等[23] 发现术后24 h内拔出的引流管尖端细菌培养均为阴性。周启云等[24] 对患者2 个月内切口并发症研究,放引流患者虽有3例切口出现丹毒或切口红肿的情况,但差异无统计学意义,其认为放置引流对早期膝关节置换术后切口并发症发生率并无明显影响。Li 等[25] 在研究中发现在一期双侧 TKA 中放置引流与不放置引流组的伤口并发症发生率差异并无统计学意义。本研究中两组患者在围术期间及术后随访过程中,未发现患者出现切口红肿、疼痛甚至化脓等伤口并发症。

  • 本研究中非引流组在术后第3天的疼痛评分及关节肿胀程度均高于引流组,且有统计学意义,可能与HBL增加有关。Zhang等[26] 研究发现部分HBL 在挤压驱血进入关节腔和组织间隙内,加重患肢疼痛及肿胀程度,降低患者术后满意度。马瑞等[27] 研究发现,HBL 较多的患者的疼痛及肿胀程度更严重,远期效果无明显差异。本研究结果显示,非引流组患者HBL较引流组患者增多,其术后短时间内的VAS评分及患肢肿胀率要高于引流组,而在远期随访下,两组之间的 VAS 分并没有显著差距,同样佐证了相应观点。

  • TKA 术后关节活动度和关节功能恢复至关重要,是衡量TKA手术满意度的重要指标。本研究中引流组患者在术后 1、3、5 天的膝关节主动 ROM 均高于非引流组,并且差异有统计学意义。在术后1、 3 个月随访中,两组患者 HSS 膝关节功能评分差异无统计学意义,可能是HBL的减少减轻了患者疼痛及肿胀程度,短期内有利于关节活动度的提升。 Zhao等[28] 研究发现在HBL较少的情况下,ROM等关节功能恢复的情况较失血量多者更好。提示术后放置引流管在患者术后早期可以有效减少术后疼痛及关节肿胀,提高术后关节活动度的早期较好的临床效果,加快患者的康复进程,提高患者满意度。

  • TKA 术后出现的 DVT 及皮下瘀斑情况仍是关注要点。在本研究中,引流组术后瘀斑发生率较非引流组低且差异有统计学意义;两组之间下肢血栓发生率相近,差异无统计学意义,考虑与HBL 增加有关,Wainwright 等[29] 研究发现TKA 手术会造成膝关节周围血管损伤,而血液可通过大量破损血管直接进入膝关节周围组织内,进而引起手术区域瘀斑。冯志军等[7] 研究发现是否放置引流对于患肢 DVT发生率并无明显影响,同时认为皮下瘀斑的产生可能与HBL的丢失密不可分。

  • 放置引流需注意以下事项:首先,放置引流的位置可位于膝关节外上方,此处软组织较薄,对于血管神经损伤较小,也是常用的膝关节穿刺点。其次,对于引流口大小及缝合,为避免引流口过大,可用手术刀尖切出0.5 cm左右的切口,再穿出引流管,可使引流管与引流口相贴较紧密,减少术后引流口持续出血不愈合的情况;同时,固定引流管应注意打结紧致,以防出现引流管滑脱等并发症;最后,在术后数小时可考虑暂时夹闭引流,血液积聚在关节腔内形成高压状态,压迫出血的微小血管,从而达到减少出血的目的[30-31],即填塞效应,之后放开引流使积蓄过多的血液流出,避免降低有效循环血量同时加重患者肿胀疼痛的情况,影响术后康复;值得注意的是,引流管应早期拔除,既往研究表明,置管时间超过24 h会增加术后感染机会[32-33]。Indelli等[34] 在对外科医生预防假体周围关节感染中发现大部分选择放置引流的医生会将引流时间控制在24 h内。

  • 综上所述,本研究发现,TKA 术中放置引流管可减少患者围手术期间 HBL,提高早期关节活动度,减轻围手术期间疼痛、下肢肿胀程度、下肢瘀斑发生情况,加速患者康复进程。但在远期功能恢复及疼痛上,放置引流并无明显优势。本研究为回顾性研究,不可避免地存在研究者的主观偏倚、样本量较少、随访时间较短等缺陷,有待后续进一步行多中心、大样本的前瞻性研究。

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