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通讯作者:

张倩,E-mail:qianzhang@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R562.25

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)06-860-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN230778

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:评估外周血microRNA(miR)-21、血浆聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶1[poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1,PARP-1] 在过敏性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)和过敏性鼻炎-哮喘综合征(combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome,CARAS)中的诊断价值。方法:收集44例CARAS患者、31例AR患者和42例健康对照的外周血,采用RT-qPCR法检测外周血中miR-21的表达水平,采用ELISA法检测血浆中PARP-1蛋白水平。应用Pearson进行相关性分析。受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteris- tic,ROC)曲线判断miR-21和PARP-1的诊断灵敏度与特异度。结果:CARAS 组患者外周血miR-21的表达较健康对照组升高。AR组患者血浆 PARP-1的水平较CARAS组和健康对照组升高。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,外周血miR-21的表达水平在AR患者中与嗜酸性粒细胞计数相关,在CARAS患者中与鼻呼出气一氧化氮(fractional nasal nitric oxide,FnNO)水平相关;血浆 PARP-1在AR患者中与1秒钟用力呼气量占预计值百分比(forced expiratory volume in one second percent predicted,FEV1%pred)相关,在CARAS患者中与FEV1%pred及1秒钟用力呼气量(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)/用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)(FEV1/FVC)相关。ROC曲线分析显示,外周血miR-21 作为 CARAS 的诊断标志物时,灵敏度为 51.35%,特异度为 80.95%。血浆 PARP-1 作为 AR 的诊断标志物时,灵敏度为 90.32%,特异度为 54.76%。血浆PARP-1作为AR进展为 CARAS的诊断标志物时,灵敏度为 45.45%,特异度为 90.32%。结论:AR和CARAS患者外周血miR-21、PARP-1存在差异表达,外周血miR-21可作为CARAS的诊断标志物,PARP-1可作为AR的诊断标志物及AR进展为CARAS的生物标志物。这对寻求AR和CARAS的诊治靶点有十分重要的价值。

    Abstract

    Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic value of peripheral blood microRNA(miR)-21 and plasma poly(ADP - ribose) polymerase-1(PARP-1)in allergic rhinitis(AR)and combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome(CARAS). Methods:Peripheral blood samples were collected from 44 CARAS patients,31 AR patients,and 42 healthy controls. The expression levels of miR-21 in peripheral blood were detected by RT-qPCR,and the plasma levels of PARP-1 protein were measured by ELISA. Correlation analysis was performed by rearson correlation analysis. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of miR- 21 and PARP-1 were determined by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve. Results:The expression of peripheral blood miR - 21 was high in CARAS patients compared with healthy controls. The level of PARP - 1 was higher in AR patients than that in CARAS patients and healthy controls. Pearson correlation analysis showed that the expiression of miR - 21 was correlated with eosinophils count in AR patients and with fractional nasal nitric oxide(FnNO)in CARAS patients. The plasma level of PARP-1 was correlated with forced expiratory volume in one second percent predicted(FEV1%pred)in CARAS patients and with FEV1%pred and forced expiratory volume in one second(FEV1)/forced vital capacity(FVC)(FEV1/FVC)in CARAS patients. ROC curve analysis showed that when peripheral blood miR-21 was used as a diagnostic marker for CARAS,the sensitivity was 51.35% and the specificity was 80.95%. When the plasma PARP -1 was used as a diagnostic marker for AR,the sensitivity was 90.32% and the specificity was 54.76%. When the plasma PARP-1 was used as a diagnostic marker for the progression from AR to CARAS,the sensitivity was 45.45% and the specificity was 90.32% . Conclusion:There are differential expressions of miR -21 and PARP -1 in peripheral blood of patients with AR and CARAS. the peripheral bolld miR -21 can serve as a diagnostic biomarker for CARAS,while the plasma PARP-1 can serve as a diagnostic biomarker for AR and as a biomarker for the progression from AR to CARAS. This has significant value in identifying diagnostic and therapeutic targets for AR and CARAS.

  • 哮喘是一种慢性炎症性气道疾病,以气道高反应性和可逆性气流受限为特征。哮喘的发病机制尚未完全阐明,但由呼吸道免疫失衡引起的气道炎症已被广泛认可。临床表现为反复出现咳嗽、喘息、胸闷气促等呼吸道症状[1]。哮喘的病理生理机制很复杂。支气管收缩增加了哮喘患者呼吸时的呼气流速限制[2]。此外,哮喘患者过多的黏液阻塞呼吸道也会引发致命性哮喘[3-4]。过敏性鼻炎(allergic rhinitis,AR)以上呼吸道炎症为特征,它与支气管哮喘具有相似的病因和发生机制,并且两者的免疫反应是交叉的。哮喘和鼻炎在不同程度上共存,鼻炎和哮喘之间的关系已有流行病学研究证实,哮喘通常伴随着鼻炎的进程而发生[5-6]。 AR是哮喘的一个预测因素[7-8]。此外,那些患有AR 的非哮喘患者比那些没有AR的患者更容易患上哮喘[9-10]。因此,有必要寻找AR和过敏性鼻炎⁃哮喘综合征(combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome, CARAS)的早期诊断标志物。

  • 目前单独对上、下气道疾病的研究较多,但很少有对上下气道共同发病的探索。笔者课题组先前的研究通过高通量测序和生物信息学分析发现聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶⁃[1 poly(ADP⁃ribose)polymerase⁃1, PARP⁃1]作为 microRNA(miR)⁃21 的下游靶基因可能参与了CARAS的发生和发展[11]。microRNA是一类由约22个核苷酸组成的内源性非编码RNA,在炎症免疫、血管生成及组织生长分化等方面具有调控作用[12]。已有大量研究表明miR⁃21是一种原癌基因,主要与癌症的发生发展密切相关。但最近研究发现,miR⁃21与哮喘有着密切的关系,miR⁃21可以通过激活 PI3K/AKT 信号通路,降低 10 号染色体缺失的磷酸酶和张力蛋白同源物的表达水平,从而促进人气道平滑肌细胞的增殖和迁移[13]。PARP⁃1属于PARP家族,在细胞存活和DNA损伤修复中起重要作用。它在免疫细胞募集、哮喘相关细胞因子的调节以及哮喘发展过程中的呼吸道重塑中发挥重要作用[14-15]。PARP⁃1作为miR⁃21的下游靶基因,可能参与了CARAS的发生和发展。

  • 本研究通过检测CARAS 患者、AR患者和健康对照者外周血中 miR⁃21 和血浆 PARP⁃1 的差异表达,探讨它们作为AR和CARAS早期诊断生物标志物的意义,评估它们与AR患者和CARAS患者临床指标间的关联。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究纳入常州市第二人民医院呼吸与危重症医学科2020年12月—2021年12月共计117例志愿者,年龄为18~70岁,其中CARAS患者44例,AR患者 31例以及健康对照42例。AR诊断标准及严重程度分类参照中国AR诊治指南[16],根据患者过敏病史、临床表现以及与其一致的过敏原检测结果而作出诊断。根据指南,AR症状轻微、对生活质量(睡眠、日常生活、工作和学习)无明显影响为轻度;症状较重或严重,对生活质量产生明显影响为中⁃重度。本研究排除中⁃重度AR患者,纳入轻度AR患者,同时这些AR 患者的病程均在10年以上。哮喘诊断根据我国2020 版支气管哮喘防治指南[17],同时符合AR和哮喘的诊断标准即可诊断CARAS。正常对照组无AR和哮喘病史,无其他过敏性疾病、肺部疾病及免疫系统疾病。CARAS患者为未使用药物治疗的初诊患者。如果参与者患有支气管扩张、肺结核、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、血液系统疾病、恶性肿瘤或其他混杂因素,则排除在外。在临床就诊时,测量参与者的身高、体重、肺功能、血常规,记录血常规中的嗜酸性粒细胞(eosino⁃ phils,EOS)计数进行后续分析,并采集外周血。本研究获得常州市第二人民医院伦理委员会的批准([2020]KY213⁃01),所有参与者均签署知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 采集血液样本

  • 患者和健康者的静脉外周血使用EDTA抗凝管收集,共采集10 mL外周血,其中5 mL离心机3 000 r/min 离心10 min,分离血浆,使用ELISA试剂盒检测PARP⁃1 蛋白水平;另留存 5 mL 全血用于 RT ⁃qPCR 测定 miR⁃21 的 mRNA 表达水平。所有血液样本均储存于-80℃。

  • 1.2.2 ELISA测定

  • 根据制造商的说明,使用 ELISA 试剂盒(上海科兴公司)测量血浆样品中 PARP⁃1 的总浓度。在 450 nm处获得标准品和样品的吸光度值,并比较为每种测定构建的标准曲线。

  • 1.2.3 RT⁃qPCR检测

  • 总 RNA 的提取使用全血总 RNA 提取试剂盒 (北京汇天东方公司),根据说明书的步骤进行实验。提取总RNA后进行浓度及纯度的检测。本研究使用第一链cDNA合成试剂盒(南京诺唯赞公司) 合成第一链互补 DNA。使用 AceQ qPCR SYBR Green Master Mix(南京诺唯赞公司)进行RT⁃qPCR,以评估RNA表达的程度。采用2-ΔΔCT法对结果进行相对定量分析。引物由苏州吉玛公司提供。引物序列如下:miR⁃21(sense,5′⁃TCGCCCGTAGCTTAT⁃ CAGACT ⁃ 3′;antisense,5′ ⁃ TCGCCCGTAGCTTAT⁃ CAGACTA ⁃ 3′);PARP ⁃ 1(sense,5′ ⁃ CCCCACGAC ⁃ TTTGGGATGAA ⁃3′;antisense,5′ ⁃AGACTGTAGGC⁃ CACCTCGAT ⁃3′);β⁃actin(sense,5′ ⁃CGTGGACAT ⁃ CCGCAAAGA⁃3′;antisense,5′⁃GAAGG⁃TGGACAGC⁃ GAGGC⁃3ʹ)。

  • 1.2.4 肺功能的测定

  • 根据2019年肺活量测定标准[18] 进行肺功能检查。肺活量仪器(Jaeger公司,德国)用于记录患者坐位的肺功能测试结果。在整个测试过程中持续观察体积和流量曲线。测量用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)、1 秒钟用力呼气量(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)和FEV1/FVC以及其他肺功能测试参数并计算预期值。记录3次适当的测量,最高值被认为是基值,FVC和FEV1的最佳值和次佳值之间的差异 <0.10 L。

  • 1.2.5 呼出气一氧化氮(fractional exhaled nitric ox⁃ ide,FeNO)和鼻呼气一氧化氮(fractional nasal nitric oxide,FnNO)测定

  • 所有受试者均在专人指导下使用一氧化氮(ni⁃tric oxide,NO)分析仪(无锡尚沃公司)进行FeNO和 FnNO测定。FeNO测定:利用过滤器吸气2~3 s达肺总量,然后以50 mL/s的呼气流速缓慢呼气,使呼出气到达一个稳定的平台期。FnNO测定:将1个带有中央管腔的鼻呼头堵住一侧鼻孔,并连接导管抽吸鼻腔内气体,流速维持在5 mL/s,测试过程中受试者持续吹口哨保证腭咽闭合。采样完成后仪器自动显示测量数值。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 统计软件 SPSS21.0 用于统计分析,图像由 GraphPad Prism7绘制。采用Kolmogorov⁃Smirnov 检验测量数据的正态性。符合正态分布的测量数据表示为均数±标准差(x-±s),多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,并进行LSD多重t检验;不符合正态分布的测量数据用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,多组间比较采用K⁃W检验,Bonfferoni法进行事后多重比较。分类变量数据表示为比值,使用χ2 检验对二分类变量进行分析。采用Pearson相关分析(正态分布数据)进行相关性分析。采用受试者工作特征 (receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线确定诊断的灵敏度和特异度,曲线下面积(area under curve, AUC)评价miR⁃21和PARP⁃1诊断AR或CARAS的准确度。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 研究对象的临床特征

  • 44例CARAS患者、31例AR患者和42例健康志愿者性别、年龄、吸烟史、FnNO水平差异无统计学意义。与健康对照组相比,AR和CARAS患者过敏史差异有统计学意义,且AR组和CARAS组EOS计数较高。CARAS组1秒钟用力呼气量占预计值百分比 (forced expiratory volume in one sec percent predicted, FEV1%pred)和FEV1/FVC与健康对照组和AR组相比均较高,FeNO 水平与健康对照组和 AR 组相比均较高。研究对象的临床特征见表1。

  • 2.2 CARAS患者、AR患者与健康对照组的外周血 miR⁃21和血浆PARP⁃1的表达水平

  • RT⁃qPCR结果显示,与健康对照组相比,外周血 miR⁃21表达在CARAS 组患者中明显升高,差异有统计学意义,此外,AR 组和健康对照组、AR 组和 CARAS 组的 miR⁃21 表达水平差异无统计学意义 (图1A)。ELISA结果显示,AR组患者中PARP⁃1 的水平较 CARAS 组和健康对照组升高,差异有统计学意义(图1B),健康对照组和CARAS 组的差异无统计学意义。

  • 2.3 外周血miR⁃21作为AR和CARAS生物标志物的诊断价值

  • 本研究对健康对照组和CARAS组做ROC曲线分析评估外周血miR⁃21作为CARAS诊断标志物的价值,当界值为1.192时,灵敏度为51.35%,特异度为 80.95%,AUC 为 0.692(95% CI:0.576~0.809,P= 0.003),此指标作为 CARAS 生物标志物的诊断价值最佳(图2)。

  • 2.4 血浆PARP⁃1作为AR和CARAS生物标志物的诊断价值

  • 对健康对照组和AR组做ROC 曲线分析,评估血浆PARP⁃1作为AR生物标志物的诊断价值,当界值为0.344时,灵敏度为90.32%,特异度为54.76%, AUC 为 0.674(95%CI:0.548~0.799,P=0.012),此指标作为AR生物标志物的诊断价值最佳(图3A)。对 AR 组和 CARAS 组进行 ROC 曲线分析,评估血浆 PARP⁃1作为预测AR进展为CARAS的诊断价值,当界值为0.346时,PARP⁃1作为生物标志物的灵敏度为45.45%,特异度为90.32%,AUC为0.706(95%CI: 0.590~0.822,P=0.003),此指标作为 AR 进展为 CARAS的生物标志物时价值最佳(图3B)。

  • 2.5 外周血 miR⁃21、血浆 PARP⁃1 的表达与 AR 和 CARAS患者临床指标的相关性

  • 外周血 miR⁃21、血浆 PARP⁃1 的表达与 AR 和 CARAS 患者临床指标的相关性见表2。外周血 miR⁃21 的表达水平在AR中与EOS计数呈正相关,而与 FeNO 水平、FnNO 水平、FEV1%pred和 FEV1/FVC 无明显相关。血浆 PARP⁃1 的表达水平在 AR 中与 FEV1%pred呈正相关,而与EOS计数、FeNO水平、FnNO 水平和FEV1/FVC无明显相关性。外周血miR⁃21表达水平在CARAS中与FnNO水平呈正相关,而与EOS 计数、FeNO 水平、FEV1%pred和 FEV1/FVC 无明显相关。血浆PARP⁃1表达水平在CARAS中与FEV1%pred及 FEV1/FVC 呈正相关性,而与 EOS 计数、FeNO 水平、FnNO水平无明显相关。

  • 表1 研究对象临床特征

  • Table1 Clinical characteristics of subjects

  • Compared with the healthy control group,* P <0.05. FEV1%pred:forced expiratory volume in one second percent predicted;FEV1:forced expiratory volume in one second;FVC:forced vital capacity;EOS:eosinophils;FeNO:fractional exhaled nitric oxide;FnNO:fractional nasal nitric oxide.

  • 图1 各组外周血miR⁃21(A)和血浆中PARP⁃(1 B)的表达水平

  • Figure1 Expression levels of miR⁃21 in peripheral blood(A)and PARP⁃1 in plasma(B)of each group

  • 图2 外周血miR⁃21作为CARAS生物标志物的ROC曲线分析

  • Figure2 ROC curve analysis of peripheral blood miR⁃21 as a biomarker of CARAS

  • 3 讨论

  • AR 与哮喘在发病机理、共存概念和相似性等方面表现出密切的联系。80%的哮喘患者有AR史,而 60%的 AR 最终会进展成为哮喘[19-20]。目前 CARAS的诊断主要参照AR和哮喘的诊断标准,尚无CARAS相关诊断生物标志物的报道。本研究检测了 AR 和 CARAS 患者外周血中 miR⁃21、PARP⁃1 的表达水平,发现 CARAS 患者中 miR⁃21 的表达较健康对照组升高,而 AR 患者中 PARP⁃1 的水平较 CARAS组和健康对照组升高。

  • 图3 血浆PARP⁃1作为AR(A)和CARAS(B)生物标志物的ROC曲线分析

  • Figure3 ROC curve analysis of plasma PARP⁃1 as a biomarker for AR(A)and CARAS(B)

  • 表2 外周血miR⁃21和血浆PARP⁃1的表达与患者临床指标的相关性

  • Table2 Correlation between the expression levels of peripheral miR⁃21 and plasma PARP⁃1 with clinical indicators in pa⁃ tients

  • 目前对上、下气道疾病中miRNA的研究越来越多,但联合上、下气道的 miRNA 的研究却很少。 Panganiban 等[21] 发现 30 个 miRNA 在健康、AR 和哮喘受试者中存在差异表达,其中 miR⁃26b、miR⁃29、 miR⁃133a、miR⁃133b、miR⁃330⁃5p、miR⁃144、miR⁃145、 miR⁃422、miR⁃1248 和 miR⁃1291 在 AR 和哮喘患者中出现一致程度的表达失调。此外,程慧雯等[22] 表明miRNA⁃133b可能通过抑制TLR2⁃NLRP3信号通路改善CARAS小鼠的气道炎症。也有研究报道了 miR⁃21和PARP⁃1在哮喘发生中的作用[1323-25]。本课题组前期研究发现 miR⁃21 通过 PARP⁃1/AMPK/ mTOR信号通路调节人气道平滑肌细胞的自噬,从而调控细胞增殖和凋亡[26]。此外,miR⁃21通过靶向 PARP⁃1,激活PI3K/AKT信号通路,进而促进人支气管上皮细胞的细胞迁移和上皮间质转化[27]。但是, miR⁃21、PARP⁃1 是否参与 CARAS 的疾病过程仍不清楚,笔者课题组前期的研究通过 RNA 测序分析了 CARAS 中基因表达特征的转录调控,其中, miR⁃21 对PARP⁃1转录修饰调控与CARAS的发生有关,PARP⁃1作为miR⁃21的下游靶基因,可能参与了 CARAS的发生和发展[11]。本研究进一步验证了AR 和CARAS患者外周血中miR⁃21、PARP⁃1的表达水平,探索了它们的诊断价值及其与临床特征的相关性。探索miR⁃21、PARP⁃1在CARAS中的作用和机制将成为下一步研究的目标,这对于发现CARAS新的治疗靶点有着重要意义。

  • 有研究报道哮喘患儿血浆 miR ⁃21 水平上调, miR⁃21 是比其他 miRNA 更灵敏的哮喘生物标志物[28],这与本研究结果一致。既往研究证实,转化生长因子⁃β1通过smad2/3信号通路介导miR⁃21上调和 PI3K/AKT 信号通路磷酸化,刺激大鼠气道平滑肌细胞增殖[29]。此外,体内研究发现,感染诱导的 miR⁃21 表达可促进 PI3K/AKT 磷酸化,从而抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶2,导致类固醇不敏感[30]。本研究发现外周血 miR⁃21 在 CARAS 患者中表达升高,外周血miR⁃21可作为诊断CARAS的生物标志物。

  • PARP⁃1 是一种 DNA 修复酶,在细胞凋亡和修复中起重要作用[31]。据报道,在所有蛋白家族成员中,PARP⁃1在过敏原诱导的炎症和气道高反应性中起重要作用[32]。此外,PARP⁃1可通过诱导一氧化氮和转化生长因子⁃β的合成促进气道重塑[15]。研究表明,使用选择性 PARP⁃1 抑制剂可减少过敏原诱导的哮喘样反应、支气管高反应性和气道重塑[33]。 PARP⁃1的激活可以通过翻译后修饰转录因子,从而影响炎症基因的转录。抑制PARP⁃1通过调节Th2 细胞因子阻止嗜酸性粒细胞募集,从而减轻小鼠模型中的过敏性气道炎症[34]。另一项研究表明,哮喘患者外周血和肺组织中的PARP 被激活,通过基因敲除或奥拉帕尼抑制PARP可以阻断既定的哮喘特征,包括Th2细胞因子和黏液的产生,以及气道的高反应性[35]。以上研究均提示PARP⁃1抑制对哮喘有保护作用。本研究发现 PARP⁃1 在 AR 患者血浆中表达较对照组和CARAS组明显升高,ROC曲线提示 PARP⁃1有预测AR进展为CARAS的价值,当界值为 0.346时,灵敏度为45.45%,特异度为90.32%,此指标作为AR进展为CARAS的诊断价值最佳,因此,监测 AR 患者的血浆 PARP⁃1 水平有助于判断其是否发展为CARAS。

  • EOS是AR的典型效应细胞[36],AR的发病机制是过敏原引起的气道炎症伴EOS浸润[37]。因此,上皮细胞释放一氧化氮合酶会在上呼吸道和下呼吸道产生更高水平的一氧化氮。EOS和FeNO 是2型炎症的生物标志物,EOS计数和FeNO水平的升高可以反映气道的炎症。本研究表明,CARAS组较健康对照组和AR组具有较高的EOS计数和FeNO水平,这与Kuo等[38] 的研究一致,他们发现在过敏性哮喘患者中,伴随AR的存在与肺功能恶化和2型生物标志物升高相关。鼻窦是上呼吸道NO生成的主要来源。NO 在鼻腔生理中也起着多种作用。例如, NO 可以帮助宿主抵抗细菌、病毒和真菌感染,并维持鼻窦的抑菌状态[39]。然而,本研究发现FnNO 水平在健康对照组、AR组和CARAS组中差异无统计学意义。这与Li等[40] 的研究存在差异,他们的研究表明AR患者的FnNO水平高于正常人。

  • 本研究还对AR和CARAS患者外周血miR⁃21、血浆PARP⁃1的表达与EOS计数、NO水平和肺功能指标的相关性进行研究。结果表明,外周血miR⁃21 在AR患者中与EOS计数显著相关,在CARAS患者中与FnNO水平呈正相关,提示外周血 miR⁃21 表达可能与 2 型炎症相关,有必要进一步探究外周血 miR⁃21在CARAS中与2型炎症发生的机制。此外,血浆PARP⁃1水平在AR患者中与FEV1%pred相关,在 CARAS 患者中与 FEV1%pred及 FEV1/FVC 相关,肺功能可一定程度上客观地反映哮喘控制情况,这表明通过连续监测血浆 PARP⁃1 水平,可明确鼻炎和哮喘患者肺功能变化的趋势,反映患者短期预后及病情严重程度。

  • 既往研究表明,miR⁃21的表达水平与AR 的严重程度相关[41],由于本研究的样本量较少,且轻度 AR患者比例较大,因此本研究纳入的AR患者均为轻度,以排除因分层分析带来的混杂因素的干扰。但同时也导致本研究无法探讨中重度AR患者外周血 miR⁃21水平与临床指标的关系,仍需在未来研究中扩大样本量,进一步分层分析。

  • 综上所述,本研究发现AR和CARAS患者外周血miR⁃21和血浆PARP⁃1的表达具有差异,miR⁃21可作为CARAS的诊断标志物,PARP⁃1可作为AR的诊断标志物及预测 AR 进展为 CARAS 的生物标志物。AR 和 CARAS 的发生发展机制仍未被完全阐明,值得进一步探究。本研究仅挑选miR⁃21、PARP⁃ 1 这两个指标,探索它们在 AR 和 CARAS 患者外周血中的表达水平及其与临床指标的关联,但其在 AR 和 CARAS 发生发展中的具体机制仍需深入探究,这将为寻找AR和CARAS的早期诊断和治疗靶点提供更多思路和理论支持。

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