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通讯作者:

邵永丰,E-mail:shaoyongfeng@jsph.org.cn

中图分类号:R654.2

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)06-868-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240031

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参考文献 24
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参考文献 25
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参考文献 26
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参考文献 27
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参考文献 28
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参考文献 30
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参考文献 31
张伟,刘鸿,邵永丰,等.外科微创消融在房颤治疗中的应用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(12):1804-1808
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨心脏手术同期行迷宫Ⅳ(Maze Ⅳ)消融治疗房颤术后复发的危险因素并构建其风险预测的列线图模型。方法:收集2014年1月—2022年12月南京医科大学第一附属医院心脏大血管外科收治的596例心脏手术同期行Maze Ⅳ 消融的患者资料,依据术后1年内是否房颤复发将患者分为两组,采用单因素卡方检验、多因素Logistic回归、Cox回归模型分析术后1年房颤复发的独立危险因素,并构建房颤复发风险预测模型。结果:596例患者术后1年内有150例复发(25.2%)。单因素分析显示,年龄、房颤持续时间、左房内径(left atrium diameter,LAD)、右房内径(right atrium diameter,RAD)、既往起搏器置入、早期房颤复发是术后房颤复发的危险因素;多因素分析显示,年龄、房颤持续时间、LAD、早期房颤复发为独立危险因素; Cox 回归分析显示,年龄[HR=1.035(1.025~1.068),P < 0.001]、房颤持续时间[HR=1.003(1.001~1.006),P=0.003]、LAD[HR= 1.025(1.006~1.044),P=0.009]、使用铰链式消融钳[HR=3.269(2.083~5.130),P < 0.001]、术后早期房颤复发[HR=3.592(2.532~ 5.095),P < 0.001]与房颤复发显著相关。根据受试者特征曲线分析年龄、房颤持续时间、LAD的截断值分别为59.5岁、9.5个月、51.5 cm。结论:Maze Ⅳ在维持窦性心律方面具有良好的长期疗效。对于接受心脏手术的房颤患者,较大的年龄、较长的 LAD、房颤持续时间会对消融结果产生不利影响,依据此结果构建的危险模型有良好的预测效能。

    Abstract

    Objective:To explore the risk factors for postoperative recurrence of atrial fibrillation after concomitant Maze Ⅳ ablation for cardiac surgery and construct a nomogram model for risk prediction. Methods:Data were collected from 596 patients who underwent concurrent cardiac surgery and Maze Ⅳ ablation at the Department of Cardiac Macrovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,from January 2014 to December 2022. Patients were divided into two groups based on whether atrial fibrillation recurred within 1 year postoperatively. Univariate chi-square test,multivariate logistic regression,and Cox regression models were used to analyze the independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation recurrence within 1 year postoperatively and to construct a risk prediction model. Results:Among the 596 patients,150(25.2%)experienced recurrences. Univariate analysis showed that age, duration of atrial fibrillation,left atrium diameter(LAD),right atrium diameter(RAD),prior pacemaker placement,and early atrial fibrillation recurrence were risk factors for postoperative recurrence of atrial fibrillation,while multifactorial analysis showed that age, duration of atrial fibrillation,LAD,and early atrial fibrillation recurrence were independent risk factors. Cox regression analysis demonstrated that age[HR=1.035(1.025-1.068),P < 0.001],duration of atrial fibrillation(HR=1.003[1.001-1.006],P=0.003),LAD [HR=1.025(1.006- 1.044),P=0.009],use of a hinged ablation forceps[HR=3.269(2.083- 5.130],P < 0.001],and early postoperative atrial fibrillation recurrence[HR=3.592(2.532-5.095),P < 0.001]were significantly associated with atrial fibrillation recurrence. According to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis,the cut-off values for age,duration of atrial fibrillation, and LAD were 59.5 years,9.5 months,and 51.5 cm,respectively. Conclusion:Maze Ⅳ has good long -term efficacy in maintaining sinus rhythm. In patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing cardiac surgery,older age,longer LAD,and longer duration of atrial fibrillation can adversely affect the ablation outcome. The hazard model constructed based on these results has good predictive performance.

  • 心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)简称房颤是一种常见的心律失常,是指规则有序的心房电活动消失,代之以紊乱无序的颤动波。心房颤动是一种全球性的流行病,估计有3 300万人受到影响,这个数字预计在未来 20~30 年内会翻倍[1-4]。房颤的发生与以下因素相关,一是来自肺静脉或其他组织的异位兴奋灶作为触发机制,二是在心房内出现多个折返形成的子波作为房颤发生的维持机制[5]。针对房颤发生维持的机制,通过各种手段对肺静脉进行电隔离,并中断心房内的折返环,能够治疗房颤,由此设计出了迷宫手术。经由数年的发展,迷宫手术从 Maze Ⅰ型发展为 Maze Ⅲ型,取得了 90%以上的消融成功率,成为了房颤非药物治疗的金标准[6]。尽管Maze Ⅲ手术非常成功,但由于其技术的复杂性和延长的体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)时间,该手术并没有被广泛使用。1997年,最初的“切开缝合”Maze Ⅲ手术被能量消融方式取代,成为 Maze Ⅳ手术,采用能量消融的方法,能够减少出血等并发症,并节省 CPB 时间,达到相同的效果[7-8]。 2017年美国胸外科医师协会(STS)房颤外科治疗指南指出,房颤消融术并不增加心脏手术患者死亡率及并发症发生率,建议心脏手术同期常规行房颤消融术。本研究围绕本中心接受Maze Ⅳ治疗的房颤队列患者的9年随访结果进行深入探讨。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性分析2014年1月—2022年11月南京医科大学第一附属医院心脏大血管外科收治的心脏手术同期行Maze Ⅳ手术患者资料,收集患者年龄、性别、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、房颤类型、房颤持续时间、吸烟史、饮酒史、心功能分级、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、既往脑卒中病史、外周血管疾病史、甲亢病史、既往导管消融史、既往起搏器置入史、术前心脏超声、术中使用消融器械类型、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、机械通气时间、ICU住院时间、术后住院时间、术后并发症、术后早期房颤是否复发等资料。随访时间终点为 2023 年 11 月,随访时间分别为 3 个月、6 个月、12 个月,此后每年进行1次。每次就诊时均取其病史及心电图资料,并通过电话联系完成长期随访。术后设置3个月的窗口期,将房颤复发定义为:窗口期以后,出现新发房颤或心电图证实的持续时间>30 s 的房速[9]。本研究得到了医院伦理委员会审查批准。由于该研究的回顾性,委员会放弃了对知情同意的要求。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 垂直于界沟切开右心房,切断界嵴,消融钳分别消融上下腔静脉连线,消融钳向右心耳尖部消融 1道,于三尖瓣环1点方向游离右侧房室沟至三尖瓣环,消融钳自右心房切口进入,消融三尖瓣环1点方向径线,直至瓣环。于左上肺静脉根部与左心房交界处,电刀切断Marshall韧带,游离左侧肺静脉根部,套线牵引,使用铰链式或平行式消融钳消融8道,将消融钳下臂从房间沟切口插入经横窦,消融左心房顶部径线,同法自斜窦传出,消融左心房底部径线,从左心耳切口分别消融左心耳切口于左侧上下肺静脉连线,统一使用切割缝合器于根部切除左心耳,避免损伤回旋支,消融钳自房间沟切口进入,指向二尖瓣后瓣环方向,消融二尖瓣峡部。对于房颤早期复发患者,如在术中消融后仍为房颤心律则进行电转复治疗,一般进行1~3次术中转为窦性心律或交界性心律即停止,此为消融成功的终点标准; 如在术后出院前动态心电图显示患者仍为房颤心律,则口服盐酸胺碘酮治疗维持3个月;在3个月窗口期内患者均口服胺碘酮治疗(除有胺碘酮药物禁忌证,如甲状腺功能异常、凝血功能异常、心律低于 60 次/min 的患者)。除了抗心律失常类药物,患者术后常规使用抑酸药、抗凝药、降脂药等。全部患者的手术术者的手术操作经验一致。所有患者均使用切割缝合器于根部切除左心耳。房颤消融钳仅使用铰链式消融钳或平行式消融钳2种,无其他的消融工具。

  • 本研究观察了单个时间点(即1年)的房性心动过速(atrial tachycardia,ATA)复发与否和房颤最终复发与否。计算受试者特征(ROC)曲线的约登指数,计算cut⁃off值,绘制房颤复发概率的列线图。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 连续变量以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,分类变量以百分比或数字表示。连续变量采用 t 检验,分类变量采用卡方检验。采用二元Logistic回归模型分析终止时间为1年时房颤复发的因素,Cox回归模型确定房颤晚期复发的预测因素。数据分析使用 SPSS 26.0版本,列线图绘制使用R 4.2.3。所有统计检验均为双侧,P <0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 人口特征

  • 596 例患者中有 263 例(44.1%)为男性。手术时患者的年龄为60(52,66)岁。中位随访时间为32 个月,随访时间最大值为 113 个月,最小值为 0 个月。在整个队列中,596例中有116例(19.4%)有阵发性房颤,有 477 例(80.0%)有持续性房颤,有 3 例 (0.5%)有房扑。所有患者均接受了 Maze Ⅳ手术。心脏手术同期行Maze Ⅳ术后免于房颤复发的生存曲线见图1。结果显示,在1年、3年、5年的累积房颤未复发率为90.5%、79.1%、68.3%。在133例早期房颤复发的患者中,有 109 例为持续性房颤,占比 82.0%,有24例为阵发性房颤,占比18.0%。

  • 2.2 影响 Maze Ⅳ术后房颤复发的单因素分析(术后1年)

  • 经对比,年龄(P <0.001)、房颤持续时间(P <0.001)、左房内径(left atrium diameter,LAD)(P <0.00 1)、右房内径(right atrium diameter,RAD)(P= 0.002)、早期房颤复发(P <0.001)、既往起搏器置入(P=0.016)是 Maze Ⅳ术后房颤复发的危险因素 (表1)。

  • 图1 心脏手术同期行Maze Ⅳ术后免于房颤复发的累积概率曲线

  • Figure1 Cumulative probability curves for freedom from recurrence of atrial fibrillation after simultane⁃ ous Maze Ⅳ for cardiac surgery

  • 表1中术后1年房颤未复发率为74.8%,为实际统计的结果,图1 中 1 年累积房颤未复发率为 90.5%,为具有时间概念的复发率。两者差异可能是由于有部分患者窗口期后房颤短暂复发,而后续最终电话随访时转为窦性心律的可能。

  • 2.3 影响Maze Ⅳ术后房颤复发的多因素分析

  • 对于以上变量进行多因素 Logistic 回归分析,结果显示,年龄、房颤持续时间、LAD、早期房颤复发(OR均>1)是术后1年房颤复发的独立危险因素 (表2)。

  • 2.4 影响Maze Ⅳ术后房颤复发的Cox回归分析

  • 在 Cox 多因素模型中,年龄、房颤持续时间、 LAD、消融器械、早期房颤复发与房颤复发显著相关 (表3)。

  • 2.5 年龄、房颤持续时间、LAD大小与房颤复发的预测值

  • 采用Kaplan⁃Meier法绘制年龄、房颤持续时间、 LAD房颤复发的生存曲线,并采用对数⁃秩检验进行统计学评估(图2)。根据ROC曲线分析,年龄、房颤持续时间、LAD的cut⁃off值、灵敏度、特异度分别为 59.5岁(灵敏度0.591,特异度0.537),9.5个月(灵敏度0.54,特异度0.619),51.5 mm(灵敏度0.596,特异度 0.635)。

  • 将Cox回归分析得出的因素绘制成列线图(图3),图中红线显示第100位患者总分为217分,且分别在术后第1年、第3年、第5年维持窦性心律的概率为96.1%、88.4%、81.2%。列线图模型预测房颤复发风险的 ROC 曲线见图4,曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)为0.783,校准曲线见图5。

  • 3 讨论

  • 自引入以来,Maze Ⅳ消融已被证明是对房颤最有效的治疗方法[10-16]。2020 年,Khiabani 等[17] 报道 Maze Ⅳ手术治疗房颤10年的随访结果,在术后10年取得了77%的免于房颤复发率。本研究是单中心,长随访的回顾性研究:Maze Ⅳ在长期随访且大部分患者为持续型房颤患者中提供了较好的窦性心律维持比例,在术后1年,取得了74.8%的免于房颤复发率;在中位随访 33 个月时,取得了 65.9%的免于房颤复发率,与其他文献报道相似[18]

  • 表1 Maze Ⅳ术后房颤复发的单因素分析

  • Table1 Univariate analysis of recurrence of atrial fibrillation after Maze Ⅳ surgery

  • 表2 Maze Ⅳ术后房颤复发的多因素分析

  • Table2 Multivariate analysis of recurrence of atrial fibrillation after Maze Ⅳ surgery

  • B:the unstandardized beta;SE:the standard error;OR:odds ratio;CI:confidence interval

  • 各国指南也将迷宫手术列入Ⅰ类推荐,认为心脏手术同期行Maze Ⅳ手术并不增加患者病死率及并发症发生率。本研究在纳入时,并未对患者的年龄、LAD大小、房颤持续时间等常见因素进行筛选,旨在探讨具有哪些危险因素的患者不适合行Maze Ⅳ手术,或实行Maze Ⅳ手术成功率低。结果发现,心脏手术同期行Maze Ⅳ手术,术后房颤复发与患者年龄相关。有研究对比了548例<75岁患者与148例≥75岁患者行Maze Ⅳ手术术后结果,发现相比年轻患者,对75岁以上患者进行房颤消融,无法取得相当的效果。本研究采用对数⁃秩检验进行统计学评估,发现 59.5岁以上患者行消融的远期结果不佳。造成此结果的原因可能与中国心脏病患者人群相对美国患者更轻,且风湿性心脏病变所占比例更高。有研究发现较高的房颤复发率与较长的房颤持续时间、较大的 LAD 相关。左心房大小与房颤持续时间呈显著相关关系。许多临床研究发现左心房扩张是房颤的原因之一[19]。另一方面,左心房扩张也可能是房颤的结果[20]。因此,它们共同加重了心房纤维化和房颤重构,使患者更容易发生房颤的复发。本研究发现房颤持续时间≥9.5月、LAD≥51.5 mm 时,房颤复发概率更高。

  • 表3 Maze Ⅳ术后房颤复发的多因素Cox分析

  • Table3 Multivariate Cox analysis of atrial fibrillation recurrence after Maze Ⅳ surgery

  • SEM:standard error of mean;HR:hazard ratio.

  • 图2 Kaplan⁃Meier生存曲线显示房颤不复发的概率

  • Figure2 Kaplan⁃Meier survival curves showing the probability of atrial fibrillation non⁃recurrence

  • 除了人们熟知的年龄、LAD、房颤持续时间影响了房颤复发[17-1821],本研究还发现使用铰链式消融钳相较于使用平行式消融钳,有更高的术后房颤复发率。有研究比较了两种具有不同闭合机制的双极射频消融钳,研究显示平行式消融钳和铰链式消融钳具有不同的压力分布,使用平行钳的透壁性更高;而且平行钳的远端透壁深度更深(10.17 mm vs.8.02 mm,P=0.003)[22]。这可能是铰链式消融钳更易导致房颤复发的原因。同时也有证据表明,Ballaux 等[23] 收集了 2006 年 4 月—2010 年 12 月连续接受Maze Ⅳ手术的 46 例患者术前、住院和术后随访资料。在多变量分析中,在控制性别时,两组间存在显著性差异(P=0.037)。与铰链式消融钳消融的患者相比,使用平行式消融钳消融的患者更有可能恢复窦性心律。

  • 图3 列线图模型

  • Figure3 Nomogram model

  • 图4 列线图模型预测房颤复发风险的ROC曲线

  • Figure4 The ROC curve for the risk of recurrence of atrial fibrillation predicted by the nomogram model

  • Vural等[24] 统计了96例接受了二尖瓣置换术和Maze Ⅳ手术的患者,其中 54 例使用双相射频消融术,42例使用低温消融术。结果发现随着BMI值的增加,房颤的复发率显著增加;然而在 MacGregor 等[25] 以及本回顾性研究中 BMI 并不是影响房颤复发的危险因素。Khiabani 等[17] 对于房颤评估长达 10年的研究中,多变量Fine⁃Grey回归显示年龄、周围血管疾病、非阵发性房颤、左房大小、术后早期房性心动过速(ATA)、出院时无窦性心律确定为首次 ATA 复发的预测因素。 Jiang 等[26] 分析在 Maze⁃Ⅳ 组中,最显著的危险因素是房颤持续时间和术前左室射血分数(LVEF)。其他重要的危险因素包括术后心律、术前LAD、术前中性粒细胞⁃淋巴细胞比值 (NLR)、术前心率、术前白细胞。MacGregor 等[27] 对 2005—2017年在单一机构接受Maze Ⅳ的患者进行了回顾性研究。Fine⁃Grey 回归多因素分析示:年龄、周围血管疾病、房颤时间增加、左心房大小增加为房颤复发预测因素。McGilvray 等[28] 评估了2003年 5月—2020年3月,174例患者因长期持续性房颤接受了独立的 Maze Ⅳ治疗,多变量 Fine⁃Gray 回归分析示术前房颤持续时间和术后早期房颤复发与 ATA 复发风险增加相关。Engelsgaard 等[29] 纳入了 2006 年 1 月—2010 年 12 月连续144例接受Maze Ⅳ 治疗的患者。Fine ⁃Gray 模型确定术前持续房颤 (SAF)、房颤持续时间和术后 ATA 作为房颤复发预测因素。 Ad 等[30] 统计了 133 例进行了独立、右侧 5 cm小开胸、Maze Ⅲ/Ⅳ手术治疗非阵发性房颤的患者。通过混合模型逻辑回归确定了术后6个月~5年间再次出现 >30 s房性心律失常的重要风险因素,包括术前房颤持续时间较长、更早一代的低温能量探针、射血分数较低。在本研究中,年龄[1727]、房颤持续时间[26-30]、LAD大小[1726-27]、早期房颤复发[1728-29] 这4种危险因素均有多项以往的证据支持。同时在本研究中,并未发现术前 LVEF、周围血管疾病、房颤类型是影响房颤复发的显著因素,可能是研究的人种地域等不同所致。相较于本中心之前微创房颤研究所得出的结论,房颤类型与LAD大小为房颤微创消融术后房颤复发的危险因素[31],本研究的范围为伴随其他外科手术如瓣膜病、搭桥、房缺等伴随房颤需行Maze Ⅳ术的手术,本研究中正中开胸手术例数更多,这可能导致了结果的差异。

  • 图5 列线图模型预测房颤复发风险的校准曲线

  • Figure5 Calibration curves for the prediction of risk of recurrence of atrial fibrillation by the nomo⁃ gram model

  • 本研究基于Cox回归分析结果,绘制了列线图模型(基于总分的术后1年、3年、5年的房颤未复发率),并对模型的准确性进行了ROC曲线分析和校准度曲线分析。相比实际复发率,此列线图模型高估了复发概率。

  • 本研究的局限性在于:第一,这是一项回顾性的观察性数据研究;第二,没有连续监测患者的心电图,患者数据由定期随访得来;第三,这些手术是在一个单一的机构进行的,其中大部分是由1位经验丰富的外科医生完成的,这可能使结果无法推广到其他中心;第四,虽然本研究中统计因素很多但是这些统计因素仍不能完全覆盖所有临床数据,如术前 BNP、心肌标志物、术前白细胞、心率等未统计,有待后续进一步研究。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] CHUGH S S,HAVMOELLER R,NARAYANAN K,et al.Worldwide epidemiology of atrial fifibrillation:a global burden of disease 2010 study[J].Circulation,2014,129(8):837-847

    • [2] NACCARELLI G V,VARKER H,LIN J,et al.Increasing prevalence of atrial fifibrillation and flflutter in the Unit⁃ ed States[J].Am J Cardiol,2009,104(11):1534-1539

    • [3] STEINBERG B A,HOLMES D N,EZEKOWITZ M D,et al.Rate versus rhythm control for management of atrial fi⁃ fibrillation in clinical practice:results from the outcomes registry for better informed treatment of atrial fibrillation(ORBIT ⁃ AF)registry[J].Am Heart J,2013,165(4):622-629

    • [4] CALKINS H,REYNOLDS M R,SPECTOR P,et al.Treat⁃ ment of atrial fifibrillation with antiarrhythmic drugs or ra⁃ diofrequency ablation two systematic literature reviews and meta ⁃analyses[J].Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2009,2(4):349-361

    • [5] COX J L,CANAVAN T E,SCHUESSLER R B,et al.The surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation.II.Intraoperative electrophysiologic mapping and description of the electro⁃ physiologic basis of atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1991,101(3):406-426

    • [6] PRASAD S M,MANIAR H S,CAMILLO C J,et al.The cox maze Ⅲ procedure for atrial fifibrillation:long ⁃term effificacy in patients undergoing lone versus concomitant procedures[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2003,126(6):1822-1828

    • [7] COX J L.The minimally invasive maze⁃Ⅲ procedure[J].Oper Tech Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2000,5(1):79-92

    • [8] DAMIANO R J,SCHWARTZ F H,BAILEY M S,et al.The cox maze Ⅳ procedure:predictors of late recurrence[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2011,141(1):113-121

    • [9] JANUARY C T,WANN L S,ALPERT J S,et al.2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation:executive summary:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Associa⁃ tion task force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society[J].Circulation,2014,130(23):2071-2104

    • [10] DAMIANO R J,GAYNOR S L,BAILEY M,et al.The longterm outcome of patients with coronary disease and atrial fibrillation undergoing the cox maze procedure[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2003,126(6):2016-2021

    • [11] CHAFF H V,DEARANI J A,DALY R C,et al.Cox⁃Maze procedure for atrial fibrillation:mayo clinic experience[J].Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2000,12(1):30-37

    • [12] MCCARTHY P M,GILLINOV A M,CASTLE L,et al.The cox ⁃maze procedure:the cleveland clinic experience[J].Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2000,12(1):25-29

    • [13] WEIMAR T,SCHENA S,BAILEY M S,et al.The Cox ⁃ maze procedure for lone atrial fibrillation:a single⁃center experience over 2 decades[J].Circ Arrhythm Electro⁃ physiol,2012,5(1):8-14

    • [14] SCHILL M R,SINN L A,GREENBERG J W,et al.A mini⁃ mally invasive stand⁃alone cox⁃maze procedure is as effec⁃ tive as median sternotomy approach[J].Innovations(Phi⁃ la).2017,12(3):186-191

    • [15] RUAENGSRI C,SCHILL M R,KHIABANI A J,et al.The cox⁃maze Ⅳ procedure in its second decade:still the gold standard?[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2018,53(suppl_ 1):i19-i25

    • [16] HENN M C,LANCASTER T S,MILLER J R,et al.Late outcomes after the Cox maze IV procedure for atrial fibril⁃ lation[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2015,150(5):1168-1176

    • [17] KHIABANI A J,MACGREGOR R M,BAKIR N H,et al.The long ⁃term outcomes and durability of the Cox ⁃Maze Ⅳ procedure for atrial fibrillation[J].J Thorac Cardio⁃ vasc Surg,2022,163(2):629-641

    • [18] CAO H,XUE Y,ZHOU Q,et al.Late outcome of surgical radiofrequency ablation for persistent valvular atrial fibril⁃ lation in China:a single ⁃center study[J].J Cardiothorac Surg,2017,12(1):63

    • [19] SANKAR N M,FARNSWORTH A E.Left atrial reduction for chronic atrial fibrillation associated with mitral valve disease[J].Ann Thorac Surg,1998,66(1):254-256

    • [20] WOZAKOWSKA ⁃KAPŁON B.Changes in left atrial size in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation:a prospective echocardiographic study with a 5⁃year follow⁃up period[J].Int J Cardiol,2005,101(1):47-52

    • [21] MACGREGOR R M,BAKIR N H,PEDAMALLU H,et al.Late results after stand⁃alone surgical ablation for atrial fi⁃ brillation[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2022,164(5):1515-1528

    • [22] VARZALY J A,CHAPMAN D,LAU D H,et al.Contact force and ablation assessment of surgical bipolar radiofre⁃ quency clamps in the treatment of atrial fibrillation[J].Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2019,28(1):85-93

    • [23] BALLAUX P K,CATHENIS K K,BRONDEEL R,et al.Mid⁃term follow⁃up after maze IV procedures for concomi⁃ tant atrial fibrillation[J].Acta Chir Belg,2014,114(2):99-104

    • [24] VURAL Ü,BALCI A Y,AĞLAR A A,et al.Which meth⁃ od to use for surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation per⁃ formed concomitantly with mitral valve surgery:radiofre⁃ quency ablation versus cryoablation[J].Braz J Cardio⁃ vasc Surg,2018,33(6):542-552

    • [25] MACGREGOR R M,KHIABANI A J,BAKIR N H,et al.Impact of obesity on atrial fibrillation recurrence follow⁃ ing stand ⁃ alone cox maze IV procedure[J].Innovations(Phila),2021,16(5):434-440

    • [26] JIANG Z,SONG L,LIANG C,et al.Machine learning ⁃ based analysis of risk factors for atrial fibrillation recur⁃ rence after Cox⁃Maze IV procedure in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic valvular disease:a retrospective cohort study with a control group[J].Front Cardiovasc Med,2023,10:1140670

    • [27] MACGREGOR R M,KHIABANI A J,BAKIR N H,et al.Impact of age on atrial fibrillation recurrence following surgical ablation[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2021,162(5):1516-1528

    • [28] MCGILVRAY M M O,BAKIR N H,KELLY M O,et al.Efficacy of the stand⁃alone cox⁃maze IV procedure in pa⁃ tients with longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation[J].J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2021,32(10):2884-2894

    • [29] ENGELSGAARD C S,PEDERSEN K B,RIBER L P,et al.The long⁃term efficacy of concomitant maze IV surgery in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc,2018,19:20-26

    • [30] AD N,HOLMES S D,FRIEHLING T.Minimally invasive stand ⁃ alone cox maze procedure for persistent and long ⁃ standing persistent atrial fibrillation:perioperative safety and 5⁃ year outcomes[J].Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2017,10(11):e005352

    • [31] 张伟,刘鸿,邵永丰,等.外科微创消融在房颤治疗中的应用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(12):1804-1808

  • 参考文献

    • [1] CHUGH S S,HAVMOELLER R,NARAYANAN K,et al.Worldwide epidemiology of atrial fifibrillation:a global burden of disease 2010 study[J].Circulation,2014,129(8):837-847

    • [2] NACCARELLI G V,VARKER H,LIN J,et al.Increasing prevalence of atrial fifibrillation and flflutter in the Unit⁃ ed States[J].Am J Cardiol,2009,104(11):1534-1539

    • [3] STEINBERG B A,HOLMES D N,EZEKOWITZ M D,et al.Rate versus rhythm control for management of atrial fi⁃ fibrillation in clinical practice:results from the outcomes registry for better informed treatment of atrial fibrillation(ORBIT ⁃ AF)registry[J].Am Heart J,2013,165(4):622-629

    • [4] CALKINS H,REYNOLDS M R,SPECTOR P,et al.Treat⁃ ment of atrial fifibrillation with antiarrhythmic drugs or ra⁃ diofrequency ablation two systematic literature reviews and meta ⁃analyses[J].Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2009,2(4):349-361

    • [5] COX J L,CANAVAN T E,SCHUESSLER R B,et al.The surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation.II.Intraoperative electrophysiologic mapping and description of the electro⁃ physiologic basis of atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,1991,101(3):406-426

    • [6] PRASAD S M,MANIAR H S,CAMILLO C J,et al.The cox maze Ⅲ procedure for atrial fifibrillation:long ⁃term effificacy in patients undergoing lone versus concomitant procedures[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2003,126(6):1822-1828

    • [7] COX J L.The minimally invasive maze⁃Ⅲ procedure[J].Oper Tech Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2000,5(1):79-92

    • [8] DAMIANO R J,SCHWARTZ F H,BAILEY M S,et al.The cox maze Ⅳ procedure:predictors of late recurrence[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2011,141(1):113-121

    • [9] JANUARY C T,WANN L S,ALPERT J S,et al.2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation:executive summary:a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Associa⁃ tion task force on practice guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society[J].Circulation,2014,130(23):2071-2104

    • [10] DAMIANO R J,GAYNOR S L,BAILEY M,et al.The longterm outcome of patients with coronary disease and atrial fibrillation undergoing the cox maze procedure[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2003,126(6):2016-2021

    • [11] CHAFF H V,DEARANI J A,DALY R C,et al.Cox⁃Maze procedure for atrial fibrillation:mayo clinic experience[J].Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2000,12(1):30-37

    • [12] MCCARTHY P M,GILLINOV A M,CASTLE L,et al.The cox ⁃maze procedure:the cleveland clinic experience[J].Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2000,12(1):25-29

    • [13] WEIMAR T,SCHENA S,BAILEY M S,et al.The Cox ⁃ maze procedure for lone atrial fibrillation:a single⁃center experience over 2 decades[J].Circ Arrhythm Electro⁃ physiol,2012,5(1):8-14

    • [14] SCHILL M R,SINN L A,GREENBERG J W,et al.A mini⁃ mally invasive stand⁃alone cox⁃maze procedure is as effec⁃ tive as median sternotomy approach[J].Innovations(Phi⁃ la).2017,12(3):186-191

    • [15] RUAENGSRI C,SCHILL M R,KHIABANI A J,et al.The cox⁃maze Ⅳ procedure in its second decade:still the gold standard?[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2018,53(suppl_ 1):i19-i25

    • [16] HENN M C,LANCASTER T S,MILLER J R,et al.Late outcomes after the Cox maze IV procedure for atrial fibril⁃ lation[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2015,150(5):1168-1176

    • [17] KHIABANI A J,MACGREGOR R M,BAKIR N H,et al.The long ⁃term outcomes and durability of the Cox ⁃Maze Ⅳ procedure for atrial fibrillation[J].J Thorac Cardio⁃ vasc Surg,2022,163(2):629-641

    • [18] CAO H,XUE Y,ZHOU Q,et al.Late outcome of surgical radiofrequency ablation for persistent valvular atrial fibril⁃ lation in China:a single ⁃center study[J].J Cardiothorac Surg,2017,12(1):63

    • [19] SANKAR N M,FARNSWORTH A E.Left atrial reduction for chronic atrial fibrillation associated with mitral valve disease[J].Ann Thorac Surg,1998,66(1):254-256

    • [20] WOZAKOWSKA ⁃KAPŁON B.Changes in left atrial size in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation:a prospective echocardiographic study with a 5⁃year follow⁃up period[J].Int J Cardiol,2005,101(1):47-52

    • [21] MACGREGOR R M,BAKIR N H,PEDAMALLU H,et al.Late results after stand⁃alone surgical ablation for atrial fi⁃ brillation[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2022,164(5):1515-1528

    • [22] VARZALY J A,CHAPMAN D,LAU D H,et al.Contact force and ablation assessment of surgical bipolar radiofre⁃ quency clamps in the treatment of atrial fibrillation[J].Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg,2019,28(1):85-93

    • [23] BALLAUX P K,CATHENIS K K,BRONDEEL R,et al.Mid⁃term follow⁃up after maze IV procedures for concomi⁃ tant atrial fibrillation[J].Acta Chir Belg,2014,114(2):99-104

    • [24] VURAL Ü,BALCI A Y,AĞLAR A A,et al.Which meth⁃ od to use for surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation per⁃ formed concomitantly with mitral valve surgery:radiofre⁃ quency ablation versus cryoablation[J].Braz J Cardio⁃ vasc Surg,2018,33(6):542-552

    • [25] MACGREGOR R M,KHIABANI A J,BAKIR N H,et al.Impact of obesity on atrial fibrillation recurrence follow⁃ ing stand ⁃ alone cox maze IV procedure[J].Innovations(Phila),2021,16(5):434-440

    • [26] JIANG Z,SONG L,LIANG C,et al.Machine learning ⁃ based analysis of risk factors for atrial fibrillation recur⁃ rence after Cox⁃Maze IV procedure in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic valvular disease:a retrospective cohort study with a control group[J].Front Cardiovasc Med,2023,10:1140670

    • [27] MACGREGOR R M,KHIABANI A J,BAKIR N H,et al.Impact of age on atrial fibrillation recurrence following surgical ablation[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2021,162(5):1516-1528

    • [28] MCGILVRAY M M O,BAKIR N H,KELLY M O,et al.Efficacy of the stand⁃alone cox⁃maze IV procedure in pa⁃ tients with longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation[J].J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2021,32(10):2884-2894

    • [29] ENGELSGAARD C S,PEDERSEN K B,RIBER L P,et al.The long⁃term efficacy of concomitant maze IV surgery in patients with atrial fibrillation[J].Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc,2018,19:20-26

    • [30] AD N,HOLMES S D,FRIEHLING T.Minimally invasive stand ⁃ alone cox maze procedure for persistent and long ⁃ standing persistent atrial fibrillation:perioperative safety and 5⁃ year outcomes[J].Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol,2017,10(11):e005352

    • [31] 张伟,刘鸿,邵永丰,等.外科微创消融在房颤治疗中的应用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(12):1804-1808