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通讯作者:

李军,E-mail:dr-lijun@vip.sina.com

中图分类号:R515

文献标识码:B

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)06-888-03

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240099

参考文献 1
AL⁃SAADI T D,GLISIC M,AL SHARQI A,et al.Safety of pregnancy in ventriculoperitoneal shunt dependent women:meta⁃analysis and systematic review of the litera⁃ ture[J].Neurol India,2020,68(3):548-554
参考文献 2
中国医师协会神经外科医师分会.中国脑积水规范化治疗专家共识(2013版)[J].中华神经外科杂志,2013,29(6):634-637
参考文献 3
赵东升,别小华.我国神经外科医生对脑积水治疗现状调查问卷分析[J].中国临床神经外科杂志,2020,25(11):746-749
参考文献 4
GRADNER G,KAEFINGER R,DUPRÉ G.Complica⁃ tions associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunts in dogs and cats with idiopathic hydrocephalus:a systematic re⁃ view[J].J Vet Intern Med,2019,33(2):403-412
参考文献 5
MCCARTHY D J,SHEINBERG D L,LUTHER E,et al.Myelomeningocele ⁃ associated hydrocephalus:nationwide analysis and systematic review[J].Neurosurg Focus,2019,47(4):E5
参考文献 6
MISRA U K,KALITA J,KUMAR M,et al.Complications of tuberculous meningitis and their effect on outcome in a tertiary care cohort[J].Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,2020,24(11):1194-1199
参考文献 7
MANDARINO F V,SINAGRA E,BARCHI A,et al.Gas⁃ troparesis:the complex interplay with microbiota and the role of exogenous infections in the pathogenesis of the dis⁃ ease[J].Microorganisms,2023,11(5):1122
参考文献 8
CHOPYK D M,GRAKOUI A.Contribution of the intesti⁃ nal microbiome and gut barrier to hepatic disorders[J].Gastroenterology,2020,159(3):849-863
参考文献 9
MALLUCCI C L,JENKINSON M D,CONROY E J,et al.Antibiotic or silver versus standard ventriculoperitoneal shunts(BASICS):a multicentre,single ⁃ blinded,ran⁃ domised trial and economic evaluation[J].Lancet,2019,394(10208):1530-1539
参考文献 10
MCCANN M T,GILMORE B F,GORMAN S P.Staphylo⁃ coccus epidermidis device⁃related infections:pathogenesis and clinical management[J].J Pharm Pharmacol,2008,60(12):1551-1571
参考文献 11
STEVENS N T,GREENE C M,O'GARA J P,et al.Ven⁃ triculoperitoneal shunt⁃related infections caused by Staph⁃ ylococcus epidermidis:pathogenesis and implications for treatment[J].Br J Neurosurg,2012,26(6):792-797
参考文献 12
KHALID S I,NUNNA R S,MAASARANI S,et al.Laparo⁃ scopic⁃assisted versus mini⁃open laparotomy for ventricu⁃ loperitoneal shunt placement in the medicare popula⁃ tion[J].Neurosurgery,2021,88(4):812-818
参考文献 13
MBABAZI ⁃KABACHELOR E,SHAH M,VAUGHAN K A,et al.Infection risk for bactiseal universal shunts ver⁃ sus chhabra shunts in ugandan infants:a randomized con⁃ trolled trial[J].J Neurosurg Pediatr,2019,23(3):397-406
参考文献 14
AKRAM ASIF A,MAHMOOD K,RIAZ S,et al.Bacterial ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections:changing trends in antimicrobial susceptibility,a 7 ⁃ year retrospective study from Pakistan[J].Antimicrob Resist Infect Control,2023,12(1):75
参考文献 15
PILLAI S V.Techniques and nuances in ventriculoperito⁃ neal shunt surgery[J].Neurol India,2021,69(Supple⁃ ment):S471-S475
目录contents
  • 1 病例资料

  • 患者,男,27岁,因“意识不清17个月余,反复发热50余天”收入南京医科大学第一附属医院。患者入院前5个月外院行“全麻下下颌骨接骨”手术,术中出现血压、血氧测不出,查体大动脉搏动微弱,胸前区大片红斑,立即停止手术,行床边心肺复苏,同时给予“肾上腺素、甲强龙”静推。术后出现意识不清伴肢体活动障碍,转至外院行气管插管呼吸机辅助通气、脱水降颅压、控制癫痫等治疗。2019年4月 19日拔除气切套管,约1周后自主睁眼,2019年4月 21日外院头颅核磁共振提示轻度脑积水。后至外院行康复治疗,给予促醒、控制感染、电刺激等治疗。2019年7月8日因脑积水于本院脑外科全麻下行“侧脑室腹腔分流”,术后患者意识不清较前加重,四肢僵硬,出现胃瘫不能进食并发热。住院期间痰培养提示黏质沙雷菌、铜绿假单胞菌阳性,根据药敏结果给予左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星、头孢哌酮舒巴坦钠等抗感染治疗,但患者仍反复发热,2019年 8月27日脑脊液细菌培养示头状葡萄球菌,予“万古霉素”治疗,治疗效果评估患者病情未见明显好转。入室查体:体温 38.2℃,神志不清,双眼紧闭,眼球上翻。双肺呼吸音粗,未及明显干湿啰音。心前区无隆起,心率108次/min,律齐,心音可,各瓣膜听诊区未闻及病理性杂音。腹平,可触及一包块,大小约 6.2 cm×3.5 cm。四肢肌张力明显增高。双侧肱二头肌、肱三头肌、桡骨骨膜反射(+++),双侧膝腱反射、跟腱反射(+++)。颈软,双侧巴宾斯基征:(+),克氏征(-)。头颅CT示脑室系统扩大;双侧大脑皮层、小脑半球及基底节区低密度影,考虑缺血缺氧性脑病改变。腹部CT示腹腔包裹性囊性灶。行CT引导下腹腔囊性病灶穿刺引流,抽取囊液行细菌及常规检查,囊液细菌培养示头状葡萄球菌,药敏结果与2019年8月27日脑脊液培养结果一致,考虑腹腔感染、中枢神经系统感染。予“利奈唑胺0.6 g q12h+美罗培南1 g q8h”抗感染,治疗1周感染症状缓解。于2019年9月12日在全麻下行“侧脑室腹腔分流管拔除术”,术后患者症状明显好转出院。术后随访6个月,未见病情反复。

  • 2 讨论

  • 脑室腹腔分流术(ventriculo peritoneal shunt, VPS)是最常见的神经外科手术之一,是治疗脑积水重要而有效的方法[1]。VPS术后常见的并发症主要有分流感染(包括颅内或腹腔内感染以及切口或皮下感染)、分流管阻塞或断裂、分流管异位、脑脊液过度引流或引流不足、颅内出血、癫痫等[2-4]。其中感染是最常见的并发症,其主要危险因素包括年龄较小、术后脑脊液漏、既往分流感染以及脑室出血等[5-6]

  • 患者自手术以来经历了一系列严重并发症,包括意识不清、反复发热和多重感染,需要医生进行深入且全面的临床评估。在这种情况下,全面、仔细的体格检查不仅有助于指导后续的检验检查,而且对于治疗计划制定和预后评估也非常重要。患者入院后的详细体格检查中发现了腹部包块,这一发现为诊断带来了突破性进展。CT引导下的腹部穿刺和腹水培养确认了感染责任灶的存在。因此,尽管现代医学技术的发展极大地提高了诊断的准确性和效率,但体格检查作为医学诊断的基石,其重要性仍不应被低估。

  • 本例患者在接受 VPS 后出现了胃瘫的表现。这种胃肠动力障碍不仅导致胃肠道屏障功能的减退和菌群紊乱,而且可能增加头状葡萄球菌逆行性感染至中枢神经系统的风险。胃瘫作为一种严重的胃肠道功能障碍,会导致胃内食物滞留过长,从而增加胃肠道内细菌过度生长的风险。并且胃瘫可导致胃肠道的屏障功能受损,使得微生物群落结构的改变,增加患者的感染风险[7]。头状葡萄球菌可通过破坏的胃肠道屏障进入血液循环而引发全身性感染[8-9]。VPS 通过在患者的大脑和腹腔之间放置1个分流管,以引流多余的脑脊液。但在存在腹腔感染的情况下,分流管可能成为细菌,包括头状葡萄球菌,从腹腔逆行感染至中枢神经系统的路径[10-12]。因此,在管理此类患者时,强调在患者体内存在异物时维护无菌环境的重要性,除了针对已知感染的治疗外,还需要特别注意维护分流管的无菌状态,预防逆行性感染的发生,包括使用抗生素涂层的分流管、定期更换分流管以及对分流管进行严格的无菌操作。同时,对于患有胃瘫并因此存在腹腔感染风险的VPS术后患者,预防和监测通过分流管的逆行性感染尤为重要。综上所述,本病例强调了在管理VPS术后相关并发症时的复杂性,除了针对已知感染的治疗外,还需要关注患者胃肠道功能的改变,尤其是由胃瘫引发的胃肠道菌群紊乱,以及由此产生的头状葡萄球菌通过分流管逆行感染中枢神经系统的风险。这要求临床医生综合考虑临床表现、实验室检查和影像学检查的信息,及时识别和处理潜在的逆行性感染。

  • 该病例报告突出了头状葡萄球菌作为 VPS 术后感染的潜在致病原,并提出了有效的预防和治疗策略。VPS术后感染是一种严重并常见的并发症,发生率为 1.5%~22.0%[13]。这一波动可能与手术操作的无菌技术、术前术后的抗生素使用,以及患者个体差异有关。预防措施是减少术后感染的关键。文献普遍推荐使用抗生素预防,特别是针对高风险患者群体[14]。此外,早期诊断和及时治疗对于改善患者预后至关重要。有效的监测策略,包括定期脑脊液检查及影像学评估,有助于早期发现感染并启动针对性治疗[15]

  • 本病例报告强调了 VPS 术后逆行感染管理的实践要点,对提升临床预防、早期诊断和治疗有直接指导意义。术前详尽评估和术后无菌操作是预防的关键,而对术后症状的警觉和综合诊断策略有助于早期诊断。个体化的治疗选择,结合跨学科合作,优化了治疗效果,提高了患者管理水平。这些经验为临床医生处理类似复杂病例提供了具体的指导,有助于改善治疗效果。

  • 综上,本病例凸显了细致查体在临床诊断和治疗中的重要性。特别是在 VPS 术后患者出现发热和颅内感染的症状时,医生需要警惕头状葡萄球菌逆行性感染及其相关的风险因素。该病例强调及时的临床评估和对潜在并发症的细致考虑,对于引导正确的治疗决策并防止病情进一步恶化至关重要。因此,对于VPS后的患者,综合考虑症状、查体发现以及患者的整体健康状况对于及早识别并处理复杂感染至关重要。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] AL⁃SAADI T D,GLISIC M,AL SHARQI A,et al.Safety of pregnancy in ventriculoperitoneal shunt dependent women:meta⁃analysis and systematic review of the litera⁃ ture[J].Neurol India,2020,68(3):548-554

    • [2] 中国医师协会神经外科医师分会.中国脑积水规范化治疗专家共识(2013版)[J].中华神经外科杂志,2013,29(6):634-637

    • [3] 赵东升,别小华.我国神经外科医生对脑积水治疗现状调查问卷分析[J].中国临床神经外科杂志,2020,25(11):746-749

    • [4] GRADNER G,KAEFINGER R,DUPRÉ G.Complica⁃ tions associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunts in dogs and cats with idiopathic hydrocephalus:a systematic re⁃ view[J].J Vet Intern Med,2019,33(2):403-412

    • [5] MCCARTHY D J,SHEINBERG D L,LUTHER E,et al.Myelomeningocele ⁃ associated hydrocephalus:nationwide analysis and systematic review[J].Neurosurg Focus,2019,47(4):E5

    • [6] MISRA U K,KALITA J,KUMAR M,et al.Complications of tuberculous meningitis and their effect on outcome in a tertiary care cohort[J].Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,2020,24(11):1194-1199

    • [7] MANDARINO F V,SINAGRA E,BARCHI A,et al.Gas⁃ troparesis:the complex interplay with microbiota and the role of exogenous infections in the pathogenesis of the dis⁃ ease[J].Microorganisms,2023,11(5):1122

    • [8] CHOPYK D M,GRAKOUI A.Contribution of the intesti⁃ nal microbiome and gut barrier to hepatic disorders[J].Gastroenterology,2020,159(3):849-863

    • [9] MALLUCCI C L,JENKINSON M D,CONROY E J,et al.Antibiotic or silver versus standard ventriculoperitoneal shunts(BASICS):a multicentre,single ⁃ blinded,ran⁃ domised trial and economic evaluation[J].Lancet,2019,394(10208):1530-1539

    • [10] MCCANN M T,GILMORE B F,GORMAN S P.Staphylo⁃ coccus epidermidis device⁃related infections:pathogenesis and clinical management[J].J Pharm Pharmacol,2008,60(12):1551-1571

    • [11] STEVENS N T,GREENE C M,O'GARA J P,et al.Ven⁃ triculoperitoneal shunt⁃related infections caused by Staph⁃ ylococcus epidermidis:pathogenesis and implications for treatment[J].Br J Neurosurg,2012,26(6):792-797

    • [12] KHALID S I,NUNNA R S,MAASARANI S,et al.Laparo⁃ scopic⁃assisted versus mini⁃open laparotomy for ventricu⁃ loperitoneal shunt placement in the medicare popula⁃ tion[J].Neurosurgery,2021,88(4):812-818

    • [13] MBABAZI ⁃KABACHELOR E,SHAH M,VAUGHAN K A,et al.Infection risk for bactiseal universal shunts ver⁃ sus chhabra shunts in ugandan infants:a randomized con⁃ trolled trial[J].J Neurosurg Pediatr,2019,23(3):397-406

    • [14] AKRAM ASIF A,MAHMOOD K,RIAZ S,et al.Bacterial ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections:changing trends in antimicrobial susceptibility,a 7 ⁃ year retrospective study from Pakistan[J].Antimicrob Resist Infect Control,2023,12(1):75

    • [15] PILLAI S V.Techniques and nuances in ventriculoperito⁃ neal shunt surgery[J].Neurol India,2021,69(Supple⁃ ment):S471-S475

  • 参考文献

    • [1] AL⁃SAADI T D,GLISIC M,AL SHARQI A,et al.Safety of pregnancy in ventriculoperitoneal shunt dependent women:meta⁃analysis and systematic review of the litera⁃ ture[J].Neurol India,2020,68(3):548-554

    • [2] 中国医师协会神经外科医师分会.中国脑积水规范化治疗专家共识(2013版)[J].中华神经外科杂志,2013,29(6):634-637

    • [3] 赵东升,别小华.我国神经外科医生对脑积水治疗现状调查问卷分析[J].中国临床神经外科杂志,2020,25(11):746-749

    • [4] GRADNER G,KAEFINGER R,DUPRÉ G.Complica⁃ tions associated with ventriculoperitoneal shunts in dogs and cats with idiopathic hydrocephalus:a systematic re⁃ view[J].J Vet Intern Med,2019,33(2):403-412

    • [5] MCCARTHY D J,SHEINBERG D L,LUTHER E,et al.Myelomeningocele ⁃ associated hydrocephalus:nationwide analysis and systematic review[J].Neurosurg Focus,2019,47(4):E5

    • [6] MISRA U K,KALITA J,KUMAR M,et al.Complications of tuberculous meningitis and their effect on outcome in a tertiary care cohort[J].Int J Tuberc Lung Dis,2020,24(11):1194-1199

    • [7] MANDARINO F V,SINAGRA E,BARCHI A,et al.Gas⁃ troparesis:the complex interplay with microbiota and the role of exogenous infections in the pathogenesis of the dis⁃ ease[J].Microorganisms,2023,11(5):1122

    • [8] CHOPYK D M,GRAKOUI A.Contribution of the intesti⁃ nal microbiome and gut barrier to hepatic disorders[J].Gastroenterology,2020,159(3):849-863

    • [9] MALLUCCI C L,JENKINSON M D,CONROY E J,et al.Antibiotic or silver versus standard ventriculoperitoneal shunts(BASICS):a multicentre,single ⁃ blinded,ran⁃ domised trial and economic evaluation[J].Lancet,2019,394(10208):1530-1539

    • [10] MCCANN M T,GILMORE B F,GORMAN S P.Staphylo⁃ coccus epidermidis device⁃related infections:pathogenesis and clinical management[J].J Pharm Pharmacol,2008,60(12):1551-1571

    • [11] STEVENS N T,GREENE C M,O'GARA J P,et al.Ven⁃ triculoperitoneal shunt⁃related infections caused by Staph⁃ ylococcus epidermidis:pathogenesis and implications for treatment[J].Br J Neurosurg,2012,26(6):792-797

    • [12] KHALID S I,NUNNA R S,MAASARANI S,et al.Laparo⁃ scopic⁃assisted versus mini⁃open laparotomy for ventricu⁃ loperitoneal shunt placement in the medicare popula⁃ tion[J].Neurosurgery,2021,88(4):812-818

    • [13] MBABAZI ⁃KABACHELOR E,SHAH M,VAUGHAN K A,et al.Infection risk for bactiseal universal shunts ver⁃ sus chhabra shunts in ugandan infants:a randomized con⁃ trolled trial[J].J Neurosurg Pediatr,2019,23(3):397-406

    • [14] AKRAM ASIF A,MAHMOOD K,RIAZ S,et al.Bacterial ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections:changing trends in antimicrobial susceptibility,a 7 ⁃ year retrospective study from Pakistan[J].Antimicrob Resist Infect Control,2023,12(1):75

    • [15] PILLAI S V.Techniques and nuances in ventriculoperito⁃ neal shunt surgery[J].Neurol India,2021,69(Supple⁃ ment):S471-S475