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通讯作者:

武晓泓,E-mail:drxhwu@163.com

中图分类号:R587.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)07-927-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN231145

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参考文献 12
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参考文献 19
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨新诊断 2 型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者亚临床颈动脉粥样硬化(subclinical carotid atherosclerosis,SCAS)的相关影响因素及综合治疗后的转归情况。方法:收集402例新诊断T2DM患者的资料,根据有无SCAS 进行分组,比较两组间各项指标的差异。采用二元Logistic 回归分析新诊断T2DM合并SCAS的影响因素,利用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析危险因素的截断值。对其中72例患者进行随访,比较综合治疗前后代谢指标达标情况及SCAS检出率。结果:402例新诊断T2DM住院患者中SCAS检出率为57.0%(229/402)。SCAS组与无SCAS组比较,糖尿病周围神经病变(diabetic peripheral neuropathy,DPN)、糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)、估算的肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、心率的差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。二元Logistic回归分析结果显示,新诊断T2DM合并SCAS 的独立影响因素包括DPN、DR、eGFR、BMI (P < 0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,eGFR截断值为103.50 mL/(min·1.73 m2 ),BMI截断值为27.32 kg/m2 。与基线相比,干预1年后患者的颈动脉内膜-中膜厚度(carotid intima-media thickness,CIMT)、SCAS检出率及代谢指标有明显改善,两组之间差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。结论:新诊断T2DM住院患者SCAS检出率高,DPN、DR与新诊断T2DM合并SCAS风险呈正相关,BMI升高、eGFR下降是新诊断T2DM合并SCAS的独立危险因素。综合治疗可改善新诊断T2DM患者的代谢指标、缓解CIMT增厚、降低SCAS检出率,但颈动脉斑块未得到明显改善。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the influencing factors associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis(SCAS)in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)and regression after comprehensive treatments. Methods:Data were collected from 402 patients with newly diagnosed T2DM,grouped according to the presence or absence of SCAS,and the differences in the indicators between the two groups were compared. Using binary logistic regression to analyze factors influencing newly diagnosed T2DM combined with SCAS. Cut-off values for risk factors were analyzed using reciever operating characteristic(ROC)curves. Seventy-two of these patients were followed up to compare the target accomplishment rates of metabolic index and SCAS detection rate before and after the comprehensive treatment. Results:The SCAS detection rate among 402 newly diagnosed T2DM hospitalized patients was 57.0%(229/402). The differences in diabetic peripheral neuropathy(DPN),diabetic retinopathy(DR),estimated glomerular filtration rate(eGFR),triglycerides(TG),body mass index(BMI),and heart rate were statistically significant(P < 0.05)when the SCAS group was compared with the non-SCAS group. Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the independent influences of newly diagnosed T2DM combined with SCAS included DPN,DR,eGFR,and BMI(P < 0.05). ROC curve analysis showed an eGFR cut -off value of 103.50 mL/ (min·1.73 m2 )and a BMI cut -off value of 27.32 kg/m2 . Compared with baseline,patients’carotid intima -media thickness(CIMT), SCAS detection rate and metabolic indexes were significantly improved after one year of intervention,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P < 0.05). Conclusion:The SCAS detection rate in hospitalized patients with newly diagnosed T2DM is high. DPN and DR are positively associated with the risk of newly diagnosed T2DM combined with SCAS. Elevated BMI and decreased eGFR are independent risk factors for newly diagnosed T2DM combined with SCAS. Combination therapy improves metabolic indexes,relieves CIMT thickening,and reduces SCAS detection rate in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM,but carotid artery plaque is not significantly improved.

  • 心血管疾病是2型糖尿病(type2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM)患者死亡的主要原因之一[1],高血糖可以促进动脉粥样硬化的发生发展,因此《中国成人2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病预防与管理专家共识(2023)》提出对这两种疾病进行共病管理[2]。动脉粥样硬化诱导期较长,因此针对亚临床疾病的研究,更有助于达到预防的目的。颈动脉为动脉粥样硬化好发部位,采用颈动脉超声这种非侵入性检查方法可以测量颈动脉内膜⁃ 中膜厚度(carotid intima⁃media thickness,CIMT),并用来评估亚临床颈动脉粥样硬化(subclinical carotid atherosclerosis,SCAS)[3]。现有研究已针对 SCAS 与糖尿病、糖尿病微血管并发症、糖代谢异常的相关性进行探讨[4]。但由于新诊断T2DM患者通常被认为是低危人群,以上研究较少关注这些患者。调查显示在20世纪90年代T2DM未确诊的阶段最长可达 10 年[5],在疾病未被诊断期间,高血糖可对大血管和/或微血管产生功能和结构损伤。因此,本研究通过分析新诊断T2DM患者SCAS的发生情况、相关影响因素及综合治疗后的转归情况,旨在为新诊断 T2DM 患者心血管疾病的早期诊断、早期干预治疗及共病管理策略的制定提供临床依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 选取2020年1月—2022年12月浙江省人民医院内分泌科新诊断T2DM的402例住院患者作为研究对象。纳入标准:①初次明确诊断T2DM;②资料完整,能够按照标准操作流程采集和报告颈动脉超声检查结果。排除标准:①目前接受抗糖尿病药物、使用抗血小板药物及他汀类药物治疗;②1 型糖尿病、妊娠糖尿病、特殊类型糖尿病等;③感染性疾病、肝肾功能严重低下、心力衰竭、恶性肿瘤、颈动脉病、自身免疫病、神经系统疾病等其他重大疾病患者;④糖尿病急性并发症的患者。最终共纳入符合上述标准的T2DM患者402例,并对其中72例患者进行随访。本研究经浙江省人民医院伦理委员会批准(批准文号:QT2023354),所有患者均知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 资料收集

  • ①一般资料:体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、性别、年龄、吸烟史、饮酒史、高血压病史、用药情况等。②临床指标:糖化血红蛋白(glycosylated hemoglobin,HbA1c)、空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose, FPG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)、甘油三酯 (triglyceride,TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low⁃density lipoprotein⁃cholesterol,LDL⁃C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high⁃density lipoprotein⁃cholesterol,HDL⁃C)、同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)、超敏 C 反应蛋白 (high⁃sensitivity C⁃reactive protein,hsCRP)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen,Fg)、D ⁃二聚体(D ⁃dimer,DD)。 ③慢性并发症筛查:尿微量白蛋白与肌酐的比值 (urine albumin creatine ratio,UACR)、估算的肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)、颈动脉内膜⁃中膜厚度(carotid intima ⁃media thick⁃ness,CIMT)、颈动脉斑块(carotid artery plaque, CAP)、颈动脉狭窄(carotid artery stenosis,CAS)发生情况。

  • 1.2.2 相关标准

  • 慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)诊断参照《糖尿病肾脏疾病临床诊疗中国指南》[6]。糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)、糖尿病周围神经病变(diabetic peripheral neuropathy,DPN) 诊断参照中国 T2DM 防治指南[7]。 SCAS 包括 CIMT 增厚和/或 CAP 形成[3],CIMT 增厚定义为颈总动脉最大 CIMT≥1.0 mm,或颈动脉窦处最大 CIMT≥1.2 mm,CAP 定义为 CIMT≥1.5 mm[8]。本研究中综合治疗包括:控制血糖、控制血压、控制血脂,根据患者年龄、胰岛功能等制定个体化治疗方案。依据《国家标准化代谢性疾病管理中心建设规范及管理指南》[9],代谢指标达标定义为 HbA1c<7%、 LDL⁃C<2.6 mmol/L、收缩压 <140 mmHg、舒张压 <90 mmHg,综合达标指血糖、血脂、血压指标均达标。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 用SPSS 24.0统计软件进行数据分析。正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,两组间符合正态分布且满足方差齐性的数据采用 t 检验,方差不齐的数据采用t’检验。非正态分布的计量资料以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,两组间比较采用秩和检验。计数资料以例数和构成比表示,两组间比较采用卡方检验。采用二元Logistic回归分析法分析影响因素,利用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析危险因素的截断值。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 新诊断T2DM患者基本特征

  • 本研究共纳入 402 例新诊断 T2DM 住院患者,男 299 例(74.4%),女 103 例(25.6%),中位年龄为 47(40,55)岁,中位BMI为25.62(23.22,28.06)kg/m2,中位 HbA1c 为 10.40%(8.77%,11.62%),42.0% (169/402)的受试者合并CAP,2.7%(11/402)的受试者合并 CAS,57.0%(229/402)的受试者合并 SCAS, 16.7%(67/402)的受试者合并 DPN,19.2%(77/402) 的受试者合并 DR,2.0%(8/402)的受试者 eGFR<60 mL/(min · 1.73 m2),23.6%(95/402)的受试者 UACR≥30 mg/g,24.6%(99/402)的受试者合并CKD。

  • 2.2 SCAS组与无SCAS组T2DM患者临床资料的比较

  • 根据CIMT值分为无SCAS组[43.0%(173/402)]和 SCAS 组[57.0%(229/402)]。 DPN、DR、eGFR、 TG、BMI、心率差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。性别、CKD、高血压史、吸烟史、饮酒史、年龄、UACR、 FPG、舒张压、收缩压、TC、HDL⁃C、LDL⁃C、HbA1c、 Hcy、hsCRP、Fg、DD 差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表1)。

  • 2.3 新诊断T2DM患者SCAS影响因素分析

  • 将单因素分析中有统计学差异的指标 DPN、 DR、eGFR、TG、BMI、心率作为自变量纳入多因素 Logistic 回归分析中,并校正性别、年龄。结果显示,性别、年龄、TG、心率与SCAS无关,新诊断T2DM合并SCAS 的影响因素包括:DPN(OR=2.167,95%CI: 1.089~4.312,P <0.05)、DR(OR=3.069,95% CI: 1.629~5.779,P <0.05)、eGFR(OR=0.982,95% CI: 0.971~0.993,P <0.05)、BMI(OR=1.101,95% CI: 1.039~1.168,P <0.05,表2)。ROC 曲线分析显示, eGFR 的曲线下面积和 95% CI 为 0.635 (0.579~0.690),截断值为103.50 mL/(min·1.73 m2)(约登指数为 0.261,灵敏度为 0.595,特异性为 0.667)、BMI 的曲线下面积和 95%CI 为 0.592(0.537~0.648),截断值为 27.32 kg/m2(约登指数为 0.167,灵敏度为 0.383,特异度为0.784)。

  • 2.4 72例新诊断T2DM患者干预1年组与基线组临床指标比较

  • 干预1年组与基线组相比,代谢指标有明显改善,IMT得到缓解,SCAS检出率降低,CAP未得到明显改善。结果显示:舒张压、TC、HDL⁃C、LDL⁃C、血脂达标情况、HbA1c、血糖达标情况、右侧 IMT、 SCAS 检出率、高血压知晓率、血脂异常知晓率、高血糖知晓率、钠⁃葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(sodium glucose transporter 2 inhibitor,SGLT⁃2)抑制剂的使用差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。eGFR、UACR、收缩压、TG、左侧IMT、胰高血糖素样肽⁃1(glucagon like peptide⁃1, GLP⁃1)激动剂的使用、CAP差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表3)。

  • 3 讨论

  • SCAS是心血管疾病病理变化的共同基础。调查显示 SCAS 患病人数众多。2020 年一项针对全球 30~79 岁一般人群颈动脉粥样硬化的荟萃分析中,SCAS 的全球患病率估计为 48.7%[10]。在里约热内卢T2DM队列研究中,478名受试者参加研究, IMT>1.0 mm占52.7%,有颈动脉斑块的占86.6%[11]。一项新诊断T2DM SCAS队列研究中,约2/3的新诊断 T2DM 出现 CAP[12]。我国一项针对病程 1 年内 T2DM的队列研究,SCAS占比75%[13],但SCAS在新诊断T2DM患者中实际患病率尚未在大样本研究中确定,在不同人群中的研究结果存在差别。本研究根据CIMT和/或CAP形成判断是否存在SCAS,发现 402 例新诊断 T2DM 住院患者中 SCAS 有 229 例,占 57.0%。本研究中SCAS患病率低于T2DM横断面调查,这可能与选择人群的样本量及该人群的基线特点有关。

  • 表1 SCAS组和无SCAS组新诊断T2DM患者临床资料的比较结果

  • Table1 Comparative results of clinical data of newly diagnosed T2DM patients in the SCAS group and the non⁃SCAS group

  • 表2 新诊断T2DM患者SCAS影响因素的多因素Logistic回归分析结果

  • Table2 Results of multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors influencing SCAS in newly diagnosed T2DM patients

  • Model1 was adjusted for age and sex.

  • 心血管疾病的危险因素相对复杂,本研究除了传统的心血管疾病危险因素BMI与SCAS之间的关系外,同时发现微血管并发症,即eGFR、DPN、DR也与 SCAS 独立相关。既往研究发现 BMI 是 SCAS 重要的危险因素[14],BMI每增加1个百分点,将导致动脉粥样硬化和冠心病的风险增加 10%[15]。在韩国进行的一项关于无传统心血管危险因素受试者 SCAS的研究中发现,BMI与SCAS独立相关[16]。一项针对我国 218 例 T2DM 的队列研究表明,肥胖 (BMI≥28 kg/m2)是T2DM合并动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因素并且有助于预测T2DM合并动脉粥样硬化的发生风险[17]。本研究在新诊断T2DM人群中证实了 BMI 是 SCAS 的危险因素。既往研究表明 eGFR 低的糖尿病患者发生心血管事件的风险较高[18],日本一项针对 338 例 T2DM 患者的横断面研究表明 CIMT 与 eGFR 呈负相关[19]。多项研究表明,T2DM 患者 DPN 与动脉粥样硬化相关指标和心血管事件相关。一项针对 292 例 T2DM 男性患者的研究表明,伴有DPN的患者IMT显著高于不伴有DPN的患者,并且神经传导速度与IMT显著负相关[20]。近期一项关于糖尿病患者动脉硬化和神经病变相关性的荟萃分析发现,在校正年龄、性别、糖尿病病程、收缩压后,DPN仍与至少一项动脉硬化指标呈正相关[21]。中国一项针对 2 781 例 T2DM 患者 SCAS 与 DR发病率相关的前瞻性研究发现,SCAS与DR发生风险增加相关[22]。本研究在新诊断的T2DM人群中证实了以上结果,表明糖尿病微血管并发症与动脉粥样硬化的发生密切相关,这可能与免疫介导的炎症反应、内皮细胞活化和氧化应激引起的慢性炎症有关[23]。既往研究显示SCAS的传统影响因素还包括年龄、性别、血脂等,但本研究未发现明显相关性,可能的原因包括:①研究人群不同;②分组方法不同;③尽管本研究在患者入组前排除了他汀类药物治疗的干扰,单因素分析中也看到了血脂异常与心血管疾病风险之间的关系,但多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示这种相关性不显著,可能存在其他影响血脂的药物干扰。

  • 表3 72例新诊断T2DM患者基线组与综合治疗1年以上组临床指标比较结果

  • Table3 Results of the comparison of clinical indicators between the baseline group and the group with more than 1 year of comprehensive treatment in 72 patients with newly diagnosed T2DM

  • 本研究还对其中72例患者进行了综合治疗后的随访,发现干预1年组与基线组相比,代谢指标有明显改善,CIMT得到缓解,SCAS检出率降低。研究表明血压、血糖、血脂水平均与IMT有密切关系,甚至是其独立影响因素,因此积极进行降压、降糖、调脂对IMT有积极影响[24-25]。本研究结果证实了综合治疗对缓解新诊断 T2DM 人群 CIMT 的积极影响。一项探讨多因素干预条件下新诊 T2DM 患者 SCAS 进展的研究表明,干预 2 年时 SCAS 的发生率为 28.8%,明显高于干预 1 年时(11.5%),从而得出多因素干预并不能完全阻止SCAS的发生[26]。但在本研究中干预 1 年后(45.8%)与基线(62.5%)相比, SCAS 检出率明显降低,既往研究与本研究的差异可能是由于研究人群不同,干预方式不同,新型降糖药物 SGLT⁃2 抑制剂的使用。研究表明 SGLT⁃2 抑制剂除了具有降糖作用外,还能改善心血管疾病预后[27],改善动脉僵硬度[28]

  • 本研究尚存在一些局限性:首先,本研究虽然确定了糖尿病慢性微血管并发症与 SCAS 有关,但是两者之间的因果关系尚不能确定;其次,本研究选取的人群为新诊断住院的T2DM患者,可能存在选择人群的偏移;最后,本研究为单中心研究,研究结论仍需进一步通过多中心、大样本的前瞻性临床研究进行验证。

  • 综上所述,本研究发现新诊断T2DM 住院患者 SCAS检出率高,其慢性微血管并发症与心血管疾病风险独立相关,这表明新诊断T2DM患者应注重慢性微血管并发症的筛查,合并微血管并发症的患者更应该重视心血管疾病的早期筛查和诊断。对新诊断 T2DM 患者进行 1 年的综合治疗,能显著改善相关代谢指标、提升综合达标率,同时可以缓解 CIMT,降低SCAS的发生率。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] WONG N D,SATTAR N.Cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus:epidemiology,assessment and prevention[J].Nat Rev Cardiol,2023,20(10):685-695

    • [2] 中国心血管代谢联盟.中国成人2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病预防与管理专家共识[J].中国糖尿病杂志,2023,31(9):641-656

    • [3] BABER U,MEHRAN R,SARTORI S,et al.Prevalence,impact,and predictive value of detecting subclinical coronary and carotid atherosclerosis in asymptomatic adults:the BioImage study[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2015,65(11):1065-1074

    • [4] 顾蕙兰,秦瑶,王悦舒,等.1型糖尿病患者亚临床心血管疾病的临床特征及相关危险因素分析[J].中华糖尿病杂志,2021,13(8):785-790

    • [5] BONORA E,TROMBETTA M,DAURIZ M,et al.Chronic complications in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes:prevalence and related metabolic and clinical features:the Verona Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Study(VNDS)9[J].BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care,2020,8(1):e001549

    • [6] 中华医学会肾脏病学分会专家组.糖尿病肾脏疾病临床诊疗中国指南[J].中华肾脏病杂志,2021,37(3):255-304

    • [7] 中华医学会糖尿病学分会.中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020 年版)[J].中华糖尿病杂志,2021,13(4):315-409

    • [8] SHIMODA S,KITAMURA A,IMANO H,et al.Associations of carotid intima⁃media thickness and plaque heterogeneity with the risks of stroke subtypes and coronary artery disease in the Japanese general population:the circulatory risk in communities study[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2020,9(19):e017020

    • [9] 王卫庆,王桂侠,王颜刚,等.国家标准化代谢性疾病管理中心建设规范及管理指南[J].中华内分泌代谢杂志,2019,35(11):907-926

    • [10] SONG P,FANG Z,WANG H,et al.Global and regional prevalence,burden,and risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis:a systematic review,meta-analysis,and modelling study[J].Lancet Glob Health,2020,8(5):e721-e729

    • [11] CARDOSO C R L,SALLES G C,LEITE N C,et al.Prognostic impact of carotid intima⁃media thickness and carotid plaques on the development of micro-and macrovascular complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes:the Rio de Janeiro type 2 diabetes cohort study[J].Cardiovasc Diabetol,2019,18(1):2

    • [12] CATALAN M,HERRERAS Z,PINYOL M,et al.Prevalence by sex of preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes[J].Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis,2015,25(8):742-748

    • [13] 谭艳,夏萃,李祯,等.病程1年内2型糖尿病患者亚临床动脉粥样硬化的患病特征及影响因素分析[J].中国动脉硬化杂志,2020,28(8):668-672

    • [14] SÁNCHEZ E,SÁNCHEZ M,BETRIU À,et al.Are obesity indices useful for detecting subclinical atheromatosis in a middle ⁃aged population?[J].Obes Facts,2020,13(1):29-39

    • [15] HENNING R J.Obesity and obesity⁃induced inflammatory disease contribute to atherosclerosis:a review of the pathophysiology and treatment of obesity[J].Am J Car⁃diovasc Dis,2021,11(4):504-529

    • [16] PARK S,JEON Y J,ANN S H,et al.Comprehensive prediction of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in subjects without traditional cardiovascular risk factors[J].Am J Cardiol,2023,198:64-71

    • [17] 冯静,王祺,吴玉梅,等.基于Nomogram模型对2型糖尿病合并动脉粥样硬化的临床预测模型的初步探索[J].医学综述,2022,28(10):2060-2064

    • [18] RAWSHANI A,RAWSHANI A,FRANZÉN S,et al.Risk factors,mortality,and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes[J].N Engl J Med,2018,379(7):633-644

    • [19] ITO H,KOMATSU Y,MIFUNE M,et al.The estimated GFR,but not the stage of diabetic nephropathy graded by the urinary albumin excretion,is associated with the carotid intima ⁃media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus:a cross⁃sectional study[J].Cardiovasc Di-abetol,2010,9(1):18

    • [20] TANAKA S,KANAZAWA I,SUGIMOTO T.Nerve conduction velocity is negatively associated with intima ⁃media thickness and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus[J].PLoS One,2018,13(12):e0209503

    • [21] BEROS A,SLUYTER J,SCRAGG R K R.Association of arterial stiffness and neuropathy in diabetes:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care,2023,11(1):e003140

    • [22] FANG Q,XIANG M,SHI J,et al.Subclinical atherosclerosis associates with diabetic retinopathy incidence:a prospective study[J].Acta Diabetol,2022,59(8):1041-1052

    • [23] YUCHEN C,HEJIA Z,FANKE M,et al.Exploring the shared molecular mechanism of microvascular and macro-vascular complications in diabetes:Seeking the hub of circulatory system injury[J].Front Endocrinol(Lausanne),2023,14:1032015

    • [24] NAKAGOMI A,SHIBUI T,KOHASHI K,et al.Differential effects of atorvastatin and pitavastatin on inflammation,insulin resistance,and the carotid intima-media thickness in patients with dyslipidemia[J].J Atheroscler Thromb,2015,22(11):1158-1171

    • [25] LU Y,YIN J,WU X,et al.Comparative effects of 2.5 mg levamlodipine and 5 mg amlodipine on vascular endothelial function and atherosclerosis[J].Pak J Pharm Sci,2019,32(5 Special):2433-2436

    • [26] 刘志文,周智广,唐炜立,等.新诊2型糖尿病亚临床动脉粥样硬化进展的影响因素[J].中华全科医师杂志,2006,5(8):470-474

    • [27] 魏晗,辛小军,王曼,等.SGLT⁃2抑制剂改善糖尿病患者心血管疾病预后的研究进展[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(5):773-778

    • [28] 廖英宏,庄晓婷,白越,等.钠⁃葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂在血管衰老中的作用[J].国际内分泌代谢杂志,2022,42(5):373-376

  • 参考文献

    • [1] WONG N D,SATTAR N.Cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus:epidemiology,assessment and prevention[J].Nat Rev Cardiol,2023,20(10):685-695

    • [2] 中国心血管代谢联盟.中国成人2型糖尿病及糖尿病前期患者动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病预防与管理专家共识[J].中国糖尿病杂志,2023,31(9):641-656

    • [3] BABER U,MEHRAN R,SARTORI S,et al.Prevalence,impact,and predictive value of detecting subclinical coronary and carotid atherosclerosis in asymptomatic adults:the BioImage study[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2015,65(11):1065-1074

    • [4] 顾蕙兰,秦瑶,王悦舒,等.1型糖尿病患者亚临床心血管疾病的临床特征及相关危险因素分析[J].中华糖尿病杂志,2021,13(8):785-790

    • [5] BONORA E,TROMBETTA M,DAURIZ M,et al.Chronic complications in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes:prevalence and related metabolic and clinical features:the Verona Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Study(VNDS)9[J].BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care,2020,8(1):e001549

    • [6] 中华医学会肾脏病学分会专家组.糖尿病肾脏疾病临床诊疗中国指南[J].中华肾脏病杂志,2021,37(3):255-304

    • [7] 中华医学会糖尿病学分会.中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020 年版)[J].中华糖尿病杂志,2021,13(4):315-409

    • [8] SHIMODA S,KITAMURA A,IMANO H,et al.Associations of carotid intima⁃media thickness and plaque heterogeneity with the risks of stroke subtypes and coronary artery disease in the Japanese general population:the circulatory risk in communities study[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2020,9(19):e017020

    • [9] 王卫庆,王桂侠,王颜刚,等.国家标准化代谢性疾病管理中心建设规范及管理指南[J].中华内分泌代谢杂志,2019,35(11):907-926

    • [10] SONG P,FANG Z,WANG H,et al.Global and regional prevalence,burden,and risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis:a systematic review,meta-analysis,and modelling study[J].Lancet Glob Health,2020,8(5):e721-e729

    • [11] CARDOSO C R L,SALLES G C,LEITE N C,et al.Prognostic impact of carotid intima⁃media thickness and carotid plaques on the development of micro-and macrovascular complications in individuals with type 2 diabetes:the Rio de Janeiro type 2 diabetes cohort study[J].Cardiovasc Diabetol,2019,18(1):2

    • [12] CATALAN M,HERRERAS Z,PINYOL M,et al.Prevalence by sex of preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes[J].Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis,2015,25(8):742-748

    • [13] 谭艳,夏萃,李祯,等.病程1年内2型糖尿病患者亚临床动脉粥样硬化的患病特征及影响因素分析[J].中国动脉硬化杂志,2020,28(8):668-672

    • [14] SÁNCHEZ E,SÁNCHEZ M,BETRIU À,et al.Are obesity indices useful for detecting subclinical atheromatosis in a middle ⁃aged population?[J].Obes Facts,2020,13(1):29-39

    • [15] HENNING R J.Obesity and obesity⁃induced inflammatory disease contribute to atherosclerosis:a review of the pathophysiology and treatment of obesity[J].Am J Car⁃diovasc Dis,2021,11(4):504-529

    • [16] PARK S,JEON Y J,ANN S H,et al.Comprehensive prediction of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in subjects without traditional cardiovascular risk factors[J].Am J Cardiol,2023,198:64-71

    • [17] 冯静,王祺,吴玉梅,等.基于Nomogram模型对2型糖尿病合并动脉粥样硬化的临床预测模型的初步探索[J].医学综述,2022,28(10):2060-2064

    • [18] RAWSHANI A,RAWSHANI A,FRANZÉN S,et al.Risk factors,mortality,and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes[J].N Engl J Med,2018,379(7):633-644

    • [19] ITO H,KOMATSU Y,MIFUNE M,et al.The estimated GFR,but not the stage of diabetic nephropathy graded by the urinary albumin excretion,is associated with the carotid intima ⁃media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus:a cross⁃sectional study[J].Cardiovasc Di-abetol,2010,9(1):18

    • [20] TANAKA S,KANAZAWA I,SUGIMOTO T.Nerve conduction velocity is negatively associated with intima ⁃media thickness and brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus[J].PLoS One,2018,13(12):e0209503

    • [21] BEROS A,SLUYTER J,SCRAGG R K R.Association of arterial stiffness and neuropathy in diabetes:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care,2023,11(1):e003140

    • [22] FANG Q,XIANG M,SHI J,et al.Subclinical atherosclerosis associates with diabetic retinopathy incidence:a prospective study[J].Acta Diabetol,2022,59(8):1041-1052

    • [23] YUCHEN C,HEJIA Z,FANKE M,et al.Exploring the shared molecular mechanism of microvascular and macro-vascular complications in diabetes:Seeking the hub of circulatory system injury[J].Front Endocrinol(Lausanne),2023,14:1032015

    • [24] NAKAGOMI A,SHIBUI T,KOHASHI K,et al.Differential effects of atorvastatin and pitavastatin on inflammation,insulin resistance,and the carotid intima-media thickness in patients with dyslipidemia[J].J Atheroscler Thromb,2015,22(11):1158-1171

    • [25] LU Y,YIN J,WU X,et al.Comparative effects of 2.5 mg levamlodipine and 5 mg amlodipine on vascular endothelial function and atherosclerosis[J].Pak J Pharm Sci,2019,32(5 Special):2433-2436

    • [26] 刘志文,周智广,唐炜立,等.新诊2型糖尿病亚临床动脉粥样硬化进展的影响因素[J].中华全科医师杂志,2006,5(8):470-474

    • [27] 魏晗,辛小军,王曼,等.SGLT⁃2抑制剂改善糖尿病患者心血管疾病预后的研究进展[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(5):773-778

    • [28] 廖英宏,庄晓婷,白越,等.钠⁃葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂在血管衰老中的作用[J].国际内分泌代谢杂志,2022,42(5):373-376