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通讯作者:

吉宁飞,E-mail:jiningfei@163.com

中图分类号:R563.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)07-947-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN231045

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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:总结分析肺癌合并免疫检查点抑制剂相关肺炎(checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis,CIP)的临床特征和预后。方法:回顾性收集2018年9月—2022年9月在南京医科大学第一附属医院接受免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor, ICI)治疗后发生CIP的肺癌患者的临床资料,对基线特征、临床特征及治疗情况分析描述,对预后进行生存分析。结果:共纳入 75例患者,男71例,女4例,年龄(66.7±7.6)岁。发病时间为接受ICI治疗后4~1054 d。60.0%的患者基线存在肺气肿,36.0%存在肺间质异常(interstitial lung abnormalities,ILA)/间质性肺病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)。影像学表现为机化性肺炎(organizing pneumonia,OP)型、非特异性间质性肺炎(nonspecific interstitial pneumonia,NSIP)型、急性间质性肺炎(acute interstitial pneumonia, AIP)/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)型和其他类型的 CIP 患者分别有 36 例(48.0%)、28 例 (37.3%)、6例(8.0%)和5例(6.7%)。基线是否存在ILA/ILD和CIP是否表现为AIP/ARDS型的患者生存情况均存在明显差异 (P < 0.05)。结论:接受ICI治疗前存在ILA/ILD,以及CIP影像学表现为AIP/ARDS型的肺癌合并CIP患者预后较差。

    Abstract

    Objective:To analyze the clinical features and prognosis of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis(CIP)in lung cancer. Methods:Clinical data of lung cancer patients who developed CIP after receiving immune checkpoint inhibitor(ICI) treatment at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from September 2018 to September 2022 were retrospectively collected. Baseline characteristics,clinical features,treatment conditions were analyzed and described,and survival analysis was conducted. Results:A total of 75 patients were included,with 71 males and 4 females,with a mean age of(66.7±7.6)years. The onset time was 4 to 1054 days after receiving ICI treatment. 60.0% of patients had preexisting emphysema at baseline,and 36.0% had interstitial lung abnormalities(ILA)/interstitial lung disease(ILD). Radiological manifestations included organizing pneumonia(OP) type,nonspecific interstitial pneumonia(NSIP)type,acute interstitial pneumonia(AIP)/acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) type,and other types,with 36 cases(48.0%),28 cases(37.3%),6 cases(8.0%),and 5 cases(6.7%),respectively. There were significant differences in survival between patients with pre-existing ILA/ILD at baseline and those with CIP manifested as AIP/ARDS type(P < 0.05). Conclusion:Lung cancer patients with pre -existing ILA/ILD before receiving ICI treatment and CIP manifested as AIP/ARDS type have a poorer prognosis.

  • 免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibi⁃ tor,ICI)主要包括以细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞相关蛋白 4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte ⁃ associated protein 4, CTLA⁃4)、程序性细胞死亡蛋白 1(programmed cell death 1,PD⁃1)及其配体(programmed cell death ligand 1,PD⁃L1)为靶点的抑制剂,通过激活全身免疫系统(主要是T细胞)产生抗肿瘤免疫反应,被证明对多种肿瘤有显著疗效[1]。然而皮肤、胃肠道、内分泌系统、肝脏和肺等全身系统性免疫相关不良反应 (immune⁃related adverse event,irAE)的发生严重限制了ICI的临床应用[2-3]。免疫检查点抑制剂相关肺炎 (checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis,CIP)是PD⁃1/PD⁃L1 抑制剂最常见的致死性不良反应[3-5]。且与其他肿瘤相比,肺癌患者 CIP 和重度 CIP 的发生率均更高[6]

  • CIP是由ICI引起的临床、影像和病理表现各异的肺损伤,属于继发性间质性肺病(interstitial lung disease,ILD)[7]。CIP的影像学主要表现为机化性肺炎(organizing pneumonia,OP)型、非特异性间质性肺炎(nonspecific interstitial pneumonia,NSIP)型、急性间质性肺炎(acute interstitial pneumonia,AIP)/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS)型、过敏性肺炎(hypersensitivity pneumonitis, HP)型等类型[8-9]。美国国家综合癌症网络(Nation⁃ al Comprehensive Cancer Network,NCCN)指南和我国专家共识根据临床特征结合肺部受累范围把CIP 的严重程度分为4级,然而该分级标准没有结合具体的ILD影像学表现分型和病情进展速度等方面,导致分级不能准确提示预后[710]。真实世界研究显示,男性、吸烟、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、ILD、放疗史等可能与CIP的发生相关,但样本量较小,研究结论不一致,目前尚缺乏关于肺癌合并CIP预后因素的研究[11-13]。本研究通过对肺癌合并CIP患者进行回顾性分析,探讨其基线和临床特征与预后之间的关系,以期为临床医生提供借鉴。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性收集2018年9月—2022年9月在南京医科大学第一附属医院接受ICI治疗后疑诊CIP的肺癌患者。排除非原发性肺癌(原发灶位于其他部位的肿瘤肺转移)和CIP诊断资料不全的患者。CIP的诊断标准:①ICI用药史;②胸部CT出现新发或进展的磨玻璃影、斑片状实变、蜂窝影、网格影、小叶间隔增厚和牵拉性支气管扩张等;③除外肺部感染、放射性肺炎、肿瘤进展、肺水肿和其他抗肿瘤药物引起的 ILD 等[714]。所有病例均由至少 2 名呼吸科医师阅片及结合临床后确定诊断,对于疑难病例请影像科医师会诊。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 从病历系统中收集纳入病例首次使用ICI前的基线特征和CIP相关临床资料,并对患者电话随访收集CIP和肿瘤的治疗及预后资料;随访日期截至 2022年12月。基线特征包括:年龄、性别、体重指数 (body mass index,BMI)、吸烟史、肺气肿及肺间质异常(interstitial lung abnormalities,ILA)或 ILD 情况、肺癌病理类型、TNM 分期(依据第 8 版国际肺癌 TNM分期)、既往肿瘤治疗方案(手术、放化疗和靶向治疗)等。CIP相关临床资料包括:发病时间(首次接受 ICI 治疗至出现 CIP 相关症状或影像学改变)、首发症状、实验室和影像学检查、CIP分级(依据2018年NCCN指南)、治疗与转归等[10]

  • 影像学表现分型:①OP型:中下肺分布为主的斑片实变影,伴或不伴支气管充气征;分布于肺外周或胸膜下;较为特异的表现是反晕征和环礁征[8]。 ②NSIP型:下肺为主的斑片状磨玻璃影和不规则网格影,常伴牵拉性支气管扩张,少见蜂窝影;主要分布于肺外周,沿支气管血管周围分布为主,胸膜下常不受累及[15-16]。③AIP/ARDS型:双肺斑片状或弥漫性磨玻璃影和实变影,累及大多数或整个肺叶; 下叶分布为主;也可能以小叶间隔和小叶内间隔增厚为主,表现为“铺路石征”[8-9]。④其他:包括HP型和其他无法分类的影像学表现。HP型可表现为两肺弥漫或者上叶为主的小叶中心磨玻璃结节,可伴有马赛克征象[9]

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析,采用Graph⁃ Pad Prism 9.0软件制图。连续变量若服从正态分布用均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,否则用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示;分类变量表示为 n(%)。采用Kaplan⁃Meier法估计生存曲线,用Log⁃Rank检验比较各组之间的生存时间;先用单因素分析探索肺癌合并 CIP 的预后因素,再用 Cox 多因素回归分析。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 基线特征

  • 共纳入 75 例 CIP 患者(图1),男 71 例,女 4 例,年龄(66.7±7.6)岁。小细胞肺癌13例,非小细胞肺癌62例(腺癌25例,鳞癌33例,大细胞癌和肉瘤样癌4例),大部分患者为ⅢB~Ⅳ期(73.3%)。分别有 45 例(60.0%)和 27 例(36.0%)患者接受 ICI 治疗前存在肺气肿和ILA/ILD,8例(10.7%)有肺部手术史, 12 例(16.0%)有胸部(肺部和纵隔)放疗史。61 例 (81.3%)接受 PD⁃1 抑制剂治疗,14 例(18.7%)为 PD⁃L1 抑制剂。仅 8 例(10.7%)接受 ICI 单药治疗, 67例(89.3%)患者接受ICI联合其他抗肿瘤治疗(化疗、靶向或抗血管治疗)。免疫治疗多用于肺癌的一线治疗(72.0%),其中包括2例新辅助治疗和3例辅助治疗。

  • 2.2 临床特征

  • CIP 的中位发病时间为 107(43,253)d,发病时间范围为 4~1 054 d( 表2)。 1 级 CIP 有 33 例 (44.0%),2级29例(38.7%),3级6例(8.0%),4级7例 (9.3%)。CIP 发病时,患者平均已接受 3(2,6)次 ICI 治疗。出现影像学改变的中位时间为 112(49, 253)d,最早为17 d。44例(58.7%)患者出现相关症状,首发症状表现为咳嗽、呼吸困难或发热,出现症状的中位时间为 91(43,159)d,最早为 4 d。28 例 (37.3%)患者合并新发或明显增多的胸腔积液,24例合并肠炎、甲状腺功能减退、皮炎、肾上腺皮质功能减退、心肌炎、肝肾损伤或垂体炎等其他irAE。OP 型、NSIP型、AIP/ARDS型和其他类型的分别有36例 (48.0%)、28例(37.3%)、6例(8.0%)和5例(6.7%),典型影像如图2所示。

  • 图1 CIP患者的筛选流程图

  • Figure1 Flow chart for screening CIP patients

  • 2.3 治疗和转归

  • 59例(78.7%)患者接受激素治疗,有40例加用抗感染治疗,5例加用免疫球蛋白和/或免疫抑制剂(英夫利西单抗或环磷酰胺)。除3例失访,无论CIP 发病后是否再次使用ICI,共有13例(2级CIP 6例, 3~4级CIP 8例)因CIP死亡,病死率18.1%。轻中度和重度 CIP 的病死率分别为 9.7%和 61.5%;OP 型、 NSIP型、AIP/ARDS型和其他类型的CIP病死率分别为0、25.9%、100%和0。

  • 图2 CIP的典型影像学表现

  • Figure2 Typical images of CIP

  • 2.4 生存分析

  • 截至2022年12月31日,自CIP发病,所有患者的中位随访时间为 206(99,387)d,3 例(4.0%)患者中途失访,36(48.0%)例患者在随访期间死亡。75例患者的总生存曲线如图3 所示,90 d 累积生存率为 76.0%。

  • 图3 75例CIP患者的总生存曲线

  • Figure3 Overall survival curve of 75 CIP patients

  • 2.4.1 单因素生存分析

  • 对CIP患者的基线和临床特征进行单因素生存分析(表1),发现CIP患者在基线是否存在ILA/ILD、是否出现CIP相关症状、不同影像学表现分型和不同CIP分级等方面的生存情况均存在明显差异(Log⁃ Rank P <0.05)。而年龄、性别、BMI、吸烟史、肺癌病理类型、肺气肿、肺部手术史、胸部放疗史、TNM 分期、ICI 种类、免疫治疗方案及线数、胸腔积液情况、是否合并其他irAE等方面的生存情况差异无统计学意义(Log⁃Rank P >0.05)。

  • 2.4.2 多因素生存分析

  • 将单因素生存分析提示差异有统计学意义的因素进行Cox多因素回归分析之前,首先进行多重共线性检验。检验结果显示,上述4个单因素的方差膨胀因子(variance inflation factor,VIF)均<5,因此,全部纳入多因素回归分析。如表2 所示,基线是否存在 ILA/ILD 和 CIP 是否表现为 AIP/ARDS 型的患者生存情况仍存在明显差异(P<0.05)。基线存在 ILA/ILD(中位生存时间 126.0 d,95%CI:23.2~228.8 d)与无 ILA/ILD(中位生存时间 654.0 d, 95%CI:410.6~897.4 d)患者的生存曲线如图4A 所示。OP 型、NSIP 型、AIP/ARDS 型和其他类型患者的 90d 累积生存率分别为 91.7%、67.9%、16.7%和 80.0%(图4B)。

  • 表1 单因素Kaplan⁃Meier生存分析

  • Table1 Univariate Kaplan⁃Meier survival analysis

  • 表2 Cox回归模型中的多因素生存分析

  • Table2 Multivariate survival analysis in Cox regression model

  • B:the unstandardized beta;SE:standard error;HR:hardzard ratio.

  • 图4 75例CIP患者的Kaplan⁃Meier生存曲线

  • Figure4 Kaplan⁃Meier curves for overall survival of 75 CIP patients

  • 3 讨论

  • 目前,临床试验报道 CIP 的发生率为 3%~5%,真实世界中为 13.2%~19.0%[17-18]。Moey 等[19] 根据 WHO药物警戒数据库分析发现,CIP的病死率也远比临床试验中高,对于肺癌患者,CIP 的病死率为 20.4%,与本研究所示的病死率(18.1%)相似。相比其他肿瘤患者,肺癌患者CIP的病死率高,可能与肺癌患者CIP的诊断相对困难有关,需要和肿瘤进展、放射性肺炎以及肺部感染区分开来[20-21]。目前尚不清楚CIP的发生机制,关于irAE的发生,Postow等[22] 提出了 4 种潜在的机制,包括 T 细胞活性增强并攻击肿瘤和正常组织中存在的交叉抗原、先前存在的自身抗体水平升高、炎性细胞因子的过度分泌和 CTLA⁃4抗体与正常组织中表达的CTLA⁃4抗原直接结合导致补体介导的炎症反应增强。

  • 目前认为,接受ICI治疗后的任何时间都可能发生CIP,既往研究显示CIP的发病时间为9 d~19.2个月不等,中位发病时间约2.8个月[23-24]。本研究CIP 发病的中位时间比既往研究稍长,但本研究的CIP患者最早在接受ICI后第4天即出现呼吸困难,CIP发病的最晚时间为36个月,发病时间范围更大[23-24]。本研究与既往研究相似,重度CIP的病死率高达61.5%,中位生存期仅 104 d [7]。所以,对于既往接受过 ICI 治疗的患者,只要出现呼吸道相关症状或胸部影像学异常应首先考虑到CIP的发生。

  • 炎性细胞因子的过度分泌是 CIP 发生的重要机制,出现炎症反应的临床表现可能提示CIP的发生[22]。本研究有6例患者在CIP发病时仅表现为发热,另有 5 例表现为发热合并咳嗽,或合并呼吸困难。Lin等[25] 报道32.7%的CIP患者症状可表现为发热。发热被认为是炎症反应的标志,对于接受 ICI 后出现发热的患者需警惕CIP的发生。另外,本研究有 37.3%的 CIP 患者合并胸腔积液,其中,42.9% 为双侧胸腔积液。Larsen等[26] 研究也显示44.4%的 CIP患者合并胸腔积液。胸腔积液的产生可能与肺部炎症反应相关,胸腔积液可能有助于CIP的诊断,但仍需要进一步地研究证实。

  • 既往研究提示基线存在ILA/ILD 是CIP发生的危险因素,且与重度 CIP 的发生相关[1827]。本研究 36%的 CIP 患者存在 ILA/ILD,是否存在 ILA/ILD 是 CIP的独立预后因素。根据2022年成人特发性肺纤维化(idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,IPF)和进行性肺纤维化诊疗指南,IPF 患者的影像学可表现为普通型间质性肺炎(usual interstitial pneumonia,UIP)型、可能 UIP 型、不确定 UIP 型和其他诊断[28]。回顾性研究表明,对于基础存在 UIP 型和可能 UIP 型的患者,ICI的使用是肺癌患者发生ILD急性加重的独立危险因素[29]。研究表明,IPF 患者急性加重多表现为AIP型,本研究6例AIP/ARDS型患者有5例都存在 ILA/ILD[15]。对于存在 ILA/ILD 的患者需谨慎使用ICI。

  • 目前国内外的专家共识和指南尚没有对CIP的影像学表现进行分型,有研究将其分为 OP 型、 NSIP 型、HP 型、AIP/ARDS 型、细支气管炎型、辐射召回性肺炎型和其他未分类型等,但分型的标准尚不统一[930]。多数研究指出,OP型为最常见的影像学表现分型,NSIP型次之[9]。Nishino等[31] 将20例 CIP患者分为OP型、NSIP型、HP型和AIP/ARDS型,发现 AIP/ARDS 型患者的 CIP 分级最高,其次是 OP 型、NSIP 型和 HP 型(中位 CIP 分级:3、2、1、1;P= 0.006)。Imran 等[32] 对 CIP 患者进行肺活检,2 例病理学表现为急性肺损伤的 CIP 患者均因 CIP 死亡。本研究也显示,AIP/ARDS 型患者的 90 d 累积生存率仅 16.7%,病死率为 100%。影像学表现为 AIP/ ARDS型的CIP患者发病后可能会快速发生呼吸衰竭,病死率极高,相关机制仍需要进一步研究探讨。但本研究纳入的6例AIP/ARDS型患者有2例未接受足量的激素和抗纤维化治疗,另有1例患者为肺腺癌脑转移患者,肺癌的病理类型、TNM 分期和CIP的治疗等因素均可能会影响CIP 患者的预后,而本研究由于样本量较少,未对这些影响因素进行分析。

  • 本研究对肺癌患者发生 CIP 的临床特点和预后作了较详细的分析总结,给临床医生和相关研究提供了较好的借鉴,但仍存在一些局限性。首先,本研究属于单中心回顾性研究,样本量较小,且多为 1 级 CIP 患者,代表性不足。其次,本研究没有结合 ILD 的病理诊断,CIP 的影像学表现缺乏特异性,影像学表现分型可能受医生主观性的影响。最后,本研究对部分患者的随访时间较短,可能未准确随访 CIP 患者的预后和转归。

  • 综上所述,目前CIP的发病机制尚不清楚。如肺癌患者接受 ICI 治疗前存在 ILA/ILD,则发生 CIP 后预后较差,影像学表现为AIP/ARDS型的CIP患者发病后可能会快速进展,病死率极高。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BAGCHI S,YUAN R,ENGLEMAN E G.Immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer:clinical impact and mechanisms of response and resistance[J].An-nu Rev Pathol Mech Dis,2021,16(1):223-249

    • [2] 许杨悦,胡蒙,武常玲,等.真实世界中肺癌免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的安全性及有效性[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2023,43(12):1668-1674

    • [3] PERDIGOTO A L,KLUGER H,HEROLD K C.Adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors[J].Curr Opin Immunol,2021,69:29-38

    • [4] 王汉萍,郭潇潇,周佳鑫,等.免疫检查点抑制剂相关肺炎的临床诊治建议[J].中国肺癌杂志,2019,22(10):621-626

    • [5] WANG D Y,SALEM J E,COHEN J V,et al.Fatal toxic effects associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].JAMA Oncol,2018,4(12):1721-1728

    • [6] KENNEDY L B,SALAMA A K S.A review of cancer immunotherapy toxicity[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2020,70(2):86-104

    • [7] 中华医学会呼吸病学分会肺癌学组.免疫检查点抑制剂相关肺炎诊治专家共识[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2019,42(11):820-825

    • [8] KALISZ K R,RAMAIYA N H,LAUKAMP K R,et al.Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-related pneumonitis:patterns and management[J].Radio Graphics,2019,39(7):1923-1937

    • [9] 高鹏云,武志峰.免疫检查点抑制剂相关肺炎的临床与影像研究[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2022,45(2):238-242

    • [10] National Comprehensive Cancer Network.Management of immunotherapy⁃related toxicities(immue checkpoint inhibitor⁃related toxicities)Version 1.2018[EB/OL].[2018⁃ 07⁃22].https://www.nccn.org

    • [11] ATCHLEY W T,ALVAREZ C,SAXENA⁃BEEM S,et al.Immune checkpoint inhibitor⁃related pneumonitis in lung cancer:real-world incidence,risk factors,and management practices across six health care centers in North Carolina[J].Chest,2021,160(2):731-742

    • [12] BARRÓN F,SÁNCHEZ R,ARROYO⁃HERNÁNDEZ M,et al.Risk of developing checkpoint immune pneumonitis and its effect on overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer patients previously treated with radiotherapy[J].Front Oncol,2020,10:570233

    • [13] CHAO Y,ZHOU J,HSU S,et al.Risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer[J].Transl Lung Cancer Res,2022,11(2):295-306

    • [14] 李珊,孙宇新,黄慧,等.免疫检查点抑制剂相关性间质性肺疾病的诊疗进展[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2018,41(12):971-974

    • [15] WIJSENBEEK M,SUZUKI A,MAHER T M.Interstitial lung diseases[J].Lancet,2022,400(10354):769-786

    • [16] TEOH A K Y,CORTE T J.Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia[J].Semin Respir Crit Care Med,2020,41(2):184-201

    • [17] SURESH K,PSOTER K J,VOONG K R,et al.Impact of checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis on survival in NSCLC patients receiving immune checkpoint immunotherapy[J].J Thorac Oncol,2019,14(3):494-502

    • [18] TONE M,IZUMO T,AWANO N,et al.High mortality and poor treatment efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with severe grade checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in non⁃small cell lung cancer[J].Thorac Cancer,2019,10(10):2006-2012

    • [19] MOEY M Y Y,GOUGIS P,GOLDSCHMIDT V,et al.Increased reporting of fatal pneumonitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors:a WHO pharmacovigi-lance database analysis[J].Eur Respir J,2020,55(6):2000038

    • [20] GOMATOU G,TZILAS V,KOTTEAS E,et al.Immune checkpoint inhibitor⁃related pneumonitis[J].Respiration,2020,99(11):932-942

    • [21] YIN J,WU Y,YANG X,et al.Checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis induced by anti⁃PD⁃1/PD⁃L1 therapy in non⁃small-cell lung cancer:occurrence and mechanism[J].Front Immunol,2022,13:830631

    • [22] POSTOW M A,SIDLOW R,HELLMANN M D.Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(2):158-168

    • [23] KIM S,LIM J U.Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related interstitial lung disease in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer:systematic review of characteristics,incidence,risk factors,and management[J].J Thorac Dis,2022,14(5):1684-1695

    • [24] ALLEN E,UMORU G,AJEWOLE V,et al.Incidence and outcome of immune checkpoint-induced pneumonitis in oncology patients with history of pulmonary disease[J].Front Oncol,2023,13:1283360

    • [25] LIN X,DENG H,CHEN L,et al.Clinical types of checkpoint inhibitor⁃related pneumonitis in lung cancer patients:a multicenter experience[J].Transl Lung Cancer Res,2021,10(1):415-429

    • [26] LARSEN B T,CHAE J M,DIXIT A S,et al.Clinical and histopathologic features of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis[J].Am J Surg Pathol,2019,43(10):1331-1340

    • [27] NAKANISHI Y,MASUDA T,YAMAGUCHI K,et al.Preexisting interstitial lung abnormalities are risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced interstitial lung disease in non⁃small cell lung cancer[J].Respir Investig,2019,57(5):451-459

    • [28] RAGHU G,REMY⁃JARDIN M,RICHELDI L,et al.Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(an update)and progressive pulmonary fibrosis in adults:an official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2022,205(9):e18-e47

    • [29] TAKAHARA Y,TANAKA T,ISHIGE Y,et al.Risk factors for acute exacerbation in lung cancer complicated by interstitial lung disease with slight reticular shadows[J].Thorac Cancer,2021,12(20):2758-2766

    • [30] ZHANG Q,TANG L,ZHOU Y,et al.Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer:current understanding in characteristics,diagnosis,and management[J].Front Immunol,2021,12:663986

    • [31] NISHINO M,RAMAIYA N H,AWAD M M,et al.PD ⁃1 inhibitor⁃related pneumonitis in advanced cancer patients:radiographic patterns and clinical course[J].Clin Cancer Res,2016,22(24):6051-6060

    • [32] IMRAN S,GOLDEN A,FEINSTEIN M,et al.Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis:acute lung injury with rapid progression and organising pneumonia with less severe clinical disease[J].Histopathology,2022,81(6):724-731

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BAGCHI S,YUAN R,ENGLEMAN E G.Immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of cancer:clinical impact and mechanisms of response and resistance[J].An-nu Rev Pathol Mech Dis,2021,16(1):223-249

    • [2] 许杨悦,胡蒙,武常玲,等.真实世界中肺癌免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的安全性及有效性[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2023,43(12):1668-1674

    • [3] PERDIGOTO A L,KLUGER H,HEROLD K C.Adverse events induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors[J].Curr Opin Immunol,2021,69:29-38

    • [4] 王汉萍,郭潇潇,周佳鑫,等.免疫检查点抑制剂相关肺炎的临床诊治建议[J].中国肺癌杂志,2019,22(10):621-626

    • [5] WANG D Y,SALEM J E,COHEN J V,et al.Fatal toxic effects associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].JAMA Oncol,2018,4(12):1721-1728

    • [6] KENNEDY L B,SALAMA A K S.A review of cancer immunotherapy toxicity[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2020,70(2):86-104

    • [7] 中华医学会呼吸病学分会肺癌学组.免疫检查点抑制剂相关肺炎诊治专家共识[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2019,42(11):820-825

    • [8] KALISZ K R,RAMAIYA N H,LAUKAMP K R,et al.Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy-related pneumonitis:patterns and management[J].Radio Graphics,2019,39(7):1923-1937

    • [9] 高鹏云,武志峰.免疫检查点抑制剂相关肺炎的临床与影像研究[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2022,45(2):238-242

    • [10] National Comprehensive Cancer Network.Management of immunotherapy⁃related toxicities(immue checkpoint inhibitor⁃related toxicities)Version 1.2018[EB/OL].[2018⁃ 07⁃22].https://www.nccn.org

    • [11] ATCHLEY W T,ALVAREZ C,SAXENA⁃BEEM S,et al.Immune checkpoint inhibitor⁃related pneumonitis in lung cancer:real-world incidence,risk factors,and management practices across six health care centers in North Carolina[J].Chest,2021,160(2):731-742

    • [12] BARRÓN F,SÁNCHEZ R,ARROYO⁃HERNÁNDEZ M,et al.Risk of developing checkpoint immune pneumonitis and its effect on overall survival in non-small cell lung cancer patients previously treated with radiotherapy[J].Front Oncol,2020,10:570233

    • [13] CHAO Y,ZHOU J,HSU S,et al.Risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer[J].Transl Lung Cancer Res,2022,11(2):295-306

    • [14] 李珊,孙宇新,黄慧,等.免疫检查点抑制剂相关性间质性肺疾病的诊疗进展[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2018,41(12):971-974

    • [15] WIJSENBEEK M,SUZUKI A,MAHER T M.Interstitial lung diseases[J].Lancet,2022,400(10354):769-786

    • [16] TEOH A K Y,CORTE T J.Nonspecific interstitial pneumonia[J].Semin Respir Crit Care Med,2020,41(2):184-201

    • [17] SURESH K,PSOTER K J,VOONG K R,et al.Impact of checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis on survival in NSCLC patients receiving immune checkpoint immunotherapy[J].J Thorac Oncol,2019,14(3):494-502

    • [18] TONE M,IZUMO T,AWANO N,et al.High mortality and poor treatment efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with severe grade checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis in non⁃small cell lung cancer[J].Thorac Cancer,2019,10(10):2006-2012

    • [19] MOEY M Y Y,GOUGIS P,GOLDSCHMIDT V,et al.Increased reporting of fatal pneumonitis associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors:a WHO pharmacovigi-lance database analysis[J].Eur Respir J,2020,55(6):2000038

    • [20] GOMATOU G,TZILAS V,KOTTEAS E,et al.Immune checkpoint inhibitor⁃related pneumonitis[J].Respiration,2020,99(11):932-942

    • [21] YIN J,WU Y,YANG X,et al.Checkpoint inhibitor pneumonitis induced by anti⁃PD⁃1/PD⁃L1 therapy in non⁃small-cell lung cancer:occurrence and mechanism[J].Front Immunol,2022,13:830631

    • [22] POSTOW M A,SIDLOW R,HELLMANN M D.Immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint blockade[J].N Engl J Med,2018,378(2):158-168

    • [23] KIM S,LIM J U.Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related interstitial lung disease in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer:systematic review of characteristics,incidence,risk factors,and management[J].J Thorac Dis,2022,14(5):1684-1695

    • [24] ALLEN E,UMORU G,AJEWOLE V,et al.Incidence and outcome of immune checkpoint-induced pneumonitis in oncology patients with history of pulmonary disease[J].Front Oncol,2023,13:1283360

    • [25] LIN X,DENG H,CHEN L,et al.Clinical types of checkpoint inhibitor⁃related pneumonitis in lung cancer patients:a multicenter experience[J].Transl Lung Cancer Res,2021,10(1):415-429

    • [26] LARSEN B T,CHAE J M,DIXIT A S,et al.Clinical and histopathologic features of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis[J].Am J Surg Pathol,2019,43(10):1331-1340

    • [27] NAKANISHI Y,MASUDA T,YAMAGUCHI K,et al.Preexisting interstitial lung abnormalities are risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced interstitial lung disease in non⁃small cell lung cancer[J].Respir Investig,2019,57(5):451-459

    • [28] RAGHU G,REMY⁃JARDIN M,RICHELDI L,et al.Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(an update)and progressive pulmonary fibrosis in adults:an official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2022,205(9):e18-e47

    • [29] TAKAHARA Y,TANAKA T,ISHIGE Y,et al.Risk factors for acute exacerbation in lung cancer complicated by interstitial lung disease with slight reticular shadows[J].Thorac Cancer,2021,12(20):2758-2766

    • [30] ZHANG Q,TANG L,ZHOU Y,et al.Immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated pneumonitis in non-small cell lung cancer:current understanding in characteristics,diagnosis,and management[J].Front Immunol,2021,12:663986

    • [31] NISHINO M,RAMAIYA N H,AWAD M M,et al.PD ⁃1 inhibitor⁃related pneumonitis in advanced cancer patients:radiographic patterns and clinical course[J].Clin Cancer Res,2016,22(24):6051-6060

    • [32] IMRAN S,GOLDEN A,FEINSTEIN M,et al.Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pneumonitis:acute lung injury with rapid progression and organising pneumonia with less severe clinical disease[J].Histopathology,2022,81(6):724-731