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通讯作者:

倪布清,E-mail:nibuqing@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R654.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)07-966-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240127

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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
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参考文献 21
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参考文献 22
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参考文献 23
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参考文献 24
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参考文献 25
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参考文献 26
BURDESS A,D’ORIA M,MANI K,et al.Early experience with a novel dissection⁃specific stent⁃graft to prevent distal stent ⁃ graft-induced new entry tears after thoracic endovascular repair of chronic type B aortic dissections[J].Ann Vasc Surg,2022,81:36-47
参考文献 27
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究胸主动脉腔内修复术(thoracic endovascular aortic repair,TEVAR)联合左锁骨下动脉(left subclavian artery, LSA)体外开窗技术治疗主动脉弓部病变的中期效果。方法:选择2018年1月—2021年12月南京医科大学第一附属医院收治的111例行TEVAR联合LSA体外开窗技术治疗的患者,回顾性分析其围术期以及中期随访的临床材料。结果:手术成功率为 100%(111/111),30 d内病死率为3.6%(4/111),术后中位随访时间为33.0个月,全因病死率为6.3%(7/111),主动脉相关的病死率为2.7%(3/111),主要并发症中脑血管意外3例(2.7%),截瘫2例(1.8%),近端逆撕形成A型主动脉夹层1例(0.9%),支架内漏 2 例(1.8%),支架移植物引起远端新发破口 3 例(2.7%)。进行主动脉二次干预的有 4 例(3.6%),其中 3 例(2.7%)腔内手术,1例(0.9%)开胸行人工血管置换手术。结论:TEVAR联合LSA体外开窗技术治疗主动脉弓部病变的中期效果在可接受的范围内,但是仍缺乏长期的观察结果数据。此外,开窗技术流程亟待规范统一,相关设备也待进一步开发。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the midterm outcomes of thoracic endovascular aortic repair(TEVAR)combined with left subclavian artery(LSA)fenestration for aortic arch diseases. Methods:We retrospectively analyzed the perioperative period and midterm follow-up clinical data of 111 patients who underwent TEVAR combined with LSA fenestration in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2018 to December 2021. Results:Overall,the success rate of the surgery was 100%(111/ 111),the mortality rate within 30 days was 3.6%(4/111). The median postoperative follow-up time was 33.0 months,the all-cause mortality was 6.3%(7/111),the aorta-related mortality was 2.7%(3/111). Among the main complications,there were 3 patients(2.7%) of cerebrovascular accident,2 patients(1.8%)of paraplegia,1 patient(0.9%)of retrograde type A dissection(RTAD),2 patients (1.8%)of endoleak,and 3 patients(2.7%)of distal stent -induced new entry(dSINE). Four patients(3.6%)underwent the second aortic intervention,of which 3 patients(2.7%)were performed endovascular surgery and 1 patient(0.9%)was performed thoracotomy and artificial vascular replacement. Conclusion:The mid -term outcomes of TEVAR combined with LSA fenestration for aortic arch diseases were within the acceptable range,however,further follow-up results are needed and long-term stability and durability needs to be assessed. In addition,the technical process of fenestration needs to be standardized and unified,and related equipment needs to be further developed.

  • 主动脉疾病严重危及人体生命健康,传统的开胸手术需要体外循环、深低温停循环、低温脑保护等技术,对人体器官损害较大,具有较高的病死率和术后并发症发生率。腔内技术的应用和发展给主动脉疾病患者,尤其是有开胸手术禁忌证的患者带来巨大的福音[1]。目前,当病变累及升主动脉时,仍然常规采用开胸手术,当病变累及左锁骨下动脉(left subclavian artery,LSA)以远的胸主动脉时,胸主动脉腔内修复术(thoracic endovascular aortic repair,TEVAR)成为一线治疗手段[2]。该技术的原理是用覆膜支架封堵住近端原发破口,使得假腔封闭,真腔重新打开扩大。由于主动脉弓部结构复杂,病变累及弓上分支血管时,需要联合应用其他技术,如烟囱技术、开窗技术、分支支架技术以及杂交技术[3-6] 重建分支血管。本研究回顾性分析了在应用TEVAR联合体外开窗技术重建LSA治疗主动脉弓部病变的中期效果。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性分析2018年1月—2021年12月南京医科大学第一附属医院收治的 111 例接受 TEVAR 联合体外开窗技术重建 LSA 的患者,所有患者术前均行主动脉 CT 血管造影(computed tomography angiography,CTA)明确诊断。纳入标准:①主动脉夹层、主动脉溃疡、壁间血肿累及主动脉弓部病变; ②主动脉弓无严重扭曲成角;③心肺功能指标无法耐受开胸手术;④自愿采用开窗TEVAR重建弓上分支血管且能耐受全麻。排除标准:①主动脉病变累及主动脉0区、1区;②主动脉弓上多个分支血管严重病变;③升主动脉内径严重扩张;④LSA严重病变无法重建。技术成功定义为:开窗位置与左锁骨下动脉开口对准吻合,彻底消除假腔开口,重建分支血管和主动脉真腔血流,并且没有出现严重并发症。本研究经本院医学伦理委员会批准(2021⁃SR⁃381)。患者均知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 体外开窗技术或称预开窗技术,是术者在无菌台上将支架移植物主体从输送器内释放,依据术前造影测量结果,在支架移植物表面对应弓部分支血管的位置通过尖刀或者灼烧器进行开窗,然后将支架移植物主体送入输送器内。患者先进行充分的术前准备包括降血压、降心率、镇痛后再行手术治疗。首先穿刺股总动脉(入路不适合穿刺时选择切开),置入短鞘,随后引入软导丝配合猪尾导管送至降主动脉,造影提示真腔后继续将猪尾导管送入升主动脉,选择左前位合适角度将主动脉弓完全展开,测量主动脉内径、破口直径、破口与 LSA 距离、LSA开口长度、LSA与左颈总动脉(left common carotid artery,LCCA)距离等数据,选择合适型号的支架以及开窗的大小。释放支架移植物头端3节,于加强筋侧覆膜处根据 LSA 开口直径使用灼烧器开1个对应大小的窗,再用丝线捆绑支架移植物将其送回输送鞘中。随后置入 Lunderquist 超硬导丝 (Cook Medical公司,美国),送入开好窗的支架至降主动脉,再次造影定位并在屏幕上标记LSA开口及破口位置。保持支架的加强筋始终位于弓顶正上方位置向弓部送入支架,在确认支架“8”字在LCCA 后缘锚定区以及开窗窗口标记与屏幕上 LSA 开口标记对准,同时待动脉血压稳定在90 mmHg后释放主体支架(图1)。释放完成送入猪尾导管,造影确认破口完全隔绝无内漏,弓上分支血管显影良好。

  • 术后主要通过电话和门诊随访,出院前交代患者术后1个月、3个月、6个月、1年门诊复查CTA,以后每年复查 1 次。随访期间的主要终点是总病死率、主动脉相关病死率和主要并发症,次要终点是有无二次干预。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 所有资料均使用 SPSS 26.0 软件进行数据分析。分类变量资料以频数及百分比表示;连续变量资料先行正态分布及方差齐性检验,正态分布资料以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,非正态分布资料以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示。P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 术前患者基本资料

  • 111 例患者接受 TEVAR 联合 LSA 体外开窗技术治疗,包括主动脉夹层(n=53)、主动脉壁间血肿 (n=30)、穿透性溃疡(n=13)、动脉瘤(n=15)。近端锚定区都在主动脉 2 区并重建了 LSA。这些患者中除 5 例(4.5%)实行急诊手术外,其余患者均行 1~2 周左右充分的术前准备(严格卧床,控制血压、心率,止疼对症治疗等)后进行手术,其中 3 例 (2.7%)因术前合并有下肢灌注不足,2例(1.8%)出现肠缺血而需要紧急开通血管(表1)。

  • 2.2 术后随访结果

  • 总的来说,技术成功率为100%(111/111),30 d内病死率为3.6%(4/111),术后中位随访时间为33.0 (26.0,38.0)个月,全因病死率为6.3%(7/111),主动脉相关的病死率为2.7%(3/111)。除接受该技术治疗外,共9例患者同期实施了其他手术来解决同时存在的问题,1例(0.9%)同时接受了左颈总动脉的烟囱支架植入术,4 例(3.6%)同时接受了腹主动脉腔内修复术,2 例因冠心病同时接受了冠脉支架置入术,还有2例同时接受了颈锁转流术。另外有 6 例(5.4%)具有弓部血管的解剖变异,其中 2 例 (1.8%)迷走右锁骨下动脉的患者接受了右侧颈总动脉与锁骨下动脉转流术和 Kommerell 憩室栓塞术,4 例(3.6%)迷走左椎动脉中 3 例(2.7%)接受了迷走左椎动脉体外开窗术。30 d内死亡的4例中, 1例术后发生脑梗死;1例因左下肢缺血行左大腿截肢术,术后出血过多发生弥散性血管内凝血;1例外伤夹层因肠梗阻小肠缺血坏死,行部分肠管切除术后出现多器官功能衰竭;还有1例是破裂性的主动脉夹层,术后又出现了升主动脉破裂。

  • 图1 支架移植物体外开窗窗口及释放前后术中造影

  • Figure1 Stent⁃graft fenestration and intraoperative angiography

  • 随访期间主要并发症中,发生脑血管意外的有 3例(2.7%),其中2例脑梗死,另1例蛛网膜下腔出血。2例脑梗死患者中1例在术后1月余死亡,1例在术后 1 年因下肢截瘫长期卧床导致肺部感染死亡。蛛网膜下腔出血的患者双下肢截瘫至今未恢复。还有 1 例患者在家中突发心跳呼吸骤停,后检查发现主动脉破裂并且抢救无效死亡。2 例患者内漏均较轻,未出现不良反应,处于定期复查随访中;近端出现破口并逆撕形成 A 型主动脉夹层 (retrograde type A dissection,RTAD)的有 1 例 (0.9%),并行胸主动脉人工血管置换术;出现支架移植物引起远端新发破口 3 例(2.7%),均行二次 TEVAR术。因此,主动脉相关二次干预手术有4例 (3.6%),还有4例(3.6%)患者行非主动脉手术(图2)。

  • 表1 术前患者基本资料

  • Table1 Preoperative patient characteristics

  • 3 讨论

  • LSA在脑供血以及脊髓供血方面承担着重要作用[7],多数研究认为LSA应该尽可能重建,保持LSA 血流通畅对于减少术后主要并发症以及提高患者生存质量起到关键作用[8-10]。从中期随访结果来看,TEVAR联合体外开窗技术重建LSA的疗效在可接受的范围内,术后脑血管意外事件以及截瘫发生率较低。在具备足够健康锚定区的情况下,选择灵活的体外开窗方案不失为一种好的选择[11]

  • 图2 中期随访结果

  • Figure2 Midterm follow⁃up results

  • 本研究中出现脑部并发症的患者有3例,2例是脑梗死,另1例是蛛网膜下腔出血。2例脑梗患者中 1例在术后1月余死亡,1例在术后1年因下肢截瘫长期卧床导致肺部感染死亡。蛛网膜下腔出血的患者双下肢截瘫至今未恢复。因此,在重建LSA的情况下,如何尽可能预防避免因术中操作出现脑部并发症依然是一个重要的话题。一项Meta 分析报道TEVAR术后出现脑梗死的概率是4.1%[12]。本研究中所有患者均进行了LSA的血运重建,有4例迷走左椎动脉(椎动脉直接起源于主动脉弓)的患者也都进行了左椎动脉的血运重建。在分支血管血运重建的情况下仍然出现脑梗死等脑部并发症,可能与腔内操作时动脉内斑块脱落、空气栓塞、其他部位病变导致脑梗死等有关。有研究认为腔内操作后无症状脑梗死的发生率很高[13],为以后脑卒中、脑梗死等脑部意外事件埋下伏笔,因此术后短期内未出现症状并不表示不会发生脑部并发症,需长期随访监测。为预防空气栓塞,会严格冲洗支架移植物,本研究中所使用的冲洗液均为生理盐水混合少量肝素,有研究报道二氧化碳冲洗会有效减少支架移植物内的气体量和有害成分[14],这可能对降低空气栓塞和中风的风险有帮助。重建 LSA 血运不止有开窗的方式,还有旁路技术或者转流技术,最常用的就是左颈总动脉与LSA转流术,近端LSA 结扎栓塞防止Ⅱ型内漏。

  • 相较于原位开窗技术,体外开窗技术避免了弓上分支的暂时性缺血问题,尤其是当多分支重建时,原位开窗需要建立临时性的旁路以提供脑保护[15]。但是体外开窗主要难点在于如何将开窗窗口与LSA 开口精准对合,当破口位于小弯侧或者破口距离分支较远,近端锚定区长度足够时,选择开直径较大的窗口,这时对精准对位要求不太高,但是当为确保足够的锚定区不会出现内漏的情况下选择开尽可能小的窗口时,就要务必保证定位对合精准,否则开窗与分支动脉的错位使得脑灌注不足,出现不可逆转的严重脑卒中,最终导致患者死亡。所以本中心所选用的 Ankura 支架具有独特的定位结构帮助进行术中定位,包括“0”、“8”字结构和加强筋结构,术中将支架的“8”字结构与锚定区对位,加强筋与开窗窗口的相对位置就是主动脉弓顶与 LSA 开口的相对位置,保持加强筋始终朝着弓顶送入支架,将开窗窗口与标记的 LSA 开口对齐,待血压保持在相对低的时候释放支架。

  • 本研究都是TEVAR联合体外开窗技术重建弓上单分支,多分支的重建对开窗窗口与分支开口的对合提出了更高的要求。因此,为解决开窗与分支开口的精准对合以及保持分支血管灌注的通畅这个主要问题,通过优化支架设计以及在开窗窗口置入桥接支架的方式对该术式进行改良。预置导丝系统被认为是解决开窗与分支开口移位的重要手段[16],Chassin⁃Trubert 等[17] 报道了改良双开窗支架移植物修复主动脉弓,在应用预置导丝后分支重建的成功率大大提高。3D打印技术可以精准模拟主动脉弓部复杂解剖结构,包括分支血管相对位置、间距及弓部曲率、成角等[18-19]。此外,开发设计方便精准定位的新型开窗支架移植物[20] 以及在开窗窗口缝合标记物等方法都提高了该技术的成功率。在本研究中,当术中造影示开窗窗口与分支开口有错位,造影剂通过窗口有延迟,可置入桥接支架作为补救措施。但有研究认为应该把在开窗的同一阶段置入桥接支架以连接窗口和 LSA 作为常规手段,桥接支架移植物的使用是影响脑卒中发生率的一个因素,可以降低支架移位和主动脉弓分支动脉狭窄或闭塞的风险,从而降低脑卒中的发生率[21]。这需要足够多的样本以及更长时间随访在临床工作中进一步总结比较。

  • 支架移植物引起新发破口(stent ⁃induced new entry,SINE)也是主要并发症之一,支架近端远端都能产生破口,支架近端出现破口造成的后果远比远端破口严重,近端破口可向升主动脉延伸形成 RTAD。本研究中4例出现新发破口,3例发生在远端,1例出现RTAD,在外院行开胸主动脉人工血管置换术。多项研究表明,支架尺寸与主动脉管腔直径不匹配以及主动脉壁的脆弱性是导致SINE的主要原因[22],而破口发生在远端的概率比发生在近端的概率大,因为通常远端真腔较小,承受了来自支架过大的径向力,更易产生破口[23]。近端为防止出现Ⅰ型内漏会选择比管腔直径大的支架尺寸,但同时也增加了出现破口导致RTAD的风险[24],本研究中支架尺寸的放大率为10%~20%,不同研究对于放大率的选择有不同的结论,主要根据所选用支架移植物的特性和主动脉管腔的具体实际情况来决定。此外支架移植物的长度与SINE的发生有密切的关系,过短的支架长度会使得远端对管壁产生较强的径向力[25],而过长的支架因覆盖过多的分支血管导致脊髓缺血增加截瘫的概率,因而应根据具体情况选用适宜长度的支架。为解决支架所致新发破口形成的问题,需研究新的设备,在具有较低径向力的同时具有较高的顺应性和贴合力,在某些情况下选用锥形支架也可以减少SINE的发生[26-27]

  • 综上所述,TEVAR 联合体外开窗技术重建 LSA 从中期随访结果来看是在可接受范围之内的,术后主要并发症发生率较低,但是仍然缺乏长期的随访结果,开窗技术设备以及适宜的支架移植物需要进一步开发优化,以适应临床患者多样化的需求。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] LOMBARDI J V,HUGHES G C,APPOO J J,et al.Society for vascular surgery(SVS)and society of thoracic surgeons(STS)reporting standards for type B aortic dissections[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2020,109(3):959-981

    • [3] ZHAO Y,SHI Y,WANG M,et al.Chimney technique in supra⁃aortic branch reconstruction in China:a systematic and critical review of Chinese published experience[J].Vasc Endovascular Surg,2017,51(6):429-435

    • [4] LI Y,HE C,CHEN X,et al.Endovascular in situ fenestration technique of aortic arch pathology:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Ann Vasc Surg,2021,76:472-480

    • [5] VAN BAKEL T M,DE BEAUFORT H W,TRIMARCHI S,et al.Status of branched endovascular aortic arch repair[J].Ann Cardiothorac Surg,2018,7(3):406-413

    • [6] GELPI G,ROMAGNONI C,EPIFANI F,et al.Hybrid surgery to manage aortic arch pathology[J].Medicina(Kaunas),2021,57(9):909

    • [7] ETZ C D,KARI F A,MUELLER C S,et al.The collateral network concept:a reassessment of the anatomy of spinal cord perfusion[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2011,141(4):1020-1028

    • [8] NATOUR A K,SHEPARD A,ONOFREY K,et al.Left subclavian artery revascularization is associated with less neurologic injury after endovascular repair of acute type B aortic dissection[J].J Vasc Surg,2023,78(5):1170-1179

    • [9] QUEIROZ A B,LOPES J B,SANTOS V P,et al.Physician ⁃ modified endovascular grafts for zone ⁃ 2 thoracic endovascular aortic repair[J].Aorta(Stamford),2022,10(1):13-19

    • [10] XIE W,XUE Y,LI S,et al.Left subclavian artery revascularization in thoracic endovascular aortic repair:single center’s clinical experiences from 171 patients[J].J Cardiothorac Surg,2021,16(1):207

    • [11] 朱云峰,朱永斌,吴元兵,等.腔内修复术治疗StanfordB型主动脉夹层(附12例报告)[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2007,27(11):1332-1334

    • [12] VON ALLMEN R S,GAHL B,POWELL J T.Editor’s choice⁃incidence of stroke following thoracic endovascular aortic repair for descending aortic aneurysm:a systematic review of the literature with meta⁃analysis[J].Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg,2017,53(2):176-184

    • [13] KOTANI S,INOUE Y,OKI N,et al.Actual incidence of cerebral infarction after thoracic endovascular aortic repair:a magnetic resonance imaging study[J].Interact Cardio-vasc Thorac Surg,2022,34(2):267-273

    • [14] ELESHRA A,SALEPTSIS V,SPANOS K,et al.Retrospective comparative study on differences in presence of gas in the aneurysm sac after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair in early postoperative period between carbon dioxide flushing technique and saline flushing of the delivery system[J].Ann Vasc Surg,2019,61:310-316

    • [15] SEGUCHI R,KIUCHI R,HORIKAWA T,et al.Novel brain protection method for zone 0 endovascular aortic repair with selective cerebral perfusion[J].Ann Vasc Dis,2021,14(2):153-158

    • [16] MIRZA A K,TENORIO E R,KÄRKKÄINEN J M,et al.Outcomes of a novel upper extremity preloaded delivery system for fenestrated-branched endovascular repair of thoracoabdominal aneurysms[J].J Vasc Surg,2020,72(2):470-479

    • [17] CHASSIN ⁃TRUBERT L,GANDET T,LOUNES Y,et al.Double fenestrated physician-modified stent-grafts for total aortic arch repair in 50 patients[J].J Vasc Surg,2021,73(6):1898-1905

    • [18] HUANG J,LI G,WANG W,et al.3D printing guiding stent graft fenestration:a novel technique for fenestration in endovascular aneurysm repair[J].Vascular,2017,25(4):442-446

    • [19] 刘益明,刘昭,吴凡,等.3D打印辅助体外预开窗技术在复杂主动脉疾病腔内治疗的应用[J].中国血管外科杂志(电子版),2023,15(1):38-42

    • [20] ADIARTO S,KANG S G,SUNU I,et al.Two wire system and modified olive tip to facilitate implantation of fenestrated TEVAR in patient with proximal descending aortic pathology:first two cases[J].Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol,2019,42(5):763-769

    • [21] LI X,LI W,DAI X,et al.Thoracic endovascular repair for aortic arch pathologies with surgeon modified fenestrated stent grafts:a multicentre retrospective study[J].Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg,2021,62(5):758-766

    • [22] CANAUD L,GANDET T,SFEIR J,et al.Risk factors for distal stent graft⁃induced new entry tear after endovascu-lar repair of thoracic aortic dissection[J].J Vasc Surg,2019,69(5):1610-1614

    • [23] BURDESS A,MANI K,TEGLER G,et al.Stent ⁃graft induced new entry tears after type B aortic dissection:how to treat and how to prevent?[J].J Cardiovasc Surg(Torino),2018,59(6):789-796

    • [24] MA T,DONG Z H,FU W G,et al.Incidence and risk factors for retrograde type A dissection and stent graft-induced new entry after thoracic endovascular aortic repair[J].J Vasc Surg,2018,67(4):1026-1033

    • [25] KAN X,MA T,DONG Z,et al.Patient-specific virtual stent⁃graft deployment for type B aortic dissection:a pilot study of the impact of stent⁃graft length[J].Front Physiol,2021,12:718140

    • [26] BURDESS A,D’ORIA M,MANI K,et al.Early experience with a novel dissection⁃specific stent⁃graft to prevent distal stent ⁃ graft-induced new entry tears after thoracic endovascular repair of chronic type B aortic dissections[J].Ann Vasc Surg,2022,81:36-47

    • [27] LORTZ J,LEINBURGER F,TSAGAKIS K,et al.Distal stent graft induced new entry:risk factors in acute and chronic type B aortic dissections[J].Eur J Vasc Endo-vasc Surg,2019,58(6):822-830

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BROWN J A,ARNAOUTAKIS G J,SZETO W Y,et al.Endovascular repair of the aortic arch:state of the art[J].J Card Surg,2021,36(11):4292-4300

    • [2] LOMBARDI J V,HUGHES G C,APPOO J J,et al.Society for vascular surgery(SVS)and society of thoracic surgeons(STS)reporting standards for type B aortic dissections[J].Ann Thorac Surg,2020,109(3):959-981

    • [3] ZHAO Y,SHI Y,WANG M,et al.Chimney technique in supra⁃aortic branch reconstruction in China:a systematic and critical review of Chinese published experience[J].Vasc Endovascular Surg,2017,51(6):429-435

    • [4] LI Y,HE C,CHEN X,et al.Endovascular in situ fenestration technique of aortic arch pathology:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Ann Vasc Surg,2021,76:472-480

    • [5] VAN BAKEL T M,DE BEAUFORT H W,TRIMARCHI S,et al.Status of branched endovascular aortic arch repair[J].Ann Cardiothorac Surg,2018,7(3):406-413

    • [6] GELPI G,ROMAGNONI C,EPIFANI F,et al.Hybrid surgery to manage aortic arch pathology[J].Medicina(Kaunas),2021,57(9):909

    • [7] ETZ C D,KARI F A,MUELLER C S,et al.The collateral network concept:a reassessment of the anatomy of spinal cord perfusion[J].J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg,2011,141(4):1020-1028

    • [8] NATOUR A K,SHEPARD A,ONOFREY K,et al.Left subclavian artery revascularization is associated with less neurologic injury after endovascular repair of acute type B aortic dissection[J].J Vasc Surg,2023,78(5):1170-1179

    • [9] QUEIROZ A B,LOPES J B,SANTOS V P,et al.Physician ⁃ modified endovascular grafts for zone ⁃ 2 thoracic endovascular aortic repair[J].Aorta(Stamford),2022,10(1):13-19

    • [10] XIE W,XUE Y,LI S,et al.Left subclavian artery revascularization in thoracic endovascular aortic repair:single center’s clinical experiences from 171 patients[J].J Cardiothorac Surg,2021,16(1):207

    • [11] 朱云峰,朱永斌,吴元兵,等.腔内修复术治疗StanfordB型主动脉夹层(附12例报告)[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2007,27(11):1332-1334

    • [12] VON ALLMEN R S,GAHL B,POWELL J T.Editor’s choice⁃incidence of stroke following thoracic endovascular aortic repair for descending aortic aneurysm:a systematic review of the literature with meta⁃analysis[J].Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg,2017,53(2):176-184

    • [13] KOTANI S,INOUE Y,OKI N,et al.Actual incidence of cerebral infarction after thoracic endovascular aortic repair:a magnetic resonance imaging study[J].Interact Cardio-vasc Thorac Surg,2022,34(2):267-273

    • [14] ELESHRA A,SALEPTSIS V,SPANOS K,et al.Retrospective comparative study on differences in presence of gas in the aneurysm sac after endovascular aortic aneurysm repair in early postoperative period between carbon dioxide flushing technique and saline flushing of the delivery system[J].Ann Vasc Surg,2019,61:310-316

    • [15] SEGUCHI R,KIUCHI R,HORIKAWA T,et al.Novel brain protection method for zone 0 endovascular aortic repair with selective cerebral perfusion[J].Ann Vasc Dis,2021,14(2):153-158

    • [16] MIRZA A K,TENORIO E R,KÄRKKÄINEN J M,et al.Outcomes of a novel upper extremity preloaded delivery system for fenestrated-branched endovascular repair of thoracoabdominal aneurysms[J].J Vasc Surg,2020,72(2):470-479

    • [17] CHASSIN ⁃TRUBERT L,GANDET T,LOUNES Y,et al.Double fenestrated physician-modified stent-grafts for total aortic arch repair in 50 patients[J].J Vasc Surg,2021,73(6):1898-1905

    • [18] HUANG J,LI G,WANG W,et al.3D printing guiding stent graft fenestration:a novel technique for fenestration in endovascular aneurysm repair[J].Vascular,2017,25(4):442-446

    • [19] 刘益明,刘昭,吴凡,等.3D打印辅助体外预开窗技术在复杂主动脉疾病腔内治疗的应用[J].中国血管外科杂志(电子版),2023,15(1):38-42

    • [20] ADIARTO S,KANG S G,SUNU I,et al.Two wire system and modified olive tip to facilitate implantation of fenestrated TEVAR in patient with proximal descending aortic pathology:first two cases[J].Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol,2019,42(5):763-769

    • [21] LI X,LI W,DAI X,et al.Thoracic endovascular repair for aortic arch pathologies with surgeon modified fenestrated stent grafts:a multicentre retrospective study[J].Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg,2021,62(5):758-766

    • [22] CANAUD L,GANDET T,SFEIR J,et al.Risk factors for distal stent graft⁃induced new entry tear after endovascu-lar repair of thoracic aortic dissection[J].J Vasc Surg,2019,69(5):1610-1614

    • [23] BURDESS A,MANI K,TEGLER G,et al.Stent ⁃graft induced new entry tears after type B aortic dissection:how to treat and how to prevent?[J].J Cardiovasc Surg(Torino),2018,59(6):789-796

    • [24] MA T,DONG Z H,FU W G,et al.Incidence and risk factors for retrograde type A dissection and stent graft-induced new entry after thoracic endovascular aortic repair[J].J Vasc Surg,2018,67(4):1026-1033

    • [25] KAN X,MA T,DONG Z,et al.Patient-specific virtual stent⁃graft deployment for type B aortic dissection:a pilot study of the impact of stent⁃graft length[J].Front Physiol,2021,12:718140

    • [26] BURDESS A,D’ORIA M,MANI K,et al.Early experience with a novel dissection⁃specific stent⁃graft to prevent distal stent ⁃ graft-induced new entry tears after thoracic endovascular repair of chronic type B aortic dissections[J].Ann Vasc Surg,2022,81:36-47

    • [27] LORTZ J,LEINBURGER F,TSAGAKIS K,et al.Distal stent graft induced new entry:risk factors in acute and chronic type B aortic dissections[J].Eur J Vasc Endo-vasc Surg,2019,58(6):822-830