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通讯作者:

王朝霞,E-mail: wangzhaoxia@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R730

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)09-1283-09

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240407

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目录contents

    摘要

    长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)是一类长度超过200 nt的非编码RNA分子,大量研究报道其在恶性肿瘤的发生发展中发挥重要的生物学功能。近年来,多项研究发现lncRNA小核仁RNA宿主基因20(small nucleolar RNA host gene 20,SNHG20)在肺癌、肝癌、胃癌等多种肿瘤中高表达,促进肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭和上皮间充质转化过程,抑制其凋亡,影响细胞周期进程,且与患者的预后不良相关。作为一个公认的致癌基因,lncRNA SNHG20是恶性肿瘤潜在的治疗靶点和评估预后的生物标志物。文章总结国内外相关研究报道,对lncRNA SNHG20在恶性肿瘤中的研究进展作一综述。

    Abstract

    Long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)is a class of non-coding RNA molecules with a length of more than 200nt. Numerous studies have reported their significant roles in the occurrence and development of malignant tumors. In recent years,nultiple studies have highlighted the high expression of small nucleolar RNA host gene 20(SNHG20),a type of lncRNA,in various carcinomas such as lung cancer,liver cancer,and gastric cancer. SNHG20 has been shown to promote tumor cell proliferation,migration,invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT),inhibit apoptosis,affect cell cycle progression,and correlate with poor prognosis in patients. As a recognized oncogene,lncRNA SNHG20 is a potential therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in malignant tumors. In this article,we summarize relevant research reports around the world,and review the research progress of lncRNA SNHG20 in malignant tumors.

  • 恶性肿瘤是人类疾病死亡的主要原因,最新全球恶性肿瘤统计数据显示,2022年有近2 000万新发恶性肿瘤病例,同时有970万恶性肿瘤死亡病例[1]。恶性肿瘤严重威胁着人类的生命健康,近年来发病率持续上升,尽管治疗方式不断更新,癌症的预后仍然较差。因此,需要进一步深入对恶性肿瘤的发生发展的机制研究,寻找有效的生物标志物和治疗靶标,为恶性肿瘤的早期诊断、预后评价和治疗提供新的策略。

  • 长链非编码RNA(long non⁃coding RNA,lncRNA) 是一类长度超过 200 个核苷酸序列的 RNA 分子。大量研究发现,lncRNA在转录、转录后、表观遗传学修饰水平调控目标基因和蛋白质[2-3],影响肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭等多种生物学功能[4]。研究发现 lncRNA在恶性肿瘤中发挥原癌或抑癌基因的作用,是潜在的恶性肿瘤预后分子和治疗靶点[5-6]。小核仁 RNA(small nucleolar RNA,snoRNA)是一类广泛存在于真核生物细胞核仁的小分子非编码RNA,长度一般为60~300个核苷酸序列,能与核仁核糖核蛋白结合形成snoRNP复合物[7]。一些snoRNA基因序列中同时包含内含子和外显子,但是snoRNA仅由内含子产生。如果保留包括外显子在内的全长转录本,它将作为一种 lncRNA 起作用,称为小核仁 RNA 宿主基因(small nucleolar RNA host gene,SNHG)[8]。近年来,许多研究表明 SNHG 在多种肿瘤中高表达。SNHG家族成员SNHG5 [9]、SNHG6 [10]、SNHG7 [11]、 SNHG12[12]、SNHG15[13]、SNHG16[14]、SNHG20[15] 等被认为是癌基因,发挥致癌作用。

  • SNHG20位于17号染色体q25.2上,全长2 183 bp,首次被Zhang 等[15] 发现在肝癌组织中高表达,并且与患者的不良预后相关。随后的研究发现SNHG20 在结直肠癌[16]、宫颈癌[17] 和乳腺癌[18] 等多种恶性肿瘤中表达上调,且与患者的不良预后显著相关,参与E⁃cadherin、PTEN、Cyclin A1、p21和miR⁃495等下游靶基因或信号通路的调节,促进肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭、迁移等多种生物学过程,因此SNHG20可作为多种恶性肿瘤的潜在治疗靶点和评估预后的有效生物标志物,为肿瘤的精准治疗提供依据。文章就 SNHG20 在肿瘤研究中的进展作一综述,为后续研究提供指导。

  • 1 lncRNA SNHG20与神经系统恶性肿瘤

  • 胶质瘤是成人最常见的原发性恶性脑肿瘤,其中胶质母细胞瘤为胶质瘤的主要亚型,星形细胞瘤与胶质母细胞瘤约占胶质瘤的 3/4 [19]。Guo 等[20] 发现 SNHG20在神经胶质瘤组织中的表达水平明显高于癌旁组织,并且SNHG20的表达水平与患者胶质瘤的分化程度呈正相关;进一步研究发现SNHG20可通过激活 PTEN/PI3K/AKT 信号通路调控胶质瘤细胞增殖和凋亡。Gao等[21] 研究也显示SNHG20调控PI3K/ AKT/mTOR 信号通路促进胶质母细胞瘤的恶性进展。另一项研究发现,SNHG20 可通过竞争内源性 RNA(competitive endogenous RNA,ceRNA)机制海绵化吸附miR⁃4486,进一步经MDM2/p53通路调控胶质瘤细胞的恶性转化[22]。Li等[23] 发现SNHG20的高表达预示胶质瘤患者更短的无进展生存期(pro⁃ gression⁃free survival,PFS)和总生存期(overall surviv⁃ al,OS),并与肿瘤分期呈正相关,过表达SNHG20可通过沉默p21促进胶质瘤细胞的增殖。此外,SNHG还与 RNA 结合蛋白相互作用,从而调控肿瘤发生发展。有研究发现RNA结合蛋白含锌指RANBP2型2 基因(zinc finger RANBP2 ⁃ type containing2 gene,ZRANB2)作为选择性剪接调控分子特异性结合 SNHG20增加其稳定性,并通过SMD途径靶向抑制叉头盒 K1基因(forkhead box K1 gene,FOXK1)的表达,从而解除 FOXK1 对血管形成拟态相关分子 MMP1、MMP9、V⁃Cadherin的抑制作用,促进胶质瘤细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭和血管形成拟态[24]

  • 在神经系统恶性肿瘤中,对胶质瘤的研究较多,展现了SNHG20在胶质瘤中复杂的分子调控网络,并在胶质瘤细胞的增殖、凋亡、细胞周期阻滞、血管形成等过程中发挥着重要的生物学功能,特别是肿瘤干细胞分化、血管形成有独特研究价值,但仍需深入地研究探索其在胶质瘤临床应用方面的价值。

  • 2 lncRNA SNHG20与头颈部恶性肿瘤

  • 头颈部恶性肿瘤包括鼻咽癌、甲状腺癌、头颈部鳞癌等恶性肿瘤。鼻咽癌是一种发生于鼻咽的恶性肿瘤,在我国南方地区和东南亚发病率较高。鼻咽癌起病隐匿,有时以颈部肿块为首发症状,早期难以发现。目前鼻咽癌的治疗方法以局部放疗为主,联合化疗、生物靶向治疗、手术和中医中药治疗等[25]。研究发现,SNHG20在鼻咽癌患者的癌组织中和血清中表达水平升高,血清SNHG20表达水平与远处肿瘤转移显著正相关,深入研究发现SNHG20通过上调转化生长因子β1(TGF⁃β1)促进鼻咽癌细胞的迁移和侵袭[26]

  • 头颈部鳞癌是常见的口腔颌面部肿瘤,发生在口腔、咽、喉等器官,尽管在过去的30年里治疗方法得到了发展,但头颈部鳞癌患者的生存率并没有得到明显改善[27]。有研究发现,SNHG20在口腔鳞癌组织中的表达明显升高,并且SNHG20的表达水平与肿瘤分化程度、TNM分期和较短的OS呈正相关,敲低SNHG20可显著抑制口腔鳞癌细胞增殖[28]。另一项研究通过生物信息学分析预测 SNHG20 和 RAS 致癌基因家族成员RAB14均可与miR⁃19b⁃3p结合,荧光素酶报告基因分析和 RNA pulldown 实验证实了三者的结合,该研究揭示了SNHG20/miR⁃19b⁃3p/ RAB14轴促进口腔鳞癌发生发展[29]。Wu等[30] 通过体外实验表明,敲除SNHG20显著抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖能力、ALDH1 表达和干细胞因子(LIN28、 Nanog、Oct4、SOX2)表达,分析表明miR⁃197以互补结合的方式指向SNHG20和LIN28。进一步实验证实了SNHG20/miR⁃197/LIN28轴对口腔鳞癌增殖和干性的相关作用。此外,SNHG20 也被发现通过miR⁃29a/DIXDC1/Wnt 信号通路促进口腔鳞癌的进展[31]。Li等[32] 发现喉鳞癌组织中SNHG20的表达明显高于正常组织,且SNHG20表达水平与喉鳞癌临床分期和较低的OS呈正相关。此外,敲低SNHG20 的表达显著抑制了细胞增殖。研究发现miR⁃140与 SNHG20 呈负相关,SNHG20 通过竞争性结合 miR⁃ 140,影响喉鳞癌的恶性进展。另一项研究通过体外实验表明SNHG20能够促进喉鳞癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力。在机制方面,结果证实了SNHG20/ miR⁃342⁃3p/MTDH轴促进喉鳞癌进展[33]

  • 头颈部恶性肿瘤多项研究表明,SNHG20 可能在鼻咽癌、头颈部鳞癌中作为预后和治疗的潜在靶点,进一步研究其生物学功能及分子机制,可能对头颈部肿瘤的诊断及治疗产生重要价值。

  • 3 lncRNA SNHG20与呼吸系统恶性肿瘤

  • 世界范围内,肺癌发病率、死亡率极高且呈上升趋势。2022年全球癌症统计和2022年中国癌症统计均显示,肺癌发病率和死亡率在全部恶性肿瘤中均居于首位[134]。近年来肺癌靶向及免疫治疗给患者带来希望,但是治疗后耐药的发生使得肺癌患者再次陷入窘境。因此,迫切需要寻找肺癌的新靶点并展开机制研究,改善患者预后。

  • 本课题组通过生物信息学分析发现SNHG20在非小细胞肺癌(non⁃small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)中表达上调,并发现SNHG20的高表达与肿瘤TNM分期及不良预后显著正相关;细胞功能实验显示下调 SNHG20 的表达显著抑制了 NSCLC 细胞增殖和迁移;染色质免疫沉淀实验(ChIP)发现SNHG20的下调抑制了EZH2与p21启动子区域的结合,从而抑制 p21 的表达[35]。Wang 等[36] 研究发现 SNHG20 靶向 miR197 激活 Wnt/β⁃catenin 信号通路,促进 NSCLC 细胞增殖,抑制细胞凋亡。此外,还有研究发现 SNHG20 通过靶向 miR⁃2467⁃3p/E2F3 轴介导 PI3K/ AKT/mTOR 信号通路的激活,促进 NSCLC 细胞的增殖、侵袭、迁移和诱导凋亡[37]。另有研究表明, SNHG20通过海绵化吸附miR⁃154上调转录因子人锌指e⁃box⁃binding同源盒2(ZEB2)和RUNX 家族转录因子 2(RUNX2)的表达,促进 NSCLC 细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,抑制细胞凋亡[38]

  • 以上研究表明,SNHG20 高表达可提示 NSCLC 不良预后,分子机制研究表明SNHG20靶向多种信号通路产生作用,促进肿瘤细胞发生发展。因此, SNHG20高表达可通过多途径发挥对NSCLC的促进作用,体现SNHG20作用机制的复杂性。

  • 4 lncRNA SNHG20与消化系统恶性肿瘤

  • 食管鳞状细胞癌在东非和东亚发病率最高,吸烟是其主要危险因素,而腺癌在北美和西欧高发,胃食管反流病是其主要危险因素。腺癌和鳞癌的生存率相近且都较低,有可能是食管癌容易发生早期转移所导致[39]。因此寻找食管癌的早期诊断生物标志物和治疗靶点至关重要。研究发现SNHG20 在食管鳞癌组织及细胞系中表达上调,且与预后不良相关。功能实验表明,SNHG20 过表达促进细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭和上皮⁃间充质转化(epithelial⁃mes⁃ enchymal transition,EMT),抑制细胞凋亡。研究提出SNHG20可能通过ATM/JAK/PD⁃L1途径促进食管鳞癌的生长和转移[40]

  • 2022 年全球癌症统计数据表明,胃癌(gastric carcinoma,GC)发病率和死亡率在全球恶性肿瘤中排名第5。与女性相比,GC在男性中的发病率和死亡率更高。东亚和东欧是 GC 的高发地区。在过去半个世纪里,虽然 GC 的发病率呈稳步下降趋势,但是在年轻群体中的发病率正逐步上升[1]。一项研究显示SNHG20在多种GC细胞中高表达,敲低 SNHG20的表达显著抑制GC细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移。研究发现SNHG20通过与EZH2结合而显著抑制 E ⁃ cadherin 和 p21 的表达,并调节 GSK ⁃ 3β/β ⁃ catenin 信号通路,在 GC 中起癌基因的作用[41]。另一项研究显示,SNHG20 高表达与肿瘤大小和淋巴结转移密切相关,并提示较短的PFS和OS。实验结果证明SNHG20在GC细胞中负向调控miR⁃495⁃3p 来抑制ZFX的表达,参与GC的调控[42]。还有研究发现,在GC细胞系中SNHG20竞争性结合miR⁃140⁃5p 促进 NDRG 家族成员 3(NDRG family member 3 gene,NDRG3)的表达。另外,NDRG3和SNHG20基因的敲除均提高GC细胞系对5⁃氟尿嘧啶(5⁃FU)的治疗敏感性,而共敲除后并未进一步增加敏感性,提示 SNHG20 通过 NDRG3 介导 GC 细胞对 5⁃FU 的耐药性[43]

  • 肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是仅次于肺、结直肠和胃食管恶性肿瘤的第4大常见癌症死亡原因,5年生存率约为18%。到2030年,每年死于HCC的人数预计将达到100万。该病主要发生在病毒性、代谢性和酒精性肝硬化的男性中[44]。虽然HCC治疗手段多样,但如何提高早期诊断率和临床疗效仍是当今社会的重大难题。一项研究表明HCC组织中 SNHG20 的表达显著上调。队列研究表明SNHG20的表达与肿瘤临床分期相关,高表达 SNHG20提示更短的PFS和OS。在SK⁃Hep⁃1细胞中敲低SNHG20显著抑制细胞增殖,迁移和侵袭[15]。另一项研究结果表明敲低 SNHG20 表达加速了 HCC 细胞凋亡。下游靶基因研究发现SNHG20在HCC中充当miR⁃5095的海绵,进而靶向甲基CpG结合域蛋白1(methyl⁃CpG binding domain protein 1,MBD1)表达,调节HCC进展[45]。机制研究发现,敲低SNHG20 抑制了 HCC 中 ZEB1、ZEB2、N⁃cadherin 和 Vimentin 的表达,促进了 E⁃cadherin 的表达。该研究证实了 SNHG20通过激活EZH2/E⁃cadhein经典调节通路调节EMT,促进细胞侵袭[46]。肝炎病毒感染和脂肪肝等可能是导致人类 HCC 发生发展的主要危险因素。有研究者揭示了乙型肝炎病毒X蛋白通过上调 SNHG20负向调控PTEN 促进肝癌进展[47]。另外有研究者通过高脂饮食构建小鼠非酒精性脂肪肝病 (non⁃alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)模型,发现 SNHG20 可能通过激活 STAT6 促使肝巨噬细胞向 M2型极化并推动NAFLD向HCC转变[48]

  • 结直肠癌(colorectal carcinoma,CRC)是美国第 3大常见癌症。大约41%的CRC发生在近端结肠,约22%发生在远端结肠,28%发生在直肠[49]。在我国,CRC主要发生在40岁以上人群,并且以直肠癌为主。CRC在发病和死亡趋势方面呈现性别差异,女性发病率和死亡率均呈下降趋势,而男性发病率和死亡率均呈上升趋势[50]。一项研究发现SNHG20 表达在CRC组织和细胞系中显著上调,与肿瘤TNM 分期呈正相关。研究揭示 SNHG20 通过海绵 miR⁃ 495调节STAT3表达,促进CRC进展[51]。另一项研究显示SNHG20的高表达与CRC患者OS呈负相关,敲低SNHG20显著抑制了结肠癌细胞的增殖、侵袭、迁移及细胞周期进展。进一步研究提示SNHG20通过调节 Cyclin A1 和 p21 的表达促进 CRC 细胞的生长,但相关分子机制尚不明确[16]

  • SNHG20 在消化系统肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭等生物学过程中发挥癌基因作用,通过多个靶标调控肿瘤恶性进展,特别是SNHG20参与胃癌细胞对5⁃FU的耐药性机制,并看到了在化疗药物耐药性方面研究的方向。

  • 5 lncRNA SNHG20与泌尿生殖系统恶性肿瘤

  • 肾细胞癌是最常见的泌尿生殖系统肿瘤,其中透明细胞癌是最常见的肾癌类型。Liu等[52] 通过生物信息学分析发现,SNHG20 在肾透明细胞癌组织中的表达显著上调。体外实验验证,敲低 SNHG20 抑制了肾透明细胞癌细胞的增殖并诱导细胞周期 G0/G1停滞和凋亡,但相关分子机制仍不明确。

  • 膀胱癌主要发生于男性,吸烟及有毒化学物质暴露可能是其发病诱因。有研究发现SNHG20在膀胱癌组织和细胞系中的表达显著高于癌旁组织和正常尿路上皮细胞系。此外,SNHG20 的高表达与晚期临床分期、淋巴结转移、患者生存率降低有关。裸鼠成瘤实验表明,SNHG20 的沉默抑制了体内肿瘤的生长。机制研究表明,SNHG20 基因的敲除抑制了膀胱癌细胞 Wnt/β⁃catenin 信号通路的激活,同时抑制关键基因C⁃myc基因的表达,进而抑制肿瘤增殖、迁移、侵袭并诱导凋亡[53]

  • 前列腺癌是全球男性癌症中发病原因中的第 2 位和死亡原因中的第 5 位[1]。一项研究发现 SHNG20 表达在前列腺癌组织和细胞系中明显升高,进一步机制研究发现SNHG20通过海绵化miR⁃ 6516⁃5p增加下游靶标SCGB2A1蛋白的表达,促进了前列腺癌细胞的增殖和侵袭,抑制细胞凋亡[54]。另有研究发现SNHG20的高表达与高Gleason评分和更晚的肿瘤分期呈正相关。机制分析显示,SNHG20作为 ceRNA上调DDX17表达,发挥致癌作用[55]

  • 根据全球癌症统计显示,2022年有32.4万名妇女被新诊断为卵巢癌,有 20.7 万人死于卵巢癌,使卵巢癌成为女性第 8 大最常见癌症和死亡原因[1]。近年来卵巢癌发病率和死亡率逐渐上升,因此寻找卵巢癌诊断和治疗的新靶点是目前亟待解决的问题。一项研究结果发现浆液性上皮性卵巢癌组织中SNHG20的表达明显高于癌旁组织,并且与组织学分级和淋巴结状态密切相关。SNHG20高表达患者显示出较短的OS,提示预后不良。体外实验表明, SNHG20通过调节增殖和EMT相关蛋白p21、Cyclin D1、E⁃cadherin和Vimentin的表达,促进卵巢癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭[56]。另一项研究发现,SNHG20 通过靶向Wnt/β⁃catenin信号通路在卵巢癌中发挥癌基因的作用[57]。除此之外,有研究证实 SNHG20 作为miR⁃217的海绵,促进肿瘤进展[58]。另有研究发现 SNHG20 通过海绵化 miR⁃148a 增强含 Rho 相关卷曲螺旋蛋白激酶 1(Rho associated coiled⁃coil con⁃ taining protein kinase1 gene,ROCK1)表达,促进卵巢癌的进展[59]。此外,也有研究发现SNHG20通过海绵化miR⁃338⁃3p促进诱导细胞分化蛋白MCL1表达调控卵巢癌的恶性进展[60]

  • 近年来宫颈癌发病率呈逐渐上升趋势,持续的 HPV 病毒感染是其发生的主要危险因素。一项研究显示,SNHG20在宫颈癌中高表达,SNHG20的表达水平与宫颈癌患者的肿瘤大小、FIGO分期和淋巴结转移正相关,与总生存期负相关。研究验证了 SNHG20作为miRNA海绵,进而调控去整合素金属蛋白酶 10(a disintegrin and metalloprotease,AD⁃ AM10),促进宫颈癌细胞的增殖和侵袭[17]

  • 乳腺癌是女性常见恶性肿瘤之一,研究者发现在乳腺癌组织和细胞系中,SNHG20 表达显著上调。体外功能实验证明SNHG20过表达促进了乳腺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和迁移,增殖能力在体内裸鼠皮下成瘤试验中同样得到验证。进一步机制研究阐明了 SNHG20 竞争性结合 miR⁃495 促进 HER2 表达,促进乳腺癌进展[18]

  • 在泌尿生殖系统肿瘤中,SNHG20 可作为多种 miRNA的海绵,或通过激活Wnt/β⁃catenin信号通路促进肿瘤进展。卵巢癌研究较多阐明分子机制和各种信号通路及预后。而肾癌和乳腺癌研究成果较少,需进一步加强研究。

  • 6 lncRNA SNHG20与其他恶性肿瘤

  • Wang 等[61] 发现 SNHG20 在骨肉瘤组织中表达上调,其高表达提示预后不良。分析表明miR⁃139 具有结合 RUNX2 和 SNHG20 的功能,研究结果认为,SNHG20/miR⁃139/RUNX2 轴通过线粒体凋亡途径调控骨肉瘤的发生和凋亡。另一项研究结果表明SNHG20的高表达与Enneking 分期、远处转移呈正相关,与 OS 呈负相关。另外,研究表明 SNHG20 过表达促进 EMT 相关蛋白 Vimentin、ZEB1 和 ZEB2 的表达,并抑制E⁃cadherin的表达,进而促进骨肉瘤细胞迁移和侵袭[62]

  • 研究显示视网膜母细胞瘤组织和细胞系中 SNHG20的表达水平均显著上调。沉默SNHG20可抑制肿瘤细胞增殖、克隆性存活、迁移和侵袭能力。进一步探究发现SNHG20可能通过miR⁃335⁃5p 来促进E2F3表达,进而促进视网膜母细胞瘤细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭,促进肿瘤进展[63]

  • lncRNA SNHG20 在恶性肿瘤中的研究进展总结见表1。

  • 7 小结与展望

  • 近年来,SNHG20作为一个新的热点,在多种恶性肿瘤中进行了相关研究,文章总结了近年来的多项研究结果,均显示SNHG20在泛癌中均作为癌基因促进肿瘤细胞的增殖、迁移、侵袭、EMT、血管形成、抑制细胞凋亡和影响细胞周期进程等生物学过程,参与调控肿瘤进展。大量研究发现SNHG20在多种肿瘤组织中均高表达,且与肿瘤不良预后相关,因此在泛癌中,SNHG20 有作为预测患者预后的生物标志物的潜力。研究发现 SNHG 家族的 SNHG1 在急性髓系白血患者的血浆外泌体中表达上调,并且在造血干细胞移植后外泌体中SNHG1下调,同时因其在血浆外泌体中具有高度稳定性,所以SNHG1可作为急性髓系白血病诊断和治疗监测的生物标志物[64]。高表达的血清SNHG20在鼻咽癌患者中具有诊断特异性[26],而在其他肿瘤中SNHG20作为肿瘤诊断和治疗监测的相关研究仍然较少,需要深入研究探讨其可能性。

  • 机制研究发现,SNHG20 通过复杂的分子调控网络,促进恶性肿瘤进展。在NSCLC、GC、HCC等癌症中,SNHG20作为多种miRNA的ceRNA促进恶性肿瘤进展。而在胶质瘤、卵巢癌、膀胱癌等癌症中, SNHG20 通过激活 PI3K/AKT、Wnt/β⁃catenin 等经典信号通路,发挥癌基因的作用。另外,在 NSCLC、 GC、HCC中,SNHG20通过EZH2表观遗传修饰调控下游转录因子。此外,SNHG20还参与介导了GC细胞对 5⁃FU 的耐药。而 SNHG20 作为分子调控网络中的共同分子,抑制SNHG20的表达可能阻断多种通路的激活,因此SNHG20抑制剂可能是恶性肿瘤治疗和逆转肿瘤耐药的新策略。有研究在胶质母细胞瘤中建立 SNHG 评分模型,并探索 SNHG 评分与肿瘤抗PD⁃1/L1免疫治疗敏感性、抗肿瘤药物敏感性的相关性,预测不同分数个体的给药策略,并在相应的细胞系中进行验证,以此来指导临床治疗[65]。 RNA结合蛋白复合物是一类与特定RNA特异性结合的蛋白质,有调控转录、选择性剪接、多聚腺苷酸化、易位等多重功能。在胶质瘤中,RNA 结合蛋白 ZRANB2 能增加 SNHG 20 的稳定性和表达[24]。此外,SNHG 家族作为一种独特的 lncRNA,其内含子中有snoRNA。以前认为SNHG在剪接后不稳定,仅作为产生 snoRNA 的载体。但最新研究发现,一些 SNHG RNA 能独立于内含子编码的snoRNA。研究发现在肝母细胞中,上调的RNA结合蛋白——剪接因子多聚腺苷结合核蛋白 1(splicing factor polyade⁃ nylate⁃binding nuclear protein 1,PABPN1)能与剪接机制相互作用,诱导特殊SNHG RNA集(SNHG1、8、 12和19)的内含子保留和内含子snoRNA的下调,降低肝母细胞癌患者源性类器官的顺铂敏感性。这在未来为研究针对调控剪接SNHG20的因子研究提供新的视角[66]。此外,将SNHG20在肿瘤治疗中进行临床应用,也需要大量研究进一步探索。

  • 表1 lncRNA SNHG20在恶性肿瘤中的研究进展

  • Table1 Research progress of lncRNA SNHG20 in malignant tumors

  • 近年来的研究结果表明SNHG20可能作为恶性肿瘤诊断、预后的有效生物学标志和治疗的关键靶点,帮助拓展恶性肿瘤的治疗方法,给延长肿瘤患者的生存期、提高生存质量提供了更多的机遇。但关于SNHG20的研究目前尚有不足,仍有待进一步探索其在肿瘤恶性进展中的生物学作用和分子机制,同时需要临床试验验证其在辅助诊断、评估预后、治疗和逆转耐药等方面的作用。相信随着研究的深入,SNHG20 在恶性肿瘤患者中能真正发挥其价值。

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