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通讯作者:

王如兴,E-mail: ruxingw@aliyun.com

中图分类号:R541.8

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)09-1305-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240646

参考文献 1
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
CHEN W G,WANG J B,WANG X H,et al.Knockdown of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 ⁃ alpha(HIF1α)interferes with angiopoietin ⁃like protein 2(ANGPTL2)to attenuate high glucose-triggered hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in cardiomyocytes[J].Bioengineered,2022,13(1):1476-1490
参考文献 21
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参考文献 22
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:糖尿病作为最常见的代谢性疾病,与心血管疾病密切相关,是急性心肌梗死发生的独立危险因素。核转录因子红细胞2相关因子2(nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2,NRF2)是细胞抗氧化反应的关键,它可通过与其他蛋白质相互作用并与抗氧化反应元件结合来增加下游抗氧化基因的转录,维持氧化还原反应的动态平衡。研究表明,NRF2参与调控糖尿病心肌缺血再灌注损伤的发生发展,但其机制尚不完全清楚,文章主要综述与糖尿病心肌缺血再灌注损伤相关的NRF2信号通路及NRF2靶向治疗的研究进展,为糖尿病心肌缺血再灌注损伤的临床治疗提供新的思路。

    Abstract

    Objective:As the most common metabolic disease,diabetes is closely related to cardiovascular disease and is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2(NRF2)is a key regulator of the cellular antioxidant response,which increases the transcription of downstream antioxidant genes by interacting with other proteins and binding to antioxidant response elements,thereby maintaining the dynamic balance of redox states. Some studies have shown that NRF2 is involved in the regulation of the occurrence and development of diabetic myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury,but its mechanism is not yet fully understood. This paper mainly reviews the research progress of NRF2 signaling pathway related to diabetic myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and NRF2 targeted therapies,providing new insights for the clinical treatment of diabetic myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

  • 心肌缺血再灌注损伤(myocardial ischemia ⁃ reperfusion injury,MIRI)是指心肌缺血缺氧后,由于血液和氧气的再灌注而引起的细胞损伤和炎症反应[1]。MIRI 的病理生理机制复杂,涉及氧化应激、钙离子失衡、线粒体损伤、能量代谢紊乱、炎症反应以及细胞凋亡等多种生物学过程,这些生物过程相互作用,造成心肌细胞内外环境紊乱,引发心肌损伤。

  • 糖尿病是全球性公共卫生疾病,影响全球超过 5亿的成年人[2],是急性心肌梗死发生的独立危险因素。当急性心肌梗死发生时,介入或溶栓治疗可以恢复冠状动脉血流以挽救缺血的心肌,但在冠状动脉再通过程中可能会发生MIRI,导致心脏结构和功能受损[3]。此外,急性心肌梗死同时合并糖尿病的患者,其心肌对MIRI更敏感,预后更差[4]

  • 核转录因子红细胞 2 相关因子 2(nuclear factor erythroid⁃2⁃related factor 2,NRF2)是细胞抗氧化反应的关键,可通过与抗氧化反应元件结合来增加下游抗氧化基因的转录,维持氧化还原的动态平衡[5]。NRF2 参与调控糖尿病 MIRI 的发生发展,但机制尚不清楚。文章主要综述与糖尿病MIRI相关的 NRF2 信号通路及其靶向治疗的研究进展,为糖尿病MIRI临床治疗提供新的思路。

  • 1 NRF2概述

  • NRF2包含605个氨基酸,具有7个高度保守的同源结构域(NEH1⁃NEH7)[6]。在正常生理条件下,组成型NRF2基因表达,其蛋白产物半衰期短,为10~15 min,如此短的半衰期归因于Kelch样ECH 关联蛋白 1(Kelch ⁃like ECH ⁃ associated protein 1, KEAP1)与 NEH2 结构域中的 DLG 和 ETGE 基序结合,将 NRF2 隔离在与 E3 泛素连接酶 CUL3 的复合物中,从而促进NRF2蛋白泛素化并随后通过26S蛋白酶体降解,这使得生理状态下细胞质内具有较低含量的 NRF2。NRF2 是细胞抗氧化反应的关键,其最重要的功能是维持细胞内氧化还原反应的动态平衡,当细胞受到氧化应激等内外刺激时, NRF2与KEAP1解离,变得稳定并随后转移至细胞核,通过与其他蛋白质相互作用并与抗氧化反应元件(antioxidant response elements,ARE)结合来增加下游抗氧化基因的转录[4],如谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 4(glutathione peroxidase4,GPX4)、溶质载体家族7成员 11(solute carrier family 7 member 11,SLC7A11)、超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)和过氧化氢酶等。NRF2 也受到其他多种机制调节,例如 NRF2 基因启动子区 CpG 岛的高甲基化会降低 NRF2的表达,并增加细胞的氧化应激、炎症和细胞凋亡。乙酰化、甲基化、磷酸化和泛素化是组蛋白的氨基末端修饰,其中乙酰化和甲基化通过影响 NRF2 基因表达在缺血再灌注损伤中起主导作用。此外,在缺血再灌注损伤中非编码RNA对NRF2基因的调节也被广泛研究[7]

  • 2 NRF2与糖尿病MIRI

  • 当心脏组织中与抗氧化相关的酶,例如过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶等,活性相对较低时,心脏易受到氧化应激的影响[6]。在心肌缺血以及再灌注的整个过程中,最初的缺血可导致心肌细胞内活性氧 (reactive oxygen species,ROS)增加,而之后的再灌注会使心肌细胞进一步产生氧化应激,这在拯救梗死心肌的过程中很难避免。糖尿病患者因长期处于高血糖状态,心肌产生过多的 ROS,本身就存在较高的氧化应激,MIRI可能使其进一步加剧,导致 SOD 和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶等抗氧化活性进一步降低,丙二醛等促氧化产物含量增加,从而进一步加重心肌损伤。在糖尿病MIRI患者中,氧化应激是主要的病理生理机制,常表现为铁死亡、心肌线粒体功能障碍等多种形式,NRF2 可能通过如下通路发挥重要的作用。

  • 2.1 NRF2⁃System Xc⁃GPX4通路

  • GPX4 属于 GPX 超蛋白家族,它可以对抗多种氧化底物,从而保护细胞免受氧化损伤。GPX4 对于生物的存活十分重要,整体敲除GPX的小鼠表现出胚胎致死性,而 GPX4 相关条件敲除小鼠还表现出选择性发育缺陷、细胞死亡增加或疾病易感性提升[8]。System Xc ⁃是由两个关键亚基(SLC7A11 和 SLC3A2)组成的氨基酸逆向转运蛋白,通常介导细胞外胱氨酸与细胞内谷氨酸跨质膜的交换[9]。一旦胱氨酸进入细胞,就会被还原为半胱氨酸,并用于合成谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH),GSH 的巯基具有还原性,可作为体内重要的还原剂,而GPX4可以使用 GSH 作为辅助因子来解毒氧化应激过程中形成的脂质氢过氧化物。氧化应激条件下,NRF2 可以增加 SLC7A11 的表达,这使得 NRF2⁃System Xc⁃GPX4 途径在维持氧化还原状态中发挥着重要作用。

  • 铁死亡是一种新型细胞死亡,与氧化应激密切相关,以 ROS 产生和脂质过氧化为特征,其本质是一种铁依赖性和脂质过氧化驱动的细胞死亡级联反应。其中,NRF2⁃System Xc⁃GPX4 途径存在于铁死亡中并得到广泛研究[10]。在肠缺血再灌注损伤引起急性肺损伤后,Dong等[11] 在肺组织中观察到了 Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞线粒体形态呈现铁死亡的特征性变化:线粒体变小且嵴减少,同时检测到丙二醛水平上升以及GSH水平下降,这进一步证实铁死亡的发生。此外,铁死亡Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞中NRF2、 SLC7A11 以及 GPX4 的含量测定结果显示,NRF2、 SLC7A11 的含量升高而 GPX4 的含量下降,表明 NRF2可能通过调节SLC7A11的表达发挥其抗铁死亡作用。

  • Tian等[3] 研究发现,与正常小鼠相比,缺血再灌注会进一步降低糖尿病小鼠的左室射血分数同时扩大心肌梗死面积,而胞内NRF2和GPX4的表达都有明显的下降。推测可能的机制是糖尿病致使组织长期处于氧化应激环境,二价铁离子、丙二醛水平上升,导致NRF2入核减少以及GPX4大量消耗,最终使细胞死亡。

  • 硫化氢(hydrogen sulfide,H2S)是调节心血管稳态的重要生理气体分子,它具有多种作用,包括参与 ATP 合成、线粒体呼吸和降低心脏 ROS 基础水平。Wang等[12] 在一项关于糖尿病心肌病的研究中观察到,应用外源性 H2S 可以通过 NRF2⁃GPX4 通路减轻高糖高脂处理后心肌细胞中的铁死亡和线粒体凋亡。此外,外源 H2S 显著增加了 KEAP1 蛋白的泛素化并减少了其与 NRF2 的结合,这使得 NRF2 入核增多,提升了下游抗氧化物质的表达,而 H2S 导致的 KEAP1 泛素化降解是滑膜蛋白所介导的,但是在糖尿病MIRI中尚未有类似的研究, H2S 是否对其有保护作用,是否同样与泛素化以及 NRF2⁃System Xc⁃GPX4 通路有关,有待进一步研究证实。

  • 柚皮素是一种富含多种生物活性的黄酮类化合物,广泛存在于柑橘类水果中,已广泛用于预防动脉粥样硬化、高血压、心律失常等心血管疾病。 Xu 等[13] 发现柚皮素通过 NRF2⁃System Xc⁃GPX4 通路减轻了心肌缺血再灌注引起的大鼠心肌组织病理损伤、炎症和脂质过氧化。这提示 NRF2⁃System Xc⁃GPX4通路对于糖尿病MIRI患者是一个潜在的治疗靶点。

  • 2.2 NRF2⁃动力相关蛋白(1 dynamin⁃related protein 1, DRP1)通路

  • 研究表明,细胞内线粒体处于裂变和融合的稳态之中,氧化应激会导致线粒体过度分裂,从而引发不可逆的细胞凋亡。而DRP1介导的线粒体分裂在非糖尿病患者的MIRI中发挥着关键作用。此外,有研究证明DRP1介导的线粒体裂变在糖尿病小鼠的心肌细胞中增强,这说明 DRP1 可能是糖尿病中与MIRI相关的关键分子。

  • NRF2 作为调节细胞氧化还原的枢纽分子, Wang 等[14] 研究发现,MIRI 后糖尿病大鼠 DRP1 的 mRNA以及蛋白水平都存在一定程度的上调,同时电镜下观察到了心肌线粒体裂变增加,而通过过表达 NRF2 以及应用富马酸二甲酯(一种 NRF2 激动剂),细胞中DRP1蛋白水平得到了显著的抑制。这证明在发生MIRI的糖尿病患者心肌中,NRF2通过抑制DRP1的表达实现了对心肌细胞的保护作用。

  • 已有文献证明 NRF2 是线粒体功能的枢纽因子[15],敲低NRF2的小鼠表现出线粒体功能损害,而 NRF2 的激活会增强线粒体功能及抗应激能力。 NRF2通过多种方式调节线粒体功能并影响线粒体稳态,这是因为NRF2能够与线粒体结合,影响线粒体功能,NRF2信号通路主要通过与KEAP1的相互作用进行协调,在正常稳态条件下,KEAP1 通过直接相互作用在细胞质内负向调节 NRF2 的蛋白水平,而Strom等[16] 的研究发现,这种NRF2⁃KEAP1相互作用似乎在线粒体上也得以维持,KEAP1类似地存在于线粒体组分中,特别是线粒体外膜,同时也观察到NRF2的缺乏会导致线粒体膜的通透性转变以及线粒体肿胀的发生率增加,这证明 NRF2 可与线粒体直接相互作用。综上,糖尿病MIRI中NRF2 与线粒体存在直接相互作用,同时影响 DRP1 等蛋白的表达从而调节线粒体稳态,减少细胞凋亡。

  • 2.3 NRF2⁃血红素氧合酶(1 heme oxygenase1,HO⁃1) 通路

  • HO⁃1是一种受NRF2调控的二相抗氧化酶,它是重要的诱导应激反应蛋白,可将血红蛋白转化为一氧化碳、二价铁离子和胆绿素,并将上述产物还原为胆红素,从而发挥抗氧化、抗炎、抗凋亡和抗血栓作用[17]。目前,越来越多的研究表明 HO⁃1 可以表现出抗氧化潜力,保护心肌细胞免受氧化应激引起的损伤,并进一步抑制MIRI的发生。NRF2的激活在 HO⁃1 表达中起着关键作用,NRF2⁃HO⁃1 这一经典通路已在很多疾病模型中得到了研究[18],而在糖尿病MIRI中,研究更多聚焦于此通路中NRF2的上游信号分子及其调节因子,并取得了新的发现。

  • STAT3在缺血后处理的心脏保护中至关重要,而STAT 的激活依赖于Brahma 相关基因1(Brahma⁃ related gene1,BRG1)。BRG1 是一种染色质重塑酶,可调节 STAT3 结合靶点的染色质可及性,同时 BRG1还促进NRF2诱导HO⁃1以响应氧化应激。研究表明,STAT3可以作为HO⁃1下游靶标对抗高血糖引起的心肌功能障碍,而糖尿病MIRI条件下,BRG⁃1 在上述通路中的作用并不明确。Wang 等[19] 发现糖尿病MIRI下,无论是BRG1还是NRF2、HO⁃1以及 p⁃STAT⁃3都有显著的下调,而使用异氟醚后处理的方法可以恢复上述下调的信号分子水平。此外,研究发现 NRF2 基因敲低可消除异氟醚诱导的 BRG1 上调,这似乎提示BRG1与NRF2之间存在着更加复杂的相互作用。

  • 血管生成素样蛋白(angiopoietin⁃like protein 4,ANGPTL)是近年发现的一类分泌性糖蛋白,它的本质是血管内皮细胞、单核细胞或巨噬细胞分泌的炎症介质,其正常表达有利于血管生成和组织修复,而ANGPTL2被发现可以影响糖尿病及其并发症的发展,ANGPTL2的上调与糖尿病患者心血管事件和死亡风险增加呈正相关。此外,研究表明缺血/再灌注损伤和缺氧/复氧损伤可以增加H9c2细胞中缺氧诱导因子1α(hypoxia inducible factor 1α,HIF1α)的表达,Chen等[20] 在研究中证明HIF1α对ANGPTL具有激活作用,在高糖缺氧/复氧模型中 HIF1α的水平上升,从而促进了 ANGPTL2 的表达,同时发现细胞质中 NRF2 的表达增加,而 NRF2 的入核减少以及 HO⁃1 的表达下降,通过敲低 ANGPTL2 可以逆转这种现象。此外,在转染 ANGPTL2⁃shRNA 的 H/R⁃H9c2 细胞中,HIF1α的过表达使 NRF2 入核减少和 HO⁃1 水平下降,这提示 HIF1α介导 ANGPTL2 下调NRF2⁃HO⁃1通路。总之,NRF2⁃HO⁃1这一通路受到多种上游信号分子的调控,除了以上 BRG1、 ANGPTL等,还有很多分子未在糖尿病MIRI条件下进行验证,它们的作用仍有待进一步研究。

  • 3 糖尿病MIRI的治疗进展

  • 近年来,通过靶向 NRF2 通路预防或治疗糖尿病MIRI已取得了许多进展,例如京尼平苷、毛地黄黄酮、白藜芦醇和姜黄素等,实验证明这些物质可以经由 NRF2⁃System Xc⁃GPX4、NRF2⁃HO⁃1 等通路改善糖尿病 MIRI[21-24]。此外,有研究表明,与氧化还原有关的金属元素可能是糖尿病MIRI的治疗靶点[25]。锌离子作为抗氧化酶和蛋白质(KEAP1/ NRF2介导的抗氧化防御)的辅助因子,可以对抗冠状动脉缺血再灌注损伤中的氧化应激,不稳定锌离子的增加通过修饰、KEAP1和糖原合酶激酶3β构象来抑制 NRF2 的蛋白酶体降解和泛素化,而铁和铜通过芬顿反应催化ROS的形成,也作为抗氧化酶的辅助因子,激活NRF2抗氧化信号转导。

  • 许多新型降糖药物也具有治疗糖尿病MIRI的潜在可能,胰高血糖素样肽⁃1 受体激动剂(glucagon⁃ like peptide⁃1 receptor agonist,GLP⁃1 RA)以及钠依赖性葡萄糖转运蛋白 2 抑制剂(sodium ⁃dependent glucose transporters 2 inhibitor,SGLT2i)的心脏保护作用已得到证实[26]。GLP⁃1 RA、SGLT2i 可以上调 AMPK 等蛋白水平,从而激活 NRF2⁃HO⁃1 通路,增强心肌抗氧化能力,减轻缺血/再灌注期间的氧化应激,减少心肌缺血,从而减少心肌梗死的面积。

  • 4 结论

  • 糖尿病可并发心肌梗死、心力衰竭和心律失常等严重并发症,在急性心肌梗死再灌注治疗中可能会导致MIRI。NRF2可以通过NRF2⁃System Xc⁃GPX4、 NRF2⁃DRP1和NRF2⁃HO⁃1等多种通路减少糖尿病 MIRI 中的氧化应激,可能对糖尿病 MIRI 具有预防及治疗的作用。与 HO⁃1 相关的研究相对较多,但是针对NRF2⁃System Xc⁃GPX4这一与铁死亡相关的机制仍有待进一步的研究。目前虽然许多针对 MIRI的药物不断出现与更迭,但是靶向NRF2的药物并不多,临床试验报道也相对较少,同时也存在诸多问题,例如具体作用机制不明、治疗效果不稳定等。未来需要针对 NRF2 在减轻糖尿病 MIRI 中涉及的氧化应激的不同通路进行深入研究,从而为糖尿病MIRI的防治提供新思路和新方法。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] TIAN H,ZHAO X S,ZHANG Y X,et al.Abnormalities of glucose and lipid metabolism in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Biomedecine Pharmacother,2023,163:114827

    • [2] GENG T T,ZHU K,LU Q,et al.Healthy lifestyle behaviors,mediating biomarkers,and risk of microvascular complications among individuals with type 2 diabetes:a cohort study[J].PLoS Med,2023,20(1):e1004135

    • [3] TIAN H,XIONG Y H,ZHANG Y,et al.Activation of NRF2/FPN1 pathway attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats by regulating iron homeostasis and ferroptosis[J].Cell Stress Chaperones,2021,27(2):149-164

    • [4] IMPELLIZZERI D,CORDARO M,SIRACUSA R,et al.Molecular targets for anti⁃oxidative protection of açaí berry against diabetes myocardialischemia/reperfusioninjury[J].Free Radic Res,2023,57(5):339-352

    • [5] YAMAMOTO M,KENSLER T W,MOTOHASHI H.The KEAP1⁃NRF2 system:a thiol⁃based sensor⁃effector apparatus for maintaining redox homeostasis[J].Physiol Rev,2018,98(3):1169-1203

    • [6] CHEN Q M,MALTAGLIATI A J.Nrf2 at the heart of oxidative stress and cardiac protection[J].Physiol Genomics,2018,50(2):77-97

    • [7] ZHANG J,PAN W Q,ZHANG Y,et al.Comprehensive overview of Nrf2 ⁃ related epigenetic regulations involved in ischemia⁃reperfusion injury[J].Theranostics,2022,12(15):6626-6645

    • [8] XIE Y C,KANG R,KLIONSKY D J,et al.GPX4 in cell death,autophagy,and disease[J].Autophagy,2023,19(10):2621-2638

    • [9] LIU J,KANG R,TANG D L.Signaling pathways and defense mechanisms of ferroptosis[J].FEBS J,2022,289(22):7038-7050

    • [10] DING S Y,DUANMU X Y,XU L S,et al.Ozone pretreatment alleviates ischemiareperfusion injury ⁃induced myocardial ferroptosis by activating the Nrf2/Slc7a11/Gpx4 axis[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2023,165:115185

    • [11] DONG H,QIANG Z Z,CHAI D D,et al.Nrf2 inhibits ferroptosis and protects against acute lung injury due to intestinal ischemia reperfusion via regulating SLC7A11 and HO⁃1[J].Aging,2020,12(13):12943-12959

    • [12] WANG M Y,TANG J Y,ZHANG S W,et al.Exogenous H2S initiating Nrf2/GPx4/GSH pathway through promoting Syvn1 ⁃Keap1 interaction in diabetic hearts[J].Cell Death Discov,2023,9(1):394

    • [13] XU S J,WU B X,ZHONG B Y,et al.Naringenin alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating the nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2 ⁃ related factor 2(Nrf2)/System xc ⁃/glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)axis to inhibit ferroptosis[J].Bioengineered,2021,12(2):10924-10934

    • [14] WANG X L,ZHU Q Q,SIMAYI A,et al.Nrf2 protects against myocardial ischemia⁃reperfusion injury in diabetic rats by inhibiting Drp1⁃mediated mitochondrial fission[J].Open Med,2023,18(1):20230711

    • [15] LI J,JIA Y C,DING Y X,et al.The crosstalk between ferr⁃optosis and mitochondrial dynamic regulatory networks[J].Int J Biol Sci,2023,19(9):2756-2771

    • [16] STROM J,XU B,TIAN X,et al.NRF2 protects mitochondrial decay by oxidative stress[J].FASEB J,2016,30(1):66-80

    • [17] ZHANG Q,LIU J,DUAN H,et al.Activation of Nrf2/HO⁃1 signaling:an important molecular mechanism of herbal medicine in the treatment of atherosclerosis via the protection of vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress[J].J Adv Res,2021,34:43-63

    • [18] LOBODA A,DAMULEWICZ M,PYZA E,et al.Role of Nrf2/HO⁃1 system in development,oxidative stress response and diseases:an evolutionarily conserved mechanism[J].Cell Mol Life Sci,2016,73(17):3221-3247

    • [19] WANG Y,LI H B,HUANG H S,et al.Cardioprotection from emulsified isoflurane postconditioning is lost in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes due to the impairment of Brg1/Nrf2/STAT3 signalling[J].Clin Sci(Lond),2016,130(10):801-812

    • [20] CHEN W G,WANG J B,WANG X H,et al.Knockdown of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 ⁃ alpha(HIF1α)interferes with angiopoietin ⁃like protein 2(ANGPTL2)to attenuate high glucose-triggered hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in cardiomyocytes[J].Bioengineered,2022,13(1):1476-1490

    • [21] WANG J,DE ⁃QIONG X,HONG D Q,et al.Attenuation of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by geniposide preconditioning in diabetic rats[J].Curr Res Transl Med,2019,67(2):35-40

    • [22] ZHOU X R,RU X C,XIAO C,et al.Sestrin2 is involved in the Nrf2 ⁃ regulated antioxidative signaling pathway in luteolin⁃induced prevention of the diabetic rat heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury[J].Food Funct,2021,12(8):3562-3571

    • [23] XU G P,ZHAO X,FU J,et al.Resveratrol increase myocardial Nrf2 expression in type 2 diabetic rats and alleviate myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury(MIRI)[J].Ann Palliat Med,2019,8(5):565-575

    • [24] ZHANG W,QIAN S H,KANG P F,et al.Curcumin attenuates ferroptosis-induced myocardial injury in diabetic cardiomyopathy through the Nrf2 pathway[J].Cardiovasc Ther,2022,2022:3159717

    • [25] YANG F,SMITH M J.Metal profiling in coronary ischemia⁃reperfusion injury:implications for KEAP1/NRF2 regulated redox signaling[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2024,210:158-171

    • [26] YANG T G,ZHANG D Q.Research progress on the effects of novel hypoglycemic drugs in diabetes combined with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury[J].Ageing Res Rev,2023,86:101884

  • 参考文献

    • [1] TIAN H,ZHAO X S,ZHANG Y X,et al.Abnormalities of glucose and lipid metabolism in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Biomedecine Pharmacother,2023,163:114827

    • [2] GENG T T,ZHU K,LU Q,et al.Healthy lifestyle behaviors,mediating biomarkers,and risk of microvascular complications among individuals with type 2 diabetes:a cohort study[J].PLoS Med,2023,20(1):e1004135

    • [3] TIAN H,XIONG Y H,ZHANG Y,et al.Activation of NRF2/FPN1 pathway attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats by regulating iron homeostasis and ferroptosis[J].Cell Stress Chaperones,2021,27(2):149-164

    • [4] IMPELLIZZERI D,CORDARO M,SIRACUSA R,et al.Molecular targets for anti⁃oxidative protection of açaí berry against diabetes myocardialischemia/reperfusioninjury[J].Free Radic Res,2023,57(5):339-352

    • [5] YAMAMOTO M,KENSLER T W,MOTOHASHI H.The KEAP1⁃NRF2 system:a thiol⁃based sensor⁃effector apparatus for maintaining redox homeostasis[J].Physiol Rev,2018,98(3):1169-1203

    • [6] CHEN Q M,MALTAGLIATI A J.Nrf2 at the heart of oxidative stress and cardiac protection[J].Physiol Genomics,2018,50(2):77-97

    • [7] ZHANG J,PAN W Q,ZHANG Y,et al.Comprehensive overview of Nrf2 ⁃ related epigenetic regulations involved in ischemia⁃reperfusion injury[J].Theranostics,2022,12(15):6626-6645

    • [8] XIE Y C,KANG R,KLIONSKY D J,et al.GPX4 in cell death,autophagy,and disease[J].Autophagy,2023,19(10):2621-2638

    • [9] LIU J,KANG R,TANG D L.Signaling pathways and defense mechanisms of ferroptosis[J].FEBS J,2022,289(22):7038-7050

    • [10] DING S Y,DUANMU X Y,XU L S,et al.Ozone pretreatment alleviates ischemiareperfusion injury ⁃induced myocardial ferroptosis by activating the Nrf2/Slc7a11/Gpx4 axis[J].Biomed Pharmacother,2023,165:115185

    • [11] DONG H,QIANG Z Z,CHAI D D,et al.Nrf2 inhibits ferroptosis and protects against acute lung injury due to intestinal ischemia reperfusion via regulating SLC7A11 and HO⁃1[J].Aging,2020,12(13):12943-12959

    • [12] WANG M Y,TANG J Y,ZHANG S W,et al.Exogenous H2S initiating Nrf2/GPx4/GSH pathway through promoting Syvn1 ⁃Keap1 interaction in diabetic hearts[J].Cell Death Discov,2023,9(1):394

    • [13] XU S J,WU B X,ZHONG B Y,et al.Naringenin alleviates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating the nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2 ⁃ related factor 2(Nrf2)/System xc ⁃/glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)axis to inhibit ferroptosis[J].Bioengineered,2021,12(2):10924-10934

    • [14] WANG X L,ZHU Q Q,SIMAYI A,et al.Nrf2 protects against myocardial ischemia⁃reperfusion injury in diabetic rats by inhibiting Drp1⁃mediated mitochondrial fission[J].Open Med,2023,18(1):20230711

    • [15] LI J,JIA Y C,DING Y X,et al.The crosstalk between ferr⁃optosis and mitochondrial dynamic regulatory networks[J].Int J Biol Sci,2023,19(9):2756-2771

    • [16] STROM J,XU B,TIAN X,et al.NRF2 protects mitochondrial decay by oxidative stress[J].FASEB J,2016,30(1):66-80

    • [17] ZHANG Q,LIU J,DUAN H,et al.Activation of Nrf2/HO⁃1 signaling:an important molecular mechanism of herbal medicine in the treatment of atherosclerosis via the protection of vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress[J].J Adv Res,2021,34:43-63

    • [18] LOBODA A,DAMULEWICZ M,PYZA E,et al.Role of Nrf2/HO⁃1 system in development,oxidative stress response and diseases:an evolutionarily conserved mechanism[J].Cell Mol Life Sci,2016,73(17):3221-3247

    • [19] WANG Y,LI H B,HUANG H S,et al.Cardioprotection from emulsified isoflurane postconditioning is lost in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes due to the impairment of Brg1/Nrf2/STAT3 signalling[J].Clin Sci(Lond),2016,130(10):801-812

    • [20] CHEN W G,WANG J B,WANG X H,et al.Knockdown of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 ⁃ alpha(HIF1α)interferes with angiopoietin ⁃like protein 2(ANGPTL2)to attenuate high glucose-triggered hypoxia/reoxygenation injury in cardiomyocytes[J].Bioengineered,2022,13(1):1476-1490

    • [21] WANG J,DE ⁃QIONG X,HONG D Q,et al.Attenuation of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury by geniposide preconditioning in diabetic rats[J].Curr Res Transl Med,2019,67(2):35-40

    • [22] ZHOU X R,RU X C,XIAO C,et al.Sestrin2 is involved in the Nrf2 ⁃ regulated antioxidative signaling pathway in luteolin⁃induced prevention of the diabetic rat heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury[J].Food Funct,2021,12(8):3562-3571

    • [23] XU G P,ZHAO X,FU J,et al.Resveratrol increase myocardial Nrf2 expression in type 2 diabetic rats and alleviate myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury(MIRI)[J].Ann Palliat Med,2019,8(5):565-575

    • [24] ZHANG W,QIAN S H,KANG P F,et al.Curcumin attenuates ferroptosis-induced myocardial injury in diabetic cardiomyopathy through the Nrf2 pathway[J].Cardiovasc Ther,2022,2022:3159717

    • [25] YANG F,SMITH M J.Metal profiling in coronary ischemia⁃reperfusion injury:implications for KEAP1/NRF2 regulated redox signaling[J].Free Radic Biol Med,2024,210:158-171

    • [26] YANG T G,ZHANG D Q.Research progress on the effects of novel hypoglycemic drugs in diabetes combined with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury[J].Ageing Res Rev,2023,86:101884