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通讯作者:

孙培莉,E-mail: plisun9419@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R563

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)10-1369-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240616

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:研究流量-容积(flow-volume,F-V)曲线下降支夹角在慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者临床表型及病情严重度评估中的临床价值。方法:选取2021年12月—2022年12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院进行肺功能检查的患者共101例,其中,存在F-V曲线下降支夹角的稳定期COPD患者(夹角组)33例,与夹角组第1秒用力呼气容积占预计值百分比(forced expiratory volume in the first second as a percentage of predicted value,FEV1%pred)匹配的无下降支夹角的稳定期COPD患者(无夹角组)38例,既往无心肺疾病,且肺功能检测正常的受试者(对照组)30例。收集并比较各组患者基本资料、临床症状评分[COPD自我评估测试(COPD assessment test,CAT)、改良版英国医学研究委员会呼吸困难问卷(modified medical research council dyspnoea scale,mMRC)]、肺功能参数和运动后指脉氧参数。采用多因素Logistic回归分析F-V曲线下降支夹角的相关因素。采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析F-V曲线下降支夹角对COPD随访1年内急性加重的预测价值。结果:夹角组肺功能受损程度严重,第1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in the first second,FEV1)和用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)分别为0.91±0.24、2.11±0.63;夹角组CAT评分、mMRC评分、 ΔSpO2高于无夹角组及对照组,步行运动后 SpO2L低于无夹角组及对照组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05);夹角组 CAT 评分 ≥12 分、mMRC 评分≥2 分、ΔSpO2≥13%是 F-V 曲线下降支更易出现夹角的主要相关因素;F-V 曲线下降支夹角预测重度稳定期 COPD 急性加重的曲线下面积为 0.777,当角度<129.1°时其预测灵敏度、特异度均为最佳,分别为 72.73%、67.35%。结论:F-V曲线呈现下降支夹角的COPD患者其肺功能常严重受损,且更易发生活动后低氧血症和急性加重。因此,COPD肺功能报告中应关注F-V曲线下降支是否存在夹角,以便尽早识别COPD高危人群。

    Abstract

    Objective:To study the clinical value of the collapse angle of flow-volume(F-V)curve in assessment of clinical phenotype and severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)patients. Methods:A total of 101 subjects who underwent pulmonary function tests from December 2021 to December 2022 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were selected for this study. Subjects in the angle group were 33 stable COPD patients with collapse angle of F -V curve. The non -angle group including 38 cases of stable COPD patients without collapse angle,who matched with the angle group in forced expiratory volume in the first second as a percentage of predicted value(FEV1%pred). The control group including 30 subjects without previous cardiopulmonary disease and had normal lung function. Basic information,clinical symptom scores(CAT score,mMRC score),pulmonary function parameters and daily exercise finger pulse oxygen parameters were collected and compared among the groups. Multifactorial logistic regression was used to analyze the factors associated with the collapse angle of F-V curve. The predictive value of the collapse angle of F-V curve for acute exacerbation of COPD within one year of followup was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve. Results:Pulmonary function was severely impaired in the angle group,with FEV1 and forced vital capacity (FVC)of 0.91±0.24 and 2.11±0.63,respectively. CAT score,mMRC score,and ΔSpO2 of the angle group were higher than those of the non-angle group and the control group. SpO2L of the angle group after walking exercise was lower than that of the non-angle group and the control group(P < 0.05). CAT score ≥12,mMRC score ≥2,and ΔSpO2≥13% were main related factors of the emergence of the collapse angle of F-V curve. The area under the ROC curve of the collapse angle of F-V curve for predicting the acute exacerbation of COPD was 0.777. The sensitivity and specificity of prediction were the best when the angle was <129.1°,which were 72.73% and 67.35%,respectively. Conclusion:When the collapse angle of F-V curve appears in patients with COPD,their lung function is often severely impaired. They are more prone to post-activity hypoxemia and acute exacerbations. Therefore,attention should be paid to the presence of the collapse angle of F -V curve in the pulmonary function report of COPD,in order to recognize the high-risk group of COPD as early as possible.

  • 慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是一种进行性加重且不可逆的慢性呼吸系统疾病,是目前全球仅次于心血管疾病和脑卒中的第3大死因[1]。COPD临床管理复杂,对于稳定期患者,采取准确全面的病情评估是控制疾病进展,预防急性加重的关键。目前,临床主要通过肺功能检测量化数据及 COPD 评估量表明确稳定期 COPD的严重度及恶化风险[2],但上述评估检查方法的质量不易管控,特别是对于早期预测COPD急性加重的效果欠佳。流量⁃容积(flow⁃volume,F⁃V)曲线下降支夹角是肺通气功能检查获取的重要图形指标,其表现为在典型COPD患者最大呼气流量⁃容积(maximum expiratory flow⁃volume curve,MEFV)曲线下降支凹陷的基础上存在夹角,且其角度的大小可反映COPD患者气道阻塞的严重程度。已有研究发现,F⁃V曲线下降支夹角可提示COPD潜在的病理变化,对评价肺功能严重度具有参考意义,同时F⁃V 曲线下降支夹角的出现也预示着患者病情加重[3]。本研究将深入分析 F⁃V 曲线下降支夹角对稳定期 COPD患者的病情评估价值。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 选取2021年12月—2022年12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院呼吸科门诊就诊,并行肺功能检查、日常步行运动指脉氧监测、胸部CT检查的稳定期COPD患者86例,随访1年期间出现随访脱落的患者有15例,最后共纳入71例COPD患者。根据肺功能检查的F⁃V曲线下降支是否存在夹角将COPD 患者分为夹角组 33 例,无夹角组 38 例。并同步入组既往无心肺疾病,肺功能检测正常的受试者30例为对照组。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准(编号: 2015⁃SR⁃207.A1;2019⁃SR⁃504),所有研究对象均知情同意。COPD纳入标准:①年龄50~85周岁,性别不限;②符合慢性阻塞性肺疾病全球倡议(global initiative for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, GOLD)指南稳定期 COPD 诊断标准。排除标准: ①COPD急性加重;②其他呼吸系统疾病;③合并心肝肾等器官功能不全或恶性肿瘤、全身感染性疾病;④合并残疾、认知障碍、言语交流障及精神障碍。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 资料收集

  • 收集记录受试者的临床资料(年龄、性别、吸烟指数、身高、体重、胸部CT)、吸入药物情况、肺功能检测、COPD 评估测试(COPD assessment test,CAT) 评分、改良医学委员会呼吸困难指数(modified medical research council dyspnea scores,mMRC),以及日常运动指脉氧监测参数。对 COPD 患者的吸入药物情况进行如下分类:Ⅰ表示应用1~2种吸入型长效支气管扩张剂、长效抗胆碱能药物,Ⅱ表示联合应用吸入性糖皮质激素和 1~2 种吸入型长效支气管扩张剂。

  • 1.2.2 肺功能测定

  • 运用德国耶格公司Master Screen IOS脉冲震荡肺功能仪,在吸入支气管舒张剂(沙丁胺醇400 μg) 前后,检测第 1 秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in the first second,FEV1)、用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)、用力肺活量占预计值百分比 (forced vital capacity of predicted,FVC% pred)等肺功能指标,收集 F⁃V 曲线的图形。用绘图软件在 F⁃V曲线的下降支凹陷处沿起始高容量段和终末低容量段各画 1 条直线交叉形成钝角,测量角度,以 130°为界,>130°的归为无夹角组,<130°的纳入夹角组[3](图1)。

  • 图1 根据F⁃V曲线下降支的分组示意图

  • Figure1 Schematic diagram of grouping based on the descending branch of the F⁃V curve

  • 1.2.3 CAT评分、mMRC评分

  • 在肺功能检测当天,采用中文版CAT评分表[4] 对患者进行评估,主要包括:咳嗽、咳痰、胸闷、气喘、运动耐力、活动能力、睡眠、精力。专业医护人员解释后,由患者根据自己主观症状进行评分。每个单项 0~5 分,共计 40 分,评分越高表示病情越严重。采用 mMRC 评分对患者呼吸困难程度进行评估,得分越高表示呼吸困难越严重。

  • 1.2.4 日常步行运动指脉氧监测

  • 使用脉搏血氧仪腕表(型号:CMS60D,天津橙意家人科技有限公司)监测患者在步行活动过程中的脉搏及血氧饱和度。具体操作为:受试者坐位休息5 min,将脉氧仪探头指套固定在患者健康手指的甲床上,待数值稳定后,受试者开始进行日常步行运动,运动强度在3~4 METs[5],使用最高脉率/亚极量心率确定受试者运动强度的效度,亚极量心率的计算公式为195-年龄[6];连续监测步行活动下的手指脉氧及脉率变化,监测结束后收集并统计静息 SpO2(SpO2rest)、最低 SpO2(SpO2L)、ΔSpO2(SpO2rest-SpO2L)。

  • 1.2.5 胸部CT影像表现

  • 采用西门子 64 排螺旋 CT 扫描仪,患者取仰卧位,从胸腔入口至肋膈角进行CT平扫,扫描层厚为 5 mm。由2名高年资专业医师进行双盲评估,并作出诊断。根据CT表现具体可分为鞘状气管、左支气管塌陷变形、右支气管塌陷变形、小叶中央型肺气肿、全小叶型肺气肿、旁间隔肺气肿、肺大疱、肺动脉根部/主动脉 >1、膈肌低平、桶状胸。

  • 1.2.6 1年内COPD急性加重的人次及首次急性发作时间

  • 通过门诊随访或电话随访方式,统计夹角组及无夹角组 COPD 患者在随访 1 年内的急性加重人数、急性加重的发作次数及首次急性发作时间。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS23.0统计软件进行数据处理和分析,正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,采用方差分析进行多组间比较,两两比较采用 LSD 法;非正态分布的计量资料和等级资料以中位数 (四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,采用秩和检验进行组间比较;计数资料采用例(百分率)[n(%)]表示,采用卡方检验或Fisher确切概率法比较组间差异。采用多因素Logistic 回归分析F⁃V 曲线下降支夹角出现的相关因素。采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析 F⁃V 曲线下降支夹角对重度稳定期COPD随访1年内急性加重的预测价值。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 一般资料比较

  • F⁃V 曲线检查结果显示,稳定期 COPD 患者中,夹角组 33 例,平均角度(118.24±6.55)°;无夹角组 38 例,平均角度(137.51±7.80)°。夹角组、无夹角组、对照组年龄比较差异无统计学意义,夹角组和无夹角组吸入药物情况比较差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。 3 组间性别、体重指数 (body mass index,BMI)、吸烟指数比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.05),其中夹角组男性占比、吸烟指数高于无夹角组,夹角组 BMI 低于无夹角组 (表1)。

  • 2.2 肺功能、CAT评分、mMRC评分比较

  • 3组间 FEV1、FEV1% pred、FVC、CAT 评分、 mMRC评分比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。虽然夹角组与无夹角组的COPD患者肺功能参数间无统计学差异,但夹角组CAT评分为(14.12±5.92)分、 mMRC评分为(1.97±0.77)分,均显著高于无夹角组及对照组(表2)。

  • 表1 夹角组、无夹角组的COPD和对照组的一般资料比较

  • Table1 Comparison of characteristics data between the COPD and the control

  • Compared with the non⁃angle group,* P <0.05;compared with the control group,# P <0.05.

  • 表2 3组肺功能及CAT评分表、mMRC评分、指脉氧参数比较

  • Table2 Comparison of pulmonary function and CAT scale,mMRC score and finger pulse oximetry parameters among the three groups

  • Compared with the non⁃angle group,* P <0.05;compared with the control group,# P <0.05.

  • 2.3 日常步行运动指脉氧监测数据比较

  • 3组间SpO2rest、SpO2L、ΔSpO2比较差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。夹角组SpO2 rest低于对照组,SpO2L低于无夹角组及对照组,夹角组ΔSpO2高于无夹角组及对照组。而最高脉率/亚极量心率在 3 组间比较差异无统计学意义(表3)。

  • 2.4 夹角组与无夹角组CT表现比较

  • 夹角组表现为肺气肿的总例数为26例,占比为 78.78%,其中全小叶型肺气肿11例、小叶中央型肺气肿9例、旁间隔肺气肿6例;而无夹角组CT表现肺气肿14例,占比为36.84%,其中全小叶肺气肿6例、小叶中央型肺气肿5例、旁间隔肺气肿3例,夹角组 CT表现为肺气肿的占比高于无夹角组,差异有统计学意义(P <0.001)。夹角组患者CT表现以鞘状气管(42.22%)、膈肌低平(36.36%)等较为多见。夹角组与无夹角组各个CT具体表现比较,差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05,表4)。

  • 2.5 F⁃V曲线下降支出现夹角的多因素Logistic 回归分析

  • 多因素Logistic回归分析显示CAT评分≥12分、 mMRC评分≥2分、ΔSpO2≥13%是F⁃V曲线下降支出现夹角的影响因素(表5)。

  • 2.6 F⁃V曲线下降支夹角对重度稳定期COPD急性加重的预测价值分析

  • 表6显示,随访1年内,夹角组发生急性加重的人数为17例,发作次数≥2次的有9例;无夹角组发生急性加重的患者 5 例,其中 1 例发作次数≥2 次。夹角组因急性加重而住院的有 9 例,其中 7 例住院 1 次,2 例住院 2 次;无夹角组因急性加重而住院有 2 例,2例均为住院1次。ROC 曲线分析结果显示, F⁃V曲线下降支夹角预测重度稳定期COPD急性加重的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)值为0.777 (P <0.001),当角度<129.1°时预测灵敏度、特异度分别为72.73%、67.35%,均为最佳(图2)。

  • 表3 3组步行运动脉氧检测结果比较

  • Table3 Comparison of pulse oximetry data of walking exercise among the three groups

  • Compared with the non⁃angle group,* P <0.05;compared with the control group,# P <0.05.

  • 表4 夹角组与无夹角组CT表现比较

  • Table4 Comparison of CT imaging performance between the angle group and the non⁃angle group

  • 表5 F⁃V曲线下降支夹角出现的多因素Logistic回归分析

  • Table5 Multi⁃factorial logistic regression analysis of the emergence of the collapse angle of the F⁃V curve

  • 表6 夹角组与无夹角组急性加重表现比较

  • Table6 Comparison of acute exacerbation manifestations between the angle group and the non⁃angle group

  • 图2 F⁃V曲线下降支夹角预测重度稳定期COPD急性加重的ROC曲线

  • Figure2 ROC curves for the prediction of acute exacerba⁃ tions of severe stable COPD by the collapse an⁃ gle of the F⁃V curve

  • 3 讨论

  • 肺功能检查是COPD患者一项不可缺少的疾病全程管理检查项目,已在各级医院开展;COPD患者 F⁃V曲线经典表现为凹陷型呼气F⁃V曲线[7]。但除此经典的图形特征外,也有学者发现COPD患者的 F⁃V曲线尖峰后初始部分存在呼气相夹角,且呼气相夹角与 COPD 患者气道阻塞程度的严重性相关[3]。近年来更多研究发现,F⁃V曲线下降支夹角的产生与外周气道阻力增加、肺弹性阻力损失和用力呼气时胸膜压力增加等有关[8-11]。这类患者深吸气至肺总量位置后再用力快速呼气初期时,其气道扩张,流速较大;但随着呼气时间延长和肺容积下降,其气道等压点向上游移动,COPD 患者出现外周气道的回缩或陷闭,故呼气相下降支的后半部分出现明显凹陷,并形成夹角。因此,呼气相夹角可反映患者气道等压点位置的气道陷闭程度。故本研究提出,F⁃V曲线下降支夹角可作为肺功能测量数据及报告的重要补充,这一特征性改变对全面、准确反映COPD病情具有极大的潜在价值。

  • 本研究纳入 33 例 F⁃V 曲线下降支夹角的稳定期COPD患者,并同步入组38例与其FEV1%pred匹配的无下降支夹角的COPD患者。研究发现,夹角组吸烟指数平均达到524.24年支,而非夹角组吸烟指数平均达到463.29年支,这表明吸烟指数高是F⁃V 曲线下降支出现夹角的高危因素,这与Alowiwi等[11] 的研究结果吻合。既往大量研究发现吸烟会加速肺组织衰老,导致肺弹性阻力损失和肺顺应性增加,并带来外周气道功能障碍,这些会加重气道陷闭程度,从而导致这类患者的F⁃V曲线下降支易出现夹角图形[12]。除此以外,本研究创新性地探讨肺功能和患者CT影像结果之间的相关性。经研究发现,夹角组COPD患者的CT表现为肺气肿型明显多于无夹角组,且差异有统计学意义;但将肺气肿根据CT影像细分为小叶中央型肺气肿、全小叶型肺气肿、旁间隔肺气肿时,虽夹角组占比均大于无夹角组,但两组间差异无统计学意义。这表明肺气肿型 COPD患者发生F⁃V曲线下降支夹角可能性较高,推测与肺气肿型COPD患者往往存在肺过度充气、较差的肺弹性阻力以及用力呼气时更加严重的气道陷闭有关[13]

  • COPD的特征改变是气道(支气管炎、细支气管炎)和/或肺泡(肺气肿)异常导致持续进行性、不可逆性的气流阻塞,进而导致COPD患者出现劳力性呼吸困难、活动耐力下降和慢性缺氧等并发症。通过比较夹角组和无夹角组的CAT评分、mMRC评分和日常步行运动指脉氧监测,本研究发现F⁃V曲线下降支出现夹角的 COPD 患者更易出现以上并发症。夹角组COPD患者的CAT评分和mMRC评分均显著高于无夹角组。且夹角组日常步行运动指脉氧下降明显,其静息SpO2、SpO2L均低于无夹角组及对照组。推测这可能与夹角组COPD患者表型为肺气肿型占比高有关,肺气肿导致周围肺组织的弥散面积下降加重,小气道过早关闭,影响通气与气体交换,从而出现劳力性呼吸困难和运动性低氧事件发生[14]

  • 目前临床对 COPD 急性加重期的诊断仍主要依据患者的临床表现,即患者咳嗽咳痰和气喘等症状的变化[15-16]。虽然近年相关研究提出可将嗜酸性粒细胞[17-19]、Clara 细胞分泌蛋白[20]、纤维蛋白原[21]、C⁃反应蛋白等作为预测急性加重的生物标志物,但仍需更多研究去证实。本研究通过对夹角组和无夹角组患者进行1年的急性加重随访,分析两组COPD患者随访期间急性加重人数和急性加重次数,发现夹角组患者急性加重人数、发作次数和住院人次比例均高于无夹角组,这表明存在F⁃V曲线下降支夹角的COPD患者更易发生急性加重。

  • 本研究关注了GOLD指南中COPD患者疾病评估方法,包括肺通气功能、症状评分和急性加重事件。发现COPD夹角组有受损严重的肺通气功能、多症状、运动性低氧及急性加重高风险等表现,这与其病理生理改变和气道阻塞更严重有关。COPD 夹角组胸部CT影像结果除了各种肺气肿表现外,常有大气道变形的解剖结构改变,如剑鞘样气管、左右主支气管鱼嘴样塌陷变形[22]。这些解剖结构的改变易导致COPD患者呼气相气管或支气管过早闭合,患者闭合容积增加。这类患者不仅易出现呼吸困难、运动耐力下降,其气道痰液排出受阻也会加重,从而进一步导致病情加重,甚至出现呼吸衰竭。因此,若 COPD 患者肺功能检查 F⁃V 曲线出现夹角,建议在原有规范化药物治疗的基础上,考虑予患者呼气相压力通气,即呼吸训练器康复治疗,必要时无创通气治疗予以干预,避免其急性加重的发生[23]

  • 根据 GOLD 2024 指南,COPD 患者的症状评分、近 1 年急性加重次数及肺功能评估在 COPD 临床管理中缺一不可[2],但较大的临床工作量和较差的患者依从性给 COPD 临床管理带来巨大困难。本研究使用 ROC 曲线分析 F⁃V 曲线下降支夹角对重度稳定期COPD急性加重的预测价值,发现当夹角角度 <129.1°时,其预测急性加重事件效果最佳, AUC 值为 0.777。F⁃V 曲线下降支夹角不仅可以反映 CAT 评分、肺功能(FEV1、FVC),也可对 COPD 急性加重风险进行综合预测。因此,应高度重视F⁃V 曲线下降支夹角的产生,并在肺功能报告中予以标注,以加强对临床医生的提醒和引起患者本人的关注。依托肺功能图形来准确、全面地把握患者病情,发现患者个性化的治疗特质,从而及早采取针对性措施,预防急性加重,使患者病情得到更大改善。

  • 综上所述,COPD患者肺功能F⁃V曲线下降支夹角是有价值的 F⁃V 曲线特殊图形,当角度 <129.1° 时其预测灵敏度、特异度均为最佳,分别为72.73%、 67.35%。F⁃V曲线下降支夹角多提示其肺功能重度受损,为多症状、高急性加重风险患者,往往属于 COPD分组中E组(既往分类为D组)患者。肺通气功能 F⁃V 曲线下降支夹角,是预示其为重度 COPD 及急性加重高风险患者的有效临床预测指标,并建议在肺通气功能报告中予以标注。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BARNES P J.COPD 2020:new directions needed[J].Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,2020,319(5):L884-L886

    • [2] VENKATESAN P.GOLD COPD report:2024 update[J].Lancet Respir Med,2024,12(1):15-16

    • [3] 李丽,朱蕾,陈琪,等.最大呼气流量⁃容积曲线下降支夹角在慢性阻塞性肺疾病和支气管哮喘评估中的价值[J].中国呼吸与危重监护杂志,2011,10(2):181-185

    • [4] 柴晶晶,柳涛,蔡柏蔷.慢性阻塞性肺疾病评估测试中文版临床应用意义的评价[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2011,34(4):256-258

    • [5] YATES T,HENSON J,MCBRIDE P,et al.Moderate ⁃intensity stepping in older adults:insights from treadmill walking and daily living[J].Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act,2023,20(1):31

    • [6] JAMNICK N A,PETTITT R W,GRANATA C,et al.An examination and critique of current methods to determine exercise intensity[J].Sports Med,2020,50(10):1729-1756

    • [7] HAYNES J M,KAMINSKY D A,RUPPEL G L.The role of pulmonary function testing in the diagnosis and management of COPD[J].Respir Care,2023,68(7):889-913

    • [8] LI H,LIU C H,ZHANG Y,et al.The concave shape of the forced expiratory flow⁃volume curve in 3 seconds is a practical surrogate of FEV1/FVC for the diagnosis of airway limitation in inadequate spirometry[J].Respir Care,2017,62(3):363-369

    • [9] IOACHIMESCU O C,STOLLER J K.An alternative spirometric measurement.Area under the expiratory flow-volume curve[J].Ann Am Thorac Soc,2020,17(5):582-588

    • [10] POLOSUKHIN V V,GUTOR S S,DU R H,et al.Small airway determinants of airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J].Thorax,2021,76(11):1079-1088

    • [11] ALOWIWI H,WATSON S,JETMALANI K,et al.Relationship between concavity of the flow⁃volume loop and small airway measures in smokers with normal spirometry[J].BMC Pulm Med,2022,22(1):211

    • [12] JETMALANI K,THAMRIN C,FARAH C S,et al.Peripheral airway dysfunction and relationship with symptoms in smokers with preserved spirometry[J].Respirology,2018,23(5):512-518

    • [13] MARTINEZ C H,OKAJIMA Y,YEN A,et al.Paired CT measures of emphysema and small airways disease and lung function and exercise capacity in smokers with radiographic bronchiectasis[J].Acad Radiol,2021,28(3):370-378

    • [14] FERMOYLE C C,STEWART G M,BORLAUG B A,et al.Simultaneous measurement of lung diffusing capacity and pulmonary hemodynamics reveals exertional alveolar-capillary dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2021,10(16):e019950

    • [15] RITCHIE A I,WEDZICHA J A.Definition,causes,pathogenesis,and consequences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations[J].Clin Chest Med,2020,41(3):421-438

    • [16] VOGELMEIER C F,ROMÁN-RODRÍGUEZ M,SINGH D,et al.Goals of COPD treatment:focus on symptoms and exacerbations[J].Respir Med,2020,166:105938

    • [17] ELLINGSEN J,JANSON C,BRÖMS K,et al.Neutrophil-to⁃lymphocyte ratio,blood eosinophils and COPD exacerbations:a cohort study[J].ERJ Open Res,2021,7(4):00471⁃2021

    • [18] BENSON V S,HARTL S,BARNES N,et al.Blood eosinophil counts in the general population and airways disease:a comprehensive review and meta⁃analysis[J].Eur Respir J,2022,59(1):2004590

    • [19] 徐婷婷,宋伟伟,承璐潇,等.嗜酸性粒细胞与慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重严重程度的关系[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(2):203-206

    • [20] RONG B X,FU T,GAO W L,et al.Reduced serum concentration of CC16 is associated with severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and contributes to the diagnosis and assessment of the disease[J].Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2020,15:461-470

    • [21] FERMONT J M,MASCONI K L,JENSEN M T,et al.Biomarkers and clinical outcomes in COPD:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Thorax,2019,74(5):439-446

    • [22] PARK J,HOBBS B D,CRAPO J D,et al.Subtyping COPD by using visual and quantitative CT imaging features[J].Chest,2020,157(1):47-60

    • [23] AGUSTI A,AMBROSINO N,BLACKSTOCK F,et al.COPD:providing the right treatment for the right patient at the right time[J].Respir Med,2023,207:107041

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BARNES P J.COPD 2020:new directions needed[J].Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol,2020,319(5):L884-L886

    • [2] VENKATESAN P.GOLD COPD report:2024 update[J].Lancet Respir Med,2024,12(1):15-16

    • [3] 李丽,朱蕾,陈琪,等.最大呼气流量⁃容积曲线下降支夹角在慢性阻塞性肺疾病和支气管哮喘评估中的价值[J].中国呼吸与危重监护杂志,2011,10(2):181-185

    • [4] 柴晶晶,柳涛,蔡柏蔷.慢性阻塞性肺疾病评估测试中文版临床应用意义的评价[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2011,34(4):256-258

    • [5] YATES T,HENSON J,MCBRIDE P,et al.Moderate ⁃intensity stepping in older adults:insights from treadmill walking and daily living[J].Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act,2023,20(1):31

    • [6] JAMNICK N A,PETTITT R W,GRANATA C,et al.An examination and critique of current methods to determine exercise intensity[J].Sports Med,2020,50(10):1729-1756

    • [7] HAYNES J M,KAMINSKY D A,RUPPEL G L.The role of pulmonary function testing in the diagnosis and management of COPD[J].Respir Care,2023,68(7):889-913

    • [8] LI H,LIU C H,ZHANG Y,et al.The concave shape of the forced expiratory flow⁃volume curve in 3 seconds is a practical surrogate of FEV1/FVC for the diagnosis of airway limitation in inadequate spirometry[J].Respir Care,2017,62(3):363-369

    • [9] IOACHIMESCU O C,STOLLER J K.An alternative spirometric measurement.Area under the expiratory flow-volume curve[J].Ann Am Thorac Soc,2020,17(5):582-588

    • [10] POLOSUKHIN V V,GUTOR S S,DU R H,et al.Small airway determinants of airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease[J].Thorax,2021,76(11):1079-1088

    • [11] ALOWIWI H,WATSON S,JETMALANI K,et al.Relationship between concavity of the flow⁃volume loop and small airway measures in smokers with normal spirometry[J].BMC Pulm Med,2022,22(1):211

    • [12] JETMALANI K,THAMRIN C,FARAH C S,et al.Peripheral airway dysfunction and relationship with symptoms in smokers with preserved spirometry[J].Respirology,2018,23(5):512-518

    • [13] MARTINEZ C H,OKAJIMA Y,YEN A,et al.Paired CT measures of emphysema and small airways disease and lung function and exercise capacity in smokers with radiographic bronchiectasis[J].Acad Radiol,2021,28(3):370-378

    • [14] FERMOYLE C C,STEWART G M,BORLAUG B A,et al.Simultaneous measurement of lung diffusing capacity and pulmonary hemodynamics reveals exertional alveolar-capillary dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2021,10(16):e019950

    • [15] RITCHIE A I,WEDZICHA J A.Definition,causes,pathogenesis,and consequences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations[J].Clin Chest Med,2020,41(3):421-438

    • [16] VOGELMEIER C F,ROMÁN-RODRÍGUEZ M,SINGH D,et al.Goals of COPD treatment:focus on symptoms and exacerbations[J].Respir Med,2020,166:105938

    • [17] ELLINGSEN J,JANSON C,BRÖMS K,et al.Neutrophil-to⁃lymphocyte ratio,blood eosinophils and COPD exacerbations:a cohort study[J].ERJ Open Res,2021,7(4):00471⁃2021

    • [18] BENSON V S,HARTL S,BARNES N,et al.Blood eosinophil counts in the general population and airways disease:a comprehensive review and meta⁃analysis[J].Eur Respir J,2022,59(1):2004590

    • [19] 徐婷婷,宋伟伟,承璐潇,等.嗜酸性粒细胞与慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重严重程度的关系[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(2):203-206

    • [20] RONG B X,FU T,GAO W L,et al.Reduced serum concentration of CC16 is associated with severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and contributes to the diagnosis and assessment of the disease[J].Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2020,15:461-470

    • [21] FERMONT J M,MASCONI K L,JENSEN M T,et al.Biomarkers and clinical outcomes in COPD:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Thorax,2019,74(5):439-446

    • [22] PARK J,HOBBS B D,CRAPO J D,et al.Subtyping COPD by using visual and quantitative CT imaging features[J].Chest,2020,157(1):47-60

    • [23] AGUSTI A,AMBROSINO N,BLACKSTOCK F,et al.COPD:providing the right treatment for the right patient at the right time[J].Respir Med,2023,207:107041