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通讯作者:

周甜甜,E-mail: doctorzhoutt@163.com

中图分类号:R714.244

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)10-1390-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240484

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参考文献 3
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参考文献 4
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参考文献 7
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参考文献 8
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参考文献 9
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 17
AL⁃SHAFEI A I,RAYIS D A,MOHIELDEIN A H,et al.Maternal early pregnancy serum level of 25⁃Hydroxyvitamin D and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus[J].Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2021,152(3):382-385
参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 21
HUDA F A,MAHMOOD H R,ALAM A,et al.Provision of menstrual regulation with medication among pharmacies in three municipal districts of Bangladesh:a situation analysis[J].Contraception,2018,97(2):144-151
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨孕早期血清同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)、25-羟维生素D(25-hydroxy vitamin D,25-OHD)联合子宫动脉血流参数对子痫前期(preeclampsia,PE)的预测价值。方法:本研究为前瞻性队列研究。纳入2021年11月—2023年5月于徐州医科大学附属连云港医院产前检查并分娩的2200例孕妇,于孕11~13周+6 常规产前检查时检测血清Hcy、25-OHD水平,同时超声检测子宫动脉血流参数——收缩期峰值血流速度/舒张期峰值血流速度(peak systolic velocity /end diastolic velocity, S/D)、搏动指数(pulsatility index,PI)和阻力指数(resistance index,RI)。根据孕20周后是否发生PE,分为PE组(141例)和对照组(2059例)。采用两独立样本t检验和χ2 检验比较2组孕妇的一般临床资料和妊娠结局、Hcy、25-OHD及子宫动脉血流参数,采用多因素Logistic回归分析PE的独立危险因素;采用受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析各项指标及联合指标对PE的预测价值;采用R软件构建PE风险列线图预测模型,校正曲线对列线图预测模型进行内部验证。结果: PE组和对照组孕妇年龄、检测孕周、生育史及PE病史等差异均无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。PE组收缩压及舒张压均高于对照组,分娩孕周及新生儿体重均低于对照组(P < 0.05)。PE组血清Hcy水平、S/D、PI和RI均高于对照组,25-OHD水平低于对照组(P均<0.001)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,Hcy(OR=2.58,95%CI:2.03~3.27)、S/D(OR=1.56,95%CI:1.33~1.84)、PI(OR= 2.06,95%CI:1.45~2.94)和 RI(OR=2.97,95%CI:1.68~5.24)均是 PE 的独立危险因素,而 25-OHD 是独立保护因素(OR=0.80, 95%CI:0.72~0.88)。ROC曲线分析显示,血清Hcy、25-OHD、S/D、PI和RI界值分别为6.65 μmol/L、23.43 μg/L、2.93、1.26和0.85 时,预测PE的灵敏度分别为0.908、0.699、0.752、0.844和0.589,特异度分别为0.783、0.915、0.574、0.578和0.891;上述指标联合预测效能更佳,曲线下面积为0.967(95%CI:0.956~0.979),灵敏度为0.969,特异度为0.865。内部验证显示,列线图预测模型的校正曲线与原始曲线及理想曲线接近,一致性指数为0.966(95%CI:0.656~0.993),模型拟合度高。结论:基于孕早期血清Hcy、25-OHD 以及子宫动脉血流参数S/D、PI、RI构建的PE风险列线图对PE具有较好的预测价值,可为临床早期筛查或预测PE提供参考。

    Abstract

    Objective:To explore the predictive value of serum homocysteine(Hcy),25-hydroxy vitamin D(25-OHD),and uterine artery blood flow parameters for preeclampsia(PE)during early pregnancy. Methods:In this prospective cohort study,2200 pregnant women who underwent prenatal examinations and delivered at the Affiliated Lianyungang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University between November 2021 and May 2023 were included. Serum Hcy and 25 - OHD levels were measured during regular prenatal examination at 11-13 +6 weeks of gestation,along with ultrasound assessment of uterine artery blood flow parameters,such as peak systolic velocity/end diastolic velocity(S/D),pulsatility index(PI),and resistance index(RI). These participants were categorized into a PE group(141 cases)and a control group(2059 cases)according to whether developed PE by the 20th week of gestation. Two independent sample student’s t-test and Chi-square test were used to compare the general clinical and pregnancy outcomes data,Hcy, 25-OHD,and uterine artery blood flow parameters between the two groups. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was employed to identify independent risk factors for PE. The receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive value of the markers used along or in combination for PE. A PE risk nomogram was developed using R software,with calibration curves internally validating the nomogram prediction model. Results:There was no statistically significant difference in the maternal age,gestational weeks of detection,reproductive history,and PE history between the PE group and the control group(P > 0.05). Both the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in the PE group were higher than those in the control group,while both the gestational week of delivery and the neonatal weight were lower than those in the control group(P < 0.05). Serum Hcy levels, S/D,PI,and RI were higher in the PE group than in the control group,whereas the levels of 25-OHD were lower in the PE group than in the control group(all P < 0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that Hcy(OR=2.58,95%CI:2.03-3.27),S/D (OR=1.56,95%CI:1.33- 1.84),PI(OR=2.06,95%CI:1.45- 2.94)and RI(OR=2.97,95%CI:1.68- 5.24)were independent risk factors for PE,while 25-OHD was an independent protective factor(OR=0.80,95%CI:0.72-0.88). The ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal cut-off values for predicting PE were 6.65 μmol/L for Hcy,23.43 μg/L for 25-OHD,2.93 for S/D,1.26 for PI,and 0.85 for RI,with the sensitivity of 0.908,0.699,0.752,0.844,and 0.589,respectively,and the specificity of 0.783,0.915,0.574,0.578,and 0.891,respectively. The performance of these markers used in combination for predicting PE was superior,with an area under the curve of 0.967(95%CI:0.956-0.979),the sensitivity of 0.969,and the specificity of 0.865. The internal validation showed that the calibration curve of the nomogram approximated both the original curve and the ideal curve,with a concordance index of 0.966(95%CI: 0.656-0.993),suggesting a high model fit. Conclusion:The PE risk nomogram,constructed based on serum Hcy,25-OHD,and the uterine artery blood flow parameters of S/D,PI and RI in early pregnancy,provides a good predictive value for PE and may offer guidance for early clinical screening or prediction of PE.

  • 子痫前期(preeclampsia,PE)是妊娠期特有的一种严重的多系统并发症,影响全球3%~5%的女性[1],主要表现为孕20周以后出现血压升高、蛋白尿和水肿等,严重者可累及重要器官,甚至威胁母儿生命。因此,PE的早期预测尤为重要。PE发病机制的核心是血管炎症引起的血管内皮损伤,涉及细胞因子、炎症因子和凝血系统的参与[2]。同型半胱氨酸(homo⁃ cysteine,Hcy)易被氧化,并产生超氧阴离子自由基和过氧化氢,导致血管内皮细胞损伤[3]。高Hcy血症导致心血管疾病和不良妊娠结局发生的共同机制可能是血管内皮损伤[4-5]。25⁃羟维生素 D(25⁃hydroxy vitamin D,25⁃OHD)是维生素D的储存形式,母体维生素D状态可能通过免疫调节、炎症和血管生成反应等多种机制影响PE[6]。子宫动脉血流参数主要包括收缩期峰值血流速度/舒张期峰值血流速度(peak sys⁃ tolic velocity /end diastolic velocity,S/D)、搏动指数 (pulsatility index,PI)和阻力指数(resistance index, RI),可反映母体血流动力学状态及胎盘微血流灌注,且具备无创、简单、直观等优点,是目前临床诊断、筛查及预测PE的常用指标[7]。目前许多标志物已被证明与PE相关,但测量复杂且成本较高,因此仍缺乏易于获取、操作便捷、综合成本低的预测方案。本研究通过检测孕早期血清Hcy、25⁃OHD和子宫动脉血流参数,探讨各指标的相关性及其对PE的预测价值,以期为临床早期筛查或预测PE提供理论指导。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究为前瞻性队列研究。研究对象为2021年 11 月—2023 年 5 月于连云港市第一人民医院定期产前检查的孕妇。纳入标准:①研究对象入组时尚未发生 PE 相关的临床表现及并发症;②孕 11~13周+6 行胎儿颈项透明层超声,留取血标本;③签署知情同意书并自愿入组;④单胎妊娠。排除标准: ①本次妊娠有严重的胎儿异常、发生流产或后期引产终止妊娠;②临床资料不全者;③妊娠前患有心脑血管疾病、高血压、糖尿病、肾病等内科合并症。

  • 符合纳入标准者2 532例,排除120例妊娠前患有心脑血管疾病、高血压、糖尿病、肾病等内科合并症,30例中途退出,150例资料不全,32例发生流产或终止妊娠,其余 2 200 例孕妇纳入本队列。本研究获得徐州医科大学附属连云港医院伦理委员会批准(KY⁃20231027001⁃01)。参考《妊娠期高血压疾病诊治指南(2020)》PE诊断标准[8],根据孕20周后是否发生PE,分为PE组(141例)和对照组(2 059例)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 Hcy和25⁃OHD水平检测

  • 所有入组研究对象均在孕11~13周+6 采集空腹静脉血2 mL,标本立即送检验科,分离血清,取上清液存于-20℃冰箱冻存待检。应用全自动生化分析仪,采用酶循环法测定Hcy含量,正常参考值范围为 0~15 μmol/L;采用化学发光法测定 25⁃OHD 水平。操作流程严格按照试剂盒说明书进行。

  • 1.2.2 子宫动脉血流参数测定

  • 孕11~13周+6 行产前超声检查。采用GE Voluson E10型超声,经腹探头,探头频率3.5 MHz。将探头置于孕妇腹股沟处,将频谱取样容积放置于髂外动脉与子宫动脉呈十字交叉1 cm以内部位,调整取样框合适大小,取样容积为1~2 mm,尽可能使超声束与血流方向夹角<30°,嘱孕妇平静呼吸,获取连续 3~5个稳定、波形一致的血流图,分别计算出S/D、RI 和PI,取平均值。本研究中所有数据采集均由同一位经验丰富的产前诊断超声医师完成。

  • 1.2.3 资料收集

  • 记录孕妇临床资料,包括年龄、孕前体重指数 (body mass index,BMI)、检测孕周、辅助生殖技术 (assisted reproductive technology,ART)受孕、生育史、是否有妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退症、是否有妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(intrahepatic cholestasis of preg⁃ nancy,ICP)、是否有妊娠期糖尿病(gestational dia⁃ betes mellitus,GDM)、PE患者确诊时的收缩压(sys⁃ tolic blood pressure,SBP)及舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)情况、Hcy和25⁃OHD测定值,以及超声测量的子宫动脉 S/D、PI 和 RI。随访患者妊娠结局,记录新生儿分娩孕周及新生儿体重等临床资料。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 27.0软件进行统计学分析。符合正态分布的计量资料采用均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料采用频数和率表示,组间比较采用χ2 检验。采用Logistic回归分析PE 的危险因素,并绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operat⁃ ing characteristic,ROC)曲线。采用R软件绘制列线图预测模型,校准曲线对列线图预测模型进行内部验证,计算一致性指数。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 PE组和对照组孕妇一般资料及妊娠结局

  • PE 组和对照组间孕妇年龄、孕前 BMI、检测孕周、ART、生育史、妊娠期高血压病史、PE病史、是否有妊娠合并甲状腺功能减退症、ICP以及GDM的发病率差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05)。PE组孕妇确诊时的SBP和DBP均高于对照组;分娩孕周及新生儿体重均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05,表1)。

  • 2.2 PE组和对照组孕妇血清Hcy、25⁃OHD、S/D、PI 及RI

  • PE组孕妇血清Hcy水平以及S/D、PI和RI均高于对照组,25⁃OHD水平低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.001,表2)。

  • 2.3 PE影响因素的多因素Logistic回归分析结果

  • 多因素Logistic 回归分析结果表明Hcy、S/D、PI和RI均是PE的独立危险因素,25⁃OHD是保护因素 (P <0.001,表3),Logit(P)=-10.01+0.95Hcy-0.23 (25⁃OHD)+0.45S/D+0.73PI+1.09RI。

  • 表1 PE组和对照组孕妇一般资料及妊娠结局比较

  • Table1 Comparisons of general information and pregnancy outcomes between the PE group and control group

  • 表2 PE组和对照组孕妇血清Hcy、25⁃OHD、S/D、PI及RI 比较

  • Table2 Comparisons of serum Hcy,25 ⁃ OHD,S/D,PI and RI between the PE group and the control group

  • 2.4 ROC曲线分析

  • Hcy、25⁃OHD、S/D、PI、RI对PE的预测价值均较好,尤其是Hcy+25⁃OHD+S/D+PI+RI的联合预测,灵敏度为0.969,特异度为0.865(表4,图1)。

  • 表3 PE影响因素的多因素Logistic回归分析结果

  • Table3 Logistic regression analysis of influencing factors of PE

  • β:the unstandardized beta;SE:standard error;OR:odds ratio.

  • 2.5 PE风险列线图模型的建立

  • 将Hcy、25⁃OHD、S/D、PI和RI作为PE列线图预测模型的预测因子构建PE风险列线图(图2)。其中 S/D在0的基础上每升高1,PE风险评分增加6.25分; PI在0的基础上每升高0.5,PE风险评分增加5分;RI在 0 的基础上每升高 0.2,PE 风险评分增加 3 分; 25⁃OHD在38 μg/L的基础上,每降低2 μg/L,PE风险评分增加6.25分;Hcy在3 μmol/L的基础上,每增加 1 μmol/L,PE风险评分增加12.5分。

  • 表4 ROC曲线分析

  • Table4 The ROC curve analysis

  • AUC:area urder the curve.

  • 图1 各指标单独及联合预测PE的ROC曲线

  • Figure1 The ROC curve for individual and combined predictive indicators of PE

  • 2.6 列线图模型的校正曲线

  • 内部验证显示,列线图模型的校正曲线与原始曲线及理想曲线接近,一致性指数为0.966(95%CI: 0.656~0.993),模型拟合度高(图3)。

  • 3 讨论

  • PE是妊娠期常见的威胁孕产妇生命安全的产科并发症。据统计,每年PE可导致全球超过7万例孕妇和50万例胎儿死亡[9],其发病率在过去20年中不断增加[10],给全球医疗卫生保健系统造成严重负担。目前可用于预测PE的指标较少,且多数研究均在 PE 孕妇出现临床症状及相关并发症后进行[11]。因此,PE的早期预测尤为重要。列线图作为一种直观的工具,其创新性在于能够综合多个预测因子,对纳入模型的因素进行评分,将其转化为可视化线条,为临床医生提供快速、简便的风险评估手段,在临床中具有很强的实用性。本研究通过检测孕早期子宫动脉血流参数以及血清 Hcy 和 25⁃OHD 水平,探讨PE孕妇发病的危险因素并构建列线图预测模型,以期寻找一种能早期预测PE的有效方法。

  • 图2 PE的列线图预测模型

  • Figure2 Nomogram predictive model for PE

  • 图3 列线图模型预测PE的校准曲线

  • Figure3 Calibration curve of the nomogram model for predicting PE

  • 高Hcy血症通常被认为是冠状动脉粥样硬化等多种心血管疾病的独立危险因素,其与PE的相关性引起了越来越多的关注[12]。Hcy可诱导机体活性氧物质和氧自由基生成增多,直接或间接导致血管内皮细胞氧化损伤,随着内皮细胞不断损伤,进而加重胎盘的缺血缺氧,最终导致PE[13]。本研究发现,孕早期Hcy水平即出现异常改变,相比对照组,PE 组孕妇血清 Hcy 水平升高,这与既往相关研究结果一致[14]。维生素B12作为辅酶、叶酸提供甲基供体协同使Hcy甲基化为蛋氨酸,进而降低血清Hcy水平[15]。一项对3 247例女性的研究发现,孕早期及孕晚期服用叶酸的孕妇PE发生率均低于未服用叶酸者[16]。因此,孕早期即可对PE孕妇进行指导、合理干预。

  • 维生素 D 属于脂溶性维生素,血清 25⁃OHD 水平反映机体维生素D的状况。有研究表明,妊娠早期低水平25⁃OHD与GDM风险增加有关[17],本研究随访所有孕妇后发现,对照组GDM发病率为4.9%, PE组GDM发病率为7.1%,差异无统计学意义,分析可能是由于本研究样本量不足。另有研究表明,孕妇维生素D水平与PE的发生密切相关。PE孕妇的维生素D水平随病情的加重而降低,可作为预测PE 严重程度的指标[18]。也有研究发现,维生素D水平较低的孕妇发生 PE 的风险增加(OR=4.2,95%CI: 1.23~14.35)[19],维生素D缺乏的孕妇发生PE的风险更高(OR=11.308,95%CI:7.598~14.010)[20]。本研究通过检测入组孕妇的血清25⁃OHD水平,发现PE 组 25⁃OHD 水平低于对照组,分析可能是由于 25⁃ OHD 水平影响肾素⁃血管紧张素系统活性,导致机体对血管紧张素Ⅱ和肾素等物质的反应性增加,引起机体血压升高,进而导致PE发生率升高[21]

  • 子宫动脉多普勒可以对孕早期滋养层侵袭进行无创评估,可间接反映螺旋动脉的重塑作用。本研究通过检测孕早期子宫动脉血流参数,发现PE孕妇孕早期S/D、PI、RI高于对照组,且S/D、PI、RI均是 PE发生的独立危险因素。分析可能是由于妊娠滋养细胞在孕早期开始侵入并取代螺旋动脉内皮,导致螺旋动脉逐渐扩张,子宫动脉血流阻力逐渐降低,进而增加子宫的血液灌注,而PE孕妇由于胎盘植入障碍,胎盘绒毛血管可出现痉挛、狭窄,甚至阻塞,随之出现胎儿⁃胎盘循环阻力增加,呈高阻低排的特征,最终致使S/D、PI、RI升高[1]

  • 本研究表明,Hcy、S/D、PI 和 RI 均是 PE 的独立危险因素,25⁃OHD 是 PE 的独立保护因素。通过 ROC曲线分析发现,血清Hcy、25⁃OHD、S/D、PI和RI 对预测PE均有一定作用,尤其是各项指标联合预测 PE的曲线下面积高达0.967(95%CI:0.956~0.979),灵敏度为0.969,特异度为0.865。此外,本研究基于多因素Logistic回归分析结果构建了PE的列线图预测模型,使临床模型可视化,通过综合多个临床参数,为早期预测PE提供了一种新的视角和工具,不仅提高了预测的准确性和可操作性,还有助于改善孕产妇的临床管理。本研究还进行了内部验证,结果显示,列线图预测模型的校正曲线与原始曲线及理想曲线接近,模型拟合度高,有助于早期评估孕妇PE的发生概率,为临床早期干预提供参考。

  • 综上,本研究探究了孕妇孕早期血清 Hcy、 25⁃OHD 与子宫动脉血流参数的相关性及各项指标联合预测PE发生的价值,构建了列线图预测模型,对 PE的发生具有较好的预测价值,有助于对高危PE孕妇进行早期指导、合理干预。但本研究未完成外部验证,有待后续进一步完善,从而为PE预测提供更多信息。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] RANA S,LEMOINE E,GRANGER J P,et al.Preeclampsia:pathophysiology,challenges,and perspectives[J].Circ Res,2019,124(7):1094-1112

    • [2] 吴莉莉,薛路,章浩,等.lncRNA HAND2⁃AS1对子痫前期患者血管内皮细胞的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(12):1761-1767

    • [3] SUN W T,WANG X C,MAK S K,et al.Activation of PERK branch of ER stress mediates homocysteine-in⁃ duced BKCa channel dysfunction in coronary artery via FoxO3a-dependent regulation of atrogin ⁃ 1[J].Oncotar-get,2017,8(31):51462-51477

    • [4] 贺娟娟,刘阿慧,姜彦彪,等.同型半胱氨酸与妊娠期疾病的相关性研究进展[J].生殖医学杂志,2022,31(12):1752-1756

    • [5] 武成艳,段旭磊,王立波,等.内皮功能障碍在高同型半胱氨酸致动脉粥样硬化中作用及机制的研究进展[J].生理学报,2023,75(5):703-713

    • [6] LIU N Q,OUYANG Y,BULUT Y,et al.Dietary vitamin D restriction in pregnant female mice is associated with maternal hypertension and altered placental and fetal development[J].Endocrinology,2013,154(7):2270-2280

    • [7] WANG Y,LU X Y,XU F,et al.Detection of uterine artery hemodynamic changes in patients with gestational hypertension based on Doppler ultrasonography[J].Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol,2020,47(4):584

    • [8] 中华医学会妇产科学分会妊娠期高血压疾病学组.妊娠期高血压疾病诊治指南(2020)[J].中华妇产科杂志,2020,55(4):227-238

    • [9] POON L C,SHENNAN A,HYETT J A,et al.The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics(FIGO)initiative on pre⁃eclampsia:a pragmatic guide for first⁃trimester screening and prevention[J].Int J Gynaecol Ob-stet,2019,145(Suppl 1):1-33

    • [10] WOO J,GIURGESCU C,WAGNER C L.Evidence of an association between vitamin D deficiency and preterm birth and preeclampsia:a critical review[J].J Midwifery Womens Health,2019,64(5):613-629

    • [11] 郭艳,林雁,秦梦洁,等.孕中晚期子痫前期患者血清PIGF水平与子宫螺旋动脉血流参数、血管内皮损伤的相关性[J].临床医学研究与实践,2021,6(32):31-33

    • [12] GAIDAY A,TUSSUPKALIYEV A,BERMAGAMBETO-VA S,et al.Prognostic role of increased serum homocysteine concentration in preeclampsia[J].Hypertens Pregnancy,2021,40(2):118-123

    • [13] DAI C C,FEI Y M,LI J M,et al.A novel review of homocysteine and pregnancy complications[J].Biomed Res Int,2021,2021:6652231

    • [14] HYMAVATHI K,SHUKLA N,SREELEENA MADHURI P V.Correlation of serum homocysteine levels in pregnancy related hypertensive disorders versus normotensive pregnancies[J].Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol,2020,9(2):766

    • [15] AZZINI E,RUGGERI S,POLITO A.Homocysteine:its possible emerging role in at-risk population groups[J].Int J Mol Sci,2020,21(4):1421

    • [16] DE OCAMPO M P G,ARANETA M R G,MACERA C A,et al.Folic acid supplement use and the risk of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia[J].Women Birth,2018,31(2):e77-e83

    • [17] AL⁃SHAFEI A I,RAYIS D A,MOHIELDEIN A H,et al.Maternal early pregnancy serum level of 25⁃Hydroxyvitamin D and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus[J].Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2021,152(3):382-385

    • [18] 张雪,杜鹃.血压正常孕妇和子痫前期孕妇的维生素 D、钙和磷水平比较以及相关性分析[J].中国临床药理学杂志,2022,38(14):1575-1578

    • [19] ALI A M,RAFIQUE M,SALEEM Z.Association of vitamin D deficiency to the risk of preeclampsia in Saudi Arabia[J].J Pak Med Assoc,2021,71(1B):257-261

    • [20] DAS B,SINGHAL S R,GHALAUT V S.Evaluating the association between maternal vitamin D deficiency and preeclampsia among Indian gravidas[J].Eur J Obstet Gy-necol Reprod Biol,2021,261:103-109

    • [21] HUDA F A,MAHMOOD H R,ALAM A,et al.Provision of menstrual regulation with medication among pharmacies in three municipal districts of Bangladesh:a situation analysis[J].Contraception,2018,97(2):144-151

  • 参考文献

    • [1] RANA S,LEMOINE E,GRANGER J P,et al.Preeclampsia:pathophysiology,challenges,and perspectives[J].Circ Res,2019,124(7):1094-1112

    • [2] 吴莉莉,薛路,章浩,等.lncRNA HAND2⁃AS1对子痫前期患者血管内皮细胞的影响[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(12):1761-1767

    • [3] SUN W T,WANG X C,MAK S K,et al.Activation of PERK branch of ER stress mediates homocysteine-in⁃ duced BKCa channel dysfunction in coronary artery via FoxO3a-dependent regulation of atrogin ⁃ 1[J].Oncotar-get,2017,8(31):51462-51477

    • [4] 贺娟娟,刘阿慧,姜彦彪,等.同型半胱氨酸与妊娠期疾病的相关性研究进展[J].生殖医学杂志,2022,31(12):1752-1756

    • [5] 武成艳,段旭磊,王立波,等.内皮功能障碍在高同型半胱氨酸致动脉粥样硬化中作用及机制的研究进展[J].生理学报,2023,75(5):703-713

    • [6] LIU N Q,OUYANG Y,BULUT Y,et al.Dietary vitamin D restriction in pregnant female mice is associated with maternal hypertension and altered placental and fetal development[J].Endocrinology,2013,154(7):2270-2280

    • [7] WANG Y,LU X Y,XU F,et al.Detection of uterine artery hemodynamic changes in patients with gestational hypertension based on Doppler ultrasonography[J].Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol,2020,47(4):584

    • [8] 中华医学会妇产科学分会妊娠期高血压疾病学组.妊娠期高血压疾病诊治指南(2020)[J].中华妇产科杂志,2020,55(4):227-238

    • [9] POON L C,SHENNAN A,HYETT J A,et al.The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics(FIGO)initiative on pre⁃eclampsia:a pragmatic guide for first⁃trimester screening and prevention[J].Int J Gynaecol Ob-stet,2019,145(Suppl 1):1-33

    • [10] WOO J,GIURGESCU C,WAGNER C L.Evidence of an association between vitamin D deficiency and preterm birth and preeclampsia:a critical review[J].J Midwifery Womens Health,2019,64(5):613-629

    • [11] 郭艳,林雁,秦梦洁,等.孕中晚期子痫前期患者血清PIGF水平与子宫螺旋动脉血流参数、血管内皮损伤的相关性[J].临床医学研究与实践,2021,6(32):31-33

    • [12] GAIDAY A,TUSSUPKALIYEV A,BERMAGAMBETO-VA S,et al.Prognostic role of increased serum homocysteine concentration in preeclampsia[J].Hypertens Pregnancy,2021,40(2):118-123

    • [13] DAI C C,FEI Y M,LI J M,et al.A novel review of homocysteine and pregnancy complications[J].Biomed Res Int,2021,2021:6652231

    • [14] HYMAVATHI K,SHUKLA N,SREELEENA MADHURI P V.Correlation of serum homocysteine levels in pregnancy related hypertensive disorders versus normotensive pregnancies[J].Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol,2020,9(2):766

    • [15] AZZINI E,RUGGERI S,POLITO A.Homocysteine:its possible emerging role in at-risk population groups[J].Int J Mol Sci,2020,21(4):1421

    • [16] DE OCAMPO M P G,ARANETA M R G,MACERA C A,et al.Folic acid supplement use and the risk of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia[J].Women Birth,2018,31(2):e77-e83

    • [17] AL⁃SHAFEI A I,RAYIS D A,MOHIELDEIN A H,et al.Maternal early pregnancy serum level of 25⁃Hydroxyvitamin D and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus[J].Int J Gynaecol Obstet,2021,152(3):382-385

    • [18] 张雪,杜鹃.血压正常孕妇和子痫前期孕妇的维生素 D、钙和磷水平比较以及相关性分析[J].中国临床药理学杂志,2022,38(14):1575-1578

    • [19] ALI A M,RAFIQUE M,SALEEM Z.Association of vitamin D deficiency to the risk of preeclampsia in Saudi Arabia[J].J Pak Med Assoc,2021,71(1B):257-261

    • [20] DAS B,SINGHAL S R,GHALAUT V S.Evaluating the association between maternal vitamin D deficiency and preeclampsia among Indian gravidas[J].Eur J Obstet Gy-necol Reprod Biol,2021,261:103-109

    • [21] HUDA F A,MAHMOOD H R,ALAM A,et al.Provision of menstrual regulation with medication among pharmacies in three municipal districts of Bangladesh:a situation analysis[J].Contraception,2018,97(2):144-151