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通讯作者:

俞同福,E-mail: yu.tongfu@163.com

中图分类号:R814.42

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)10-1396-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240812

参考文献 1
BANKIER A A,MACMAHON H,COLBY T,et al.Fleis-chner society:glossary of terms for thoracic imaging[J].Radiology,2024,310(2):e232558
参考文献 2
HEIDINGER B H,ANDERSON K R,NEMEC U,et al.Lung adenocarcinoma manifesting as pure ground-glass nodules:correlating CT size,volume,density,and roundness with histopathologic invasion and size[J].J Thorac Oncol,2017,12(8):1288-1298
参考文献 3
ROY E,SHRAGER J,BENSON J,et al.Risk of adenocarcinoma in patients with a suspicious ground⁃glass opacity:a retrospective review[J].J Thorac Dis,2022,14(11):4236-4245
参考文献 4
RICCIARDI S,BOOTON R,PETERSEN R H,et al.Managing of screening⁃detected sub⁃solid nodules⁃a European perspective[J].Transl Lung Cancer Res,2021,10(5):2368-2377
参考文献 5
MACMAHON H,NAIDICH D P,GOO J M,et al.Guidelines for management of incidental pulmonary nodules detected on CT images:from the fleischner society 2017[J].Radiology,2017,284(1):228-243
参考文献 6
CARDILLO G,PETERSEN R H,RICCIARDI S,et al.European guidelines for the surgical management of pure ground⁃glass opacities and part⁃solid nodules:Task Force of the European Association of CardioThoracic Surgery and the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons[J].Eur J Cardiothorac Surg,2023,64(4):ezad222
参考文献 7
TAVEIRA⁃DASILVA A M,JOHNSON S R,JULIEN⁃WILLIAMS P,et al.Pregnancy in lymphangioleiomyomatosis:clinical and lung function outcomes in two national cohorts[J].Thorax,2020,75(10):904-907
参考文献 8
STEVENS D R,PERKINS N,CHEN Z,et al.Determining the clinical course of asthma in pregnancy[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract,2022,10(3):793-802
参考文献 9
BAI J,DENG C,FU F,et al.Pregnancy may have little influence on ground-glass opacities suspected for lung adenocarcinoma[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2023,149(4):1383-1389
参考文献 10
KAKINUMA R,ASHIZAWA K,KURIYAMA K,et al.Measurement of focal ground-glass opacity diameters on CT images:interobserver agreement in regard to identifying increases in the size of ground-glass opacities[J].Acad Radiol,2012,19(4):389-394
参考文献 11
SUN J D,SUGARBAKER E,BYRNE S C,et al.Clinical outcomes of resected pure ground-glass,heterogeneous ground⁃glass,and part⁃solid pulmonary nodules[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol,2024,222(5):e2330504
参考文献 12
American College of Radiology Web Site.Lung CT screening reporting and data system(lung ⁃RADS)version 2022 [EB/OL].[2023⁃02⁃25].https://www.acr.org/Clinical⁃Resources/Reporting⁃and⁃Data⁃Systems/Lung⁃Rads
参考文献 13
TRAVIS W D,BRAMBILLA E,NOGUCHI M,et al.International association for the study of lung cancer/american thoracic society/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma[J].J Thorac Oncol,2011,6(2):244-285
参考文献 14
MENG Y,LIU C L,CAI Q,et al.Contrast analysis of the relationship between the HRCT sign and new pathologic classification in small ground glass nodule⁃like lung adenocarcinoma[J].Radiol Med,2019,124(1):8-13
参考文献 15
YANG H H,LV Y L,FAN X H,et al.Factors distinguishing invasive from pre⁃invasive adenocarcinoma presenting as pure ground glass pulmonary nodules[J].Radiat On-col,2020,15(1):186
参考文献 16
LI M,ZHU L,LV Y,et al.Thin⁃slice computed tomography enables to classify pulmonary subsolid nodules into preinvasive lesion/minimally invasive adenocarcinoma and invasive adenocarcinoma:a retrospective study[J].Sci Rep,2023,13(1):6999
参考文献 17
MATSUGUMA H,MORI K,NAKAHARA R,et al.Characteristics of subsolid pulmonary nodules showing growth during follow ⁃up with CT scanning[J].Chest,2013,143(2):436-443
参考文献 18
LEE H W,JIN K N,LEE J K,et al.Long⁃term follow⁃up of ground-glass nodules after 5 years of stability[J].J Thorac Oncol,2019,14(8):1370-1377
参考文献 19
LIANG X,LIU M,LI M,et al.Clinical and CT features of subsolid pulmonary nodules with interval growth:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Front Oncol,2022,12:929174
参考文献 20
DEHARA M,SACHS M C,KULLBERG S,et al.Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for sarcoidosis:a nested case⁃control study[J].BMC Pulm Med,2022,22(1):43
参考文献 21
ZHUANG W,QIAO G.Pregnancy⁃associated lung cancer:a clinical and scientific challenge more than treatment dilemma[J].J Thorac Dis,2021,13(9):5572-5574
参考文献 22
HE Y T,YANG L,LUO W C,et al.Responses to:pregnancy ⁃ associated lung cancer:a clinical and scientific challenge more than treatment dilemma[J].J Thorac Dis,2021,13(10):6102-6103
参考文献 23
李梅,蒋杨倩,吕红,等.孕期心理状况与无医学指征剖宫产的关联研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2023,43(1):66-72
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:通过单中心回顾性队列评估妊娠与磨玻璃结节生长之间的关系。方法:回顾性分析44例因肺部磨玻璃结节行孕前和分娩后胸部CT扫描的妊娠孕妇的临床和影像学资料。根据影像学特征,将磨玻璃结节分为纯磨玻璃结节、异质性磨玻璃结节和部分实性结节。磨玻璃结节的大小定义为胸部CT扫描轴位图像中的最大直径,而观察间隔定义为孕前和分娩后胸部CT检查之间的时间间隔。当磨玻璃结节最大直径增加2 mm、固体成分增加2 mm或出现新的固体成分时,则被认为磨玻璃结节出现了生长。结果:在44例中,共检出70个磨玻璃结节,其中包括66个纯磨玻璃结节和4个异质性磨玻璃结节。其中 43个磨玻璃结节直径<6 mm,22个直径6.0~7.9 mm,4个直径8.0~9.9 mm,1个直径≥10 mm。在779 d的中位观察间隔(范围为 337~2795 d)内,未观察到磨玻璃结节出现生长。结论:妊娠不太可能导致肺部直径较小的纯磨玻璃结节生长。因此,育龄期女性患者如有怀孕计划,无需过度担心此类纯磨玻璃结节的生长问题。

    Abstract

    Objective:To evaluate the relationship between pregnancy and the growth of ground glass nodules(GGNs)through a single-center retrospective cohort analysis. Methods:Clinical and radiologic data of 44 pregnant women who underwent pre-and post-pregnancy chest CT scans due to pulmonary GGNs were retrospectively reviewed. Based on imaging characteristics,the GGNs were divided into the pure GGNs(PGGNs),heterogeneous GGNs(HGGNs),and part solid nodules(PSN). The size of a GGN was determined as the maximum diameter in axial chest CT images,and the observation interval was the time between pre-and post-pregnancy chest CT scans. Growth of a GGN was defined as an increase of 2 mm in the maximum diameter,an increase of 2 mm in the solid composnent,or the appearance of new solid component. Results:Among the 44 pregnant women,70 GGNs were detected, including 66 PGGNs and 4 HGGNs. Of these,43 GGNs had a diameter of < 6 mm,22 were between 6.0 and 7.9 mm,4 were between 8.0 and 9.9 mm,and 1 GGN was ≥10 mm. No growth of pulmonary GGNs was observed at a median observing interval of 779 days (ranging from 337 to 2795 days). Conclusion:Pregnancy is unlikely to cause the growth of pulmonary PGGNs with a small diameter. Therefore,women of child-bearing age who plan to become pregnant need not be overly concerned about the growth of such GGNs.

    关键词

    磨玻璃结节生长妊娠

  • 近年来,随着肺癌低剂量CT筛查的推广,肺部磨玻璃结节(ground glass nodules,GGN)的检出率显著增加。GGN被定义为CT肺窗图像中可观察到的圆形或类圆形高密度病变,不掩盖其内走行的血管和支气管影,呈现出磨玻璃样的特征[1]。尽管随访时持续存在的GGN具有较高的肿瘤风险,但它也可能是由肉芽肿、肺泡出血或间质纤维化等疾病引起的[2-4]。指南通常建议对风险较低的 GGN 进行随访,而对于风险较高或有生长趋势的GGN则建议进行手术切除[5-6]

  • 据报道,妊娠是影响哮喘、结节病和淋巴管平滑肌瘤病等肺部疾病自然病程的明确因素[7-8]。然而,妊娠是否会导致肺部GGN的生长仍然未知,因此许多育龄期女性患者对GGN的生长问题感到恐慌。此前,Bai 等[9] 曾报道妊娠对肺部 GGN 没有显著影响,这是首次对妊娠与肺部 GGN 相关性进行的研究,但他们研究的样本量(仅有 4 例)较为有限。因此,本研究旨在利用单中心的样本扩充此类病例的研究。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性分析2015 年1月—2023 年6月于南京医科大学第一附属医院接受分娩同时患有肺部GGN的患者44例,共70个GGN病灶。入组标准:患者于本院分娩时的临床资料及孕前、分娩后的影像学资料完整。排除标准:①既往有恶性肿瘤病史;②妊娠期患有严重肺炎;③GGN直径<3 mm。收集患者的临床信息,包括孕前最后1次CT检查时的年龄、分娩时的年龄、怀孕次数、分娩次数及妊娠期并发症、吸烟史以及家族肿瘤病史。本研究得到了南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会的批准(2023⁃SR⁃038)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 影像学检查

  • 胸部 CT 扫描采用 Siemens Deffinitions AS+128 排多层螺旋CT,患者取仰卧位,双臂上举,于吸气末进行全肺扫描,范围包括胸廓入口至肾上腺。扫描参数:管电压 120 kV;管电流 100 mAs;矩阵 512× 512;层厚5 mm;螺距0.9,重建厚度 1.5 mm。(肺窗窗宽:1 500 HU,窗位:-400 HU;纵隔窗窗宽:350 HU,窗位:40 HU;重建后观察图像。

  • 1.2.2 CT图像分析

  • 根据先前的研究,GGN的生长被定义为:① 与初始CT扫描相比,后1次CT图像中的GGN最大尺寸至少增加了2 mm;②GGN固体成分的尺寸增加了至少2 mm;③GGN出现了任何尺寸的新固体部分[10]。由2名分别具有3年和8年工作经验的胸部放射诊断医师独立分析比较患者怀孕前的最后1次CT扫描图像和分娩后的第1次CT扫描图像,意见不同时协商取得一致。定义这2次CT扫描之间的时间间隔为观察间隔。主要评估内容包括孕前最后 1 次CT扫描图像中GGN的大小(取CT肺窗轴位图像中的最大直径)、性质(纯磨玻璃结节、异质性磨玻璃结节和部分实性结节)、实性成分大小(取CT纵隔窗轴位图像中实性成分的最大直径)、Lung⁃Rads 分级、位置、形状、边界(是否清晰)、内部及周围特征 (毛刺征、胸膜牵拉、空泡征、支气管充气征及血管穿行征),以及GGN是否满足生长定义。其中纯磨玻璃结节(pure ground glass nodule,PGGN)是指 GGN在肺窗及纵隔窗均未观察到固体成分,异质性磨玻璃结节(heterogeneous ground glass nodule, HGGN)是指 GGN 仅在肺窗中检测到的固体成分,部分实性结节(part⁃solid nodule,PSN)是指 GGN 可以在纵隔窗检测到固体成分[11]。评估孕前最后1次 CT 图像时参照 Lung⁃Rads 2022 版本[12] 对每个 GGN 进行危险度分级。

  • 1.2.3 病理诊断

  • 对于接受肺部GGN手术的患者,手术后病理标本经由10%福尔马林固定,石蜡包埋,切片,HE染色,并根据国际肺癌研究协会/美国胸科学会/欧洲呼吸学会肺腺癌国际多学科分类进行组织学分类[13]

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 所有的数据分析均基于SPSS26.0。在分析患者的临床特征与GGN的放射学特征时,符合非正态分布的连续性变量使用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,分类变量则使用百分比表示。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 患者特征

  • 共纳入 44 例患者,孕前最后 1 次 CT 检查时的年龄中位数为31岁(范围20~42岁),分娩时的年龄中位数为 32 岁(范围23~43岁)。她们初次接受胸部 CT 检查的原因为健康体检(19 例,43.2%),存在呼吸道症状(13 例,29.5%)或胸部不适(12 例, 27.3%)。其中,25 例(56.8%)为初产妇,19 例 (43.2%)为经产妇。17例(38.6%)患者在此次妊娠过程中患有妊娠相关并发症,包括妊娠期糖尿病 (12例,27.3%)和甲状腺功能异常(6例,13.6%),6例甲状腺功能异常的患者中包含了4例甲状腺功能减退患者以及2例亚临床甲状腺功能减退患者。24例 (54.5%)患者经历了自然分娩,20例(45.5%)接受了剖宫产。值得注意的是,本研究并没有患者存在吸烟史或家族癌症病史(表1)。

  • 2.2 GGN的放射学特征

  • 在44例患者中,共检测到70个GGN。其中,患有单个GGN的患者有30例,2个GGN的患者有9例, 3个GGN的患者有2例,5个GGN的患者有2例,还有 1例患者有6个GGN。研究纳入的GGN中,有 66个 (94.3%)为PGGN,其余4个为HGGN。在这70个GGN 中,43个直径<6 mm,22个直径6.0~7.9 mm,4 个直径 8.0~9.9 mm,1个直径>10 mm。最终,在779 d(范围 337~2 795 d)的中位观察间隔内,没有GGN出现生长(表2)。

  • 表1 研究患者的临床特征

  • Table1 Clinical characteristics of the study patients

  • 在纳入的44例患者中,有1例患者最初于2014年 6 月接受胸部 CT 扫描,发现左肺上叶 1 枚直径为 8 mm的PGGN;2018年6月,接受了第2次CT检查,这枚GGN增长到11 mm;没有立即接受手术治疗,而是选择继续随访。2018年10月—2019年6月,经历了1次妊娠。分娩结束2个月后,胸部CT检查结果与 2018 年 6 月相比并没有明显变化。随后,该患者接受了手术治疗,术后 GGN 的组织学结果显示为微浸润腺癌(图1)。这位患者同时接受了 10L 及 12L 组的淋巴结采样术,采样的 3 枚淋巴结未发现肿瘤转移。

  • 表2 孕前最后1次CT扫描时GGN的影像学特征

  • Table2 Radiologic characteristics of GGN on the last CT scan before pregnancy

  • GGN:ground glass nodule;RUL:right upper lobe;RML:right mid⁃ dle lobe;RLL:right lower lobe;LUL:left upper lobe;LLL:left lower lobe.

  • 2.3 切除GGN的病理结果

  • 在本研究中,除上述患者外,还有1例患者也接受了手术治疗(图2)。该患者GGN的病理结果为原位腺癌。这位患者接受了10R组的淋巴结采样术,采样的1枚淋巴结未发现肿瘤转移。

  • 3 讨论

  • 目前,对于偶然发现的风险较低的 GGN,首先会建议进行定期规律随访。若在随访期间发现 GGN有生长趋势,则通常建议考虑手术切除[5-6]。在过去的研究中,GGN的生长被定义为直径和固体成分的增加,这常被视为GGN病理侵袭性增加的影像学表现[14-16]。因此,GGN的生长情况是临床实践中值得深入研究的重要原因。

  • 图1 女31岁左肺上叶磨玻璃结节

  • Figure1 One 31 years⁃old female patients with left pGGN

  • 图2 女26岁右肺下叶磨玻璃结节

  • Figure2 One 26 years⁃old female patients with right pGGN

  • Matsuguma等[17] 研究指出,在一般人群中,非实性结节和部分实性结节的生长率在 2 年时分别为 13%和 38%,在 5 年时分别上升至 23%和 55%。即使GGN在短期内保持稳定,随着观察时间的延长,仍存在生长的可能性。一份基于GGN的分析报告称, GGN稳定5 年后的生长概率仍可达到 13%[18]。此外,一项荟萃分析显示,男性、有肺癌病史、年龄超过65岁、GGN直径超过10 mm以及结节密度较高是导致PGGN生长的独立危险因素[19]

  • 妊娠是一个复杂的生理过程,对孕妇的生殖、内分泌和循环系统等方面都有显著影响。先前的研究已经报道了妊娠与肺部疾病,如哮喘、结节病、淋巴管平滑肌瘤病和肺癌等疾病之间的关联[7-820]。尽管少数研究认为妊娠可能会加速晚期肺腺癌的进展,但妊娠与磨玻璃样早期肺癌生长情况之间的关系仍未得到明确的结论[21-22]。此前, Bai 等[9] 研究虽然指出了妊娠与 GGN 生长之间似乎没有明显的关联,但由于其研究样本量较为有限,因此结论的可靠性有所限制。而本研究则基于更多的样本量再次证实了这一点,即妊娠不太可能导致肺部 GGN 的生长。此外,先前的研究已证实,孕妇的焦虑状态可能会增加不良产科及妊娠结局的发生概率。本研究的结论有助于减轻部分患有 GCN 的孕妇群体的焦虑,从而可能改善她们的妊娠结局[23]

  • 本研究也存在一定局限性。首先,这是一项在单个中心进行的回顾性研究,因此潜在的选择偏倚是不可避免的。其次,在本研究中,大多数 GGN 属于 PGGN,且直径大多数位于10 mm以下,这些特征都不是GGN生长的危险因素。最后,由于本研究并未观察到阳性结果,因此并未设立对照组。扩充更大的样本量并与无妊娠患者进行对照比较,是未来的研究方向。

  • 总之,本研究发现,在779 d(范围 337~2 795 d) 的中位观察间隔内并没有GGN显示出增长,因此得出结论,认为妊娠不太可能导致肺部直径较小的 PGGN 生长。对于计划妊娠的育龄期女性患者来说,他们无需过分担心此类GGN的生长问题。

  • 参考文献

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    • [7] TAVEIRA⁃DASILVA A M,JOHNSON S R,JULIEN⁃WILLIAMS P,et al.Pregnancy in lymphangioleiomyomatosis:clinical and lung function outcomes in two national cohorts[J].Thorax,2020,75(10):904-907

    • [8] STEVENS D R,PERKINS N,CHEN Z,et al.Determining the clinical course of asthma in pregnancy[J].J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract,2022,10(3):793-802

    • [9] BAI J,DENG C,FU F,et al.Pregnancy may have little influence on ground-glass opacities suspected for lung adenocarcinoma[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2023,149(4):1383-1389

    • [10] KAKINUMA R,ASHIZAWA K,KURIYAMA K,et al.Measurement of focal ground-glass opacity diameters on CT images:interobserver agreement in regard to identifying increases in the size of ground-glass opacities[J].Acad Radiol,2012,19(4):389-394

    • [11] SUN J D,SUGARBAKER E,BYRNE S C,et al.Clinical outcomes of resected pure ground-glass,heterogeneous ground⁃glass,and part⁃solid pulmonary nodules[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol,2024,222(5):e2330504

    • [12] American College of Radiology Web Site.Lung CT screening reporting and data system(lung ⁃RADS)version 2022 [EB/OL].[2023⁃02⁃25].https://www.acr.org/Clinical⁃Resources/Reporting⁃and⁃Data⁃Systems/Lung⁃Rads

    • [13] TRAVIS W D,BRAMBILLA E,NOGUCHI M,et al.International association for the study of lung cancer/american thoracic society/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma[J].J Thorac Oncol,2011,6(2):244-285

    • [14] MENG Y,LIU C L,CAI Q,et al.Contrast analysis of the relationship between the HRCT sign and new pathologic classification in small ground glass nodule⁃like lung adenocarcinoma[J].Radiol Med,2019,124(1):8-13

    • [15] YANG H H,LV Y L,FAN X H,et al.Factors distinguishing invasive from pre⁃invasive adenocarcinoma presenting as pure ground glass pulmonary nodules[J].Radiat On-col,2020,15(1):186

    • [16] LI M,ZHU L,LV Y,et al.Thin⁃slice computed tomography enables to classify pulmonary subsolid nodules into preinvasive lesion/minimally invasive adenocarcinoma and invasive adenocarcinoma:a retrospective study[J].Sci Rep,2023,13(1):6999

    • [17] MATSUGUMA H,MORI K,NAKAHARA R,et al.Characteristics of subsolid pulmonary nodules showing growth during follow ⁃up with CT scanning[J].Chest,2013,143(2):436-443

    • [18] LEE H W,JIN K N,LEE J K,et al.Long⁃term follow⁃up of ground-glass nodules after 5 years of stability[J].J Thorac Oncol,2019,14(8):1370-1377

    • [19] LIANG X,LIU M,LI M,et al.Clinical and CT features of subsolid pulmonary nodules with interval growth:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Front Oncol,2022,12:929174

    • [20] DEHARA M,SACHS M C,KULLBERG S,et al.Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for sarcoidosis:a nested case⁃control study[J].BMC Pulm Med,2022,22(1):43

    • [21] ZHUANG W,QIAO G.Pregnancy⁃associated lung cancer:a clinical and scientific challenge more than treatment dilemma[J].J Thorac Dis,2021,13(9):5572-5574

    • [22] HE Y T,YANG L,LUO W C,et al.Responses to:pregnancy ⁃ associated lung cancer:a clinical and scientific challenge more than treatment dilemma[J].J Thorac Dis,2021,13(10):6102-6103

    • [23] 李梅,蒋杨倩,吕红,等.孕期心理状况与无医学指征剖宫产的关联研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2023,43(1):66-72

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    • [9] BAI J,DENG C,FU F,et al.Pregnancy may have little influence on ground-glass opacities suspected for lung adenocarcinoma[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2023,149(4):1383-1389

    • [10] KAKINUMA R,ASHIZAWA K,KURIYAMA K,et al.Measurement of focal ground-glass opacity diameters on CT images:interobserver agreement in regard to identifying increases in the size of ground-glass opacities[J].Acad Radiol,2012,19(4):389-394

    • [11] SUN J D,SUGARBAKER E,BYRNE S C,et al.Clinical outcomes of resected pure ground-glass,heterogeneous ground⁃glass,and part⁃solid pulmonary nodules[J].AJR Am J Roentgenol,2024,222(5):e2330504

    • [12] American College of Radiology Web Site.Lung CT screening reporting and data system(lung ⁃RADS)version 2022 [EB/OL].[2023⁃02⁃25].https://www.acr.org/Clinical⁃Resources/Reporting⁃and⁃Data⁃Systems/Lung⁃Rads

    • [13] TRAVIS W D,BRAMBILLA E,NOGUCHI M,et al.International association for the study of lung cancer/american thoracic society/european respiratory society international multidisciplinary classification of lung adenocarcinoma[J].J Thorac Oncol,2011,6(2):244-285

    • [14] MENG Y,LIU C L,CAI Q,et al.Contrast analysis of the relationship between the HRCT sign and new pathologic classification in small ground glass nodule⁃like lung adenocarcinoma[J].Radiol Med,2019,124(1):8-13

    • [15] YANG H H,LV Y L,FAN X H,et al.Factors distinguishing invasive from pre⁃invasive adenocarcinoma presenting as pure ground glass pulmonary nodules[J].Radiat On-col,2020,15(1):186

    • [16] LI M,ZHU L,LV Y,et al.Thin⁃slice computed tomography enables to classify pulmonary subsolid nodules into preinvasive lesion/minimally invasive adenocarcinoma and invasive adenocarcinoma:a retrospective study[J].Sci Rep,2023,13(1):6999

    • [17] MATSUGUMA H,MORI K,NAKAHARA R,et al.Characteristics of subsolid pulmonary nodules showing growth during follow ⁃up with CT scanning[J].Chest,2013,143(2):436-443

    • [18] LEE H W,JIN K N,LEE J K,et al.Long⁃term follow⁃up of ground-glass nodules after 5 years of stability[J].J Thorac Oncol,2019,14(8):1370-1377

    • [19] LIANG X,LIU M,LI M,et al.Clinical and CT features of subsolid pulmonary nodules with interval growth:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].Front Oncol,2022,12:929174

    • [20] DEHARA M,SACHS M C,KULLBERG S,et al.Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for sarcoidosis:a nested case⁃control study[J].BMC Pulm Med,2022,22(1):43

    • [21] ZHUANG W,QIAO G.Pregnancy⁃associated lung cancer:a clinical and scientific challenge more than treatment dilemma[J].J Thorac Dis,2021,13(9):5572-5574

    • [22] HE Y T,YANG L,LUO W C,et al.Responses to:pregnancy ⁃ associated lung cancer:a clinical and scientific challenge more than treatment dilemma[J].J Thorac Dis,2021,13(10):6102-6103

    • [23] 李梅,蒋杨倩,吕红,等.孕期心理状况与无医学指征剖宫产的关联研究[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2023,43(1):66-72