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通讯作者:

张波,E-mail: zhangbo@jsph.org.cn

中图分类号:R586.12

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)10-1401-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240220

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨瘦组织质量(lean tissue mass,LTM)/脂肪组织质量(adipose tissue mass,ATM)比值对慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)非透析患者左心室肥厚(left ventricular hypertrophy,LVH)的影响。方法:纳入CKD非透析患者417例,根据左心室重量指数(left ventricular mass index,LVMI)分为左心室正常组(Non-LVH组)240例、左心室肥厚组(LVH组)177例。收集基线资料及实验室指标等参数,同时收集超声心动图及生物电阻抗检测结果,比较两组之间的基线数据及LTM/ATM比值等数据。采用多因素Logistic回归分析CKD非透析患者LVH的危险因素。绘制受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic, ROC)曲线评价LTM/ATM 对LVH 的预测价值。结果:LVH 组高血压患病率、年龄、女性比例、收缩压显著高于Non-LVH 组, BMI、血红蛋白、血白蛋白、估算的肾小球滤过率(estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate,eGFR)显著低于Non-LVH组,差异均有统计学意义。LVH组LTM、瘦组织指数、LTM/ATM比值低于Non-LVH组,两组之间容量负荷差异无统计学意义。多因素Logistic 回归分析显示年龄、BMI、收缩压、血红蛋白、LTM/ATM比值+性别均为CKD非透析患者LVH的独立危险因素。LTM/ATM比值+性别联合血红蛋白预测LVH的ROC曲线下面积为0.769。结论:低LTM/ATM比值为CKD非透析患者LVH的危险因素,该比值预测此类患者LVH的发生具有一定价值。

    Abstract

    Objective:To explore the effect of lean tissue mass(LTM)/adipose tissue mass(ATM)ratio on left ventricular hypertrophy(LVH)in non -dialysis patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD). Methods:417 non -dialysis patients with CKD were included and divided into a normal left ventricular(Non-LVH)group with 240 patients and a left ventricular hypertrophy(LVH)group with 177 patients according to the left ventricular mass index(LVMI). Baseline data and laboratory indicators were collected,along with echocardiography and bioelectrical impedance analysis results. Baseline data and LTM/ATM ratio were compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the risk factors for LVH in non-dialysis CKD patients. The receiver operator characteristic(ROC)curve was drawn to evaluate the predictive value of LTM/ATM ratio for LVH. Results:The prevalence of hypertension,age,female ratio,and systolic blood pressure in the LVH group were significantly higher than those in the Non-LVH group,while BMI,hemoglobin,albumin,and eGFR were significantly lower than those in the Non-LVH group,all with statistical differences. The LTM,lean tissue index and LTM/ATM ratio in the LVH group were lower than those in the Non-LVH group, and there was no difference in volume load between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age,BMI, systolic blood pressure,hemoglobin,and LTM/ATM ratio-gender were all independent risk factors for LVH in non-dialysis CKD patients. The area under the ROC curve of LTM/ATM ratio-gender combined with hemoglobin in predicting LVH was 0.769.Conclusion:A low LTM/ATM ratio is a risk factor for LVH in nondialysis CKD patients,and this ratio has predictive value for the occurrence of LVH in such patients.

  • 心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)是慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)的常见并发症,也是CKD患者的主要死因,病死率是普通人群的 2.6倍。美国肾脏病基金会的肾脏病预后质量倡议 (Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative,KDOQI) CVD 工作组将左心室肥厚(left ventricular hypertro⁃ phy,LVH)确定为 CVD中的主要干预目标。LVH是指左心室后负荷增加或舒张超负荷导致左心室心肌质量异常增加,是心血管事件和死亡率的独立预测指标[1]。在终末期肾脏病患者中LVH是一种常见的心脏结构异常,其发生率超过70%。CKD非透析患者的LVH患病率为34%~78%,且随着肾功能的损害,患病率呈比例上升[2]。早期发现LVH的危险因素有助于指导临床医生制定相应的干预措施,从而减少 CKD患者CVD的发生。

  • CKD 患者并发 LVH 的危险因素很多,如高血压、高血容量、神经激素激活增加、继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进症(secondary hyperparathyroidism,SHPT) 和矿物质代谢紊乱等[3]。CKD患者常合并多种代谢疾病,易因血压、血糖或尿酸异常而进行过分的饮食控制导致营养摄入不足或疾病导致身体活动能力下降。这些混合因素会导致贫血、低白蛋白血症、肌肉减少等营养不良症状。已经有较多的研究证实贫血与低白蛋白血症为 LVH 的危险因素[4-6]。肌肉是胰岛素介导的葡萄糖代谢的主要场所,承担了人体80%的葡萄糖代谢[7],同时肌肉还可以分泌多种肌肉因子参加机体的生理代谢[8]。肌肉含量减少会导致胰岛素抵抗的发生,加快代谢综合征的进程[9]。同时有研究发现机体肌肉脂肪比值与胰岛素抵抗之间有很强的相关性,并可以作为预测CVD 的临床指标[10-11]。肌肉减少对 CVD 影响的既往研究主要局限于透析患者或老年患者[12-13],这类患者常伴有多种严重并发症,会获得医生的重视。对于总体代谢状况良好的中青年CKD非透析患者,临床医生的总体认识反而不足,目前针对该类患者的研究鲜有报道。因此本研究对象为住院行肾活检的 CKD 1~3期患者,这类患者大部分代谢状况良好,肾功能处于代偿阶段。生物电阻抗分析(bioelectrical impedance analysis,BIA)可以精确测定身体成分包括瘦组织质量(lean tissue mass,LTM)、脂肪组织质量(adipose tissue mass,ATM)。瘦组织由肌肉、器官、血液和骨骼组成,可以估算全身的肌肉质量以反映蛋白质的储存量[14]。本研究的目的为探讨LTM/ ATM比值对CKD非透析患者LVH的影响,为降低该类患者LVH的患病率、改善预后提供了依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究为回顾性队列研究。纳入2019年12月 —2022年4月于南京医科大学第一附属医院肾内科住院行 BIA 检查及肾脏穿刺活检的 CKD 1~3 期患者。纳入标准:①诊断为CKD 1~3期的患者,改善全球肾脏病预后组织(Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes,KDIGO)临床实践指南将其定义为肾脏结构或功能异常持续≥3个月;②配合超声心动图检查的患者。排除标准:①缺乏超声心动图资料;②年龄未满18周岁;③先天性心脏病或瓣膜性心脏病患者;④CKD 4~5 期及透析患者。最终纳入 417 例患者。本研究经南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准,豁免书面知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 数据收集

  • 收集患者住院期间基线资料和实验室指标等参数。基线资料包括糖尿病和高血压病史、年龄、性别、体重指数(body mass index,BMI)、收缩压(sys⁃ tolic blood pressure,SBP)、舒张压(diastolic blood pressure,DBP)、平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure, MAP)等;实验室指标包括血红蛋白;血清学指标: 25⁃羟基维生素D[25⁃hydroxy vitamin D,25(OH)D]、空腹血糖(fasting blood glucose,FBG)、白蛋白、肌酐、甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)、总胆固醇(total choles⁃ terol,TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low⁃density lipopro⁃ tein cholesterol,LDL⁃C)、血清钙磷等;24 h尿蛋白定量(24⁃hour urine protein,24hUP);慢性肾脏病流行病学协作公式(chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration equation,CKD⁃EPI公式)估算肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)。

  • 1.2.2 人体成分测量

  • 患者在空腹排空膀胱后,由1名经过培训的医师或护士采用人体成分测量仪(德国费森尤斯公司)进行检查。受检者仰卧位,双腿分开 30°~45°,分别于受检者手背、腕部及身体同侧踝关节背侧、足背粘贴电极片,进行BIA检查。检测的指标包括 LTM、ATM、瘦组织指数(lean tissue index,LTI)、脂肪组织指数(fat tissue index,FTI)、容量负荷等。LTI= LTM/身高2,FTI=ATM/身高2

  • 1.2.3 超声心动图检查

  • 心脏超声检查由专职医生操作,采用GE Vivid E9 超声诊断仪,M5S 探头,探头频率 1.5~4.0 MHz。检测指标包括:舒张末期左心室内径(left ventricular end⁃diastolic dimension,LVDd)、收缩末期左心室内径(left ventricular end⁃systolic dimension,LVDs)、左心室后壁厚度(left ventricular posterior wall thick⁃ ness,LVPWT)、室间隔厚度(interventricular septal thickness,IVST)等指标。左心室重量(left ventricu⁃ lar mass,LVM)=0.8×1.04×[(IVST+LVDd+LVPWT)3-LVDd3 ]+ 0.6(g)。体表面积(body surface area, BSA)=0.006 1×身高(cm)+0.012 8×体重(kg)-0.152 9。左心室重量指数(left ventricular mass index,LVMI) (g/m2)=LVM/ BSA。根据2015年美国超声心动图学会与欧洲心血管影像协会关于心室量化指南LVH诊断为:男性LVMI>115 g/m2,女性LVMI >95 g/m2[15]

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用 SPSS19.0 统计学软件进行数据分析。符合正态分布的定量资料使用均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;不符合正态分布的定量资料使用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)] 进行描述,两组间比较采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。定性资料、无序分类资料采用卡方检验,有序分类资料使用Kruskal⁃Wallis检验。相关性检验采用Pear⁃ son 相关分析;分析左心室肥厚危险因素采用多因素Logistic回归;采用受试者工作特征(receiver oper⁃ ating characteristic,ROC)曲线计算危险因素对LVH 的预测效应。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 共计纳入417例患者,根据是否有LVH分为两组:左心室正常组(Non ⁃LVH 组)240 例与 LVH 组177例。

  • 2.1 两组间临床资料比较

  • LVH组高血压患病率、年龄、女性比例、收缩压显著高于Non⁃LVH组,BMI、血红蛋白、白蛋白、eGFR 显著低于Non⁃LVH组,差异均有统计学意义(表1)。

  • 2.2 两组间慢性肾脏病分期比较

  • 随着肾脏病的进展和CKD分期的增加,LVH发病率增加(表2),但差异无统计学意义(χ2 =4.876,P= 0.087,表2)。

  • 2.3 两组间病理类型比较

  • 两组患者病理类型以IgA肾病为主,总体病理类型分布两组差异无统计学意义(χ2 =12.633,P=0.082,表3)。

  • 2.4 两组间BIA检测指标比较

  • LVH组LTM、LTI、LTM/ATM比值低于Non⁃LVH 组(P均 <0.05),两组之间容量负荷差异没有统计学意义(表4)。

  • 2.5 LVH的危险因素分析

  • 多因素 Logistic 回归分析显示年龄、BMI、收缩压、血红蛋白、LTM/ATM+性别均为 CKD 患者伴发 LVH的独立危险因素(表5)。

  • 2.6 LTM/ATM比值+性别、血红蛋白预测LVH价值

  • 以LTM/ATM比值+性别、血红蛋白预测LVH的 ROC曲线下面积分别为0.768、0.690(P均 <0.001), LTM/ATM 比值+性别联合血红蛋白预测 LVH 的 ROC 曲线下面积为 0.769,95% CI 为 0.724~0.815 (P <0.001,图1)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 心血管疾病是CKD常见的并发症,也是这类患者的主要死因。多项研究显示CKD 早期就会伴发 LVH,且随着肾功能的损害,患病率呈比例上升[16],本研究结果与此一致。肾脏病理类型对LVH 没有显著影响。目前已知CKD患者伴发LVH的危险因素包括吸烟、高血压、炎症、脂质代谢紊乱、氧化应激、肾素⁃血管紧张素系统紊乱和尿毒症毒素等[17]

  • 本研究结果显示 LVH 组的危险因素如高血压患病率、年龄、收缩压均显著高于Non⁃LVH 组。同时结果提示 LVH 组女性比例显著高于 Non ⁃LVH 组。既往认为女性患CVD的风险低于年龄匹配的男性。45岁以下正常血压女性中CVD的发病率比同龄男性低1/3,可能是由于该年龄段女性血压较低[18]。本研究对象为住院行肾穿刺的CKD 1⁃3期患者,平均年龄较低,合并高血压概率较高。已有研究显示处于同样的高血压水平下,中青年女性发生LVH的风险高于男性,性别差异可能是由于正常情况下该年龄段女性血压远低于男性,伴发高血压时女性心脏和肾脏承受的血流动力学负荷比同龄男性更大[18-19]。可见同样的高血压水平对CKD 1~3期的女性影响更大,对此类患者的高血压进行积极控制可以更好地预防心血管事件的发生。

  • 表1 两组患者临床资料比较

  • Table1 Comparison of clinical data between the two groups

  • 表2 两组患者间慢性肾脏病分期比较

  • Table2 Comparison of CKD stage between the two groups of patients

  • χ2 =4.876,P=0.087.

  • 表3 两组患者间病理类型比较

  • Table3 Comparison of pathological types between the two groups of patients

  • FSGS:focal segmental glomerulosclerosis;HSPN:Henoch ⁃ Schönlein Purpura Nephritis. χ2 =12.633,P=0.082.

  • 表4 两组间生物电阻抗检测指标比较

  • Table4 Comparison of BIA indicators between the two groups

  • 表5 左心室肥厚相关危险因素多因素Logistic 回归分析

  • Table5 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of risk factors related to LVH

  • 图1 血红蛋白、LTM/ATM 比值+性别、LTM/ATM 比值+ 性别联合血红蛋白对LVH的预测价值(ROC曲线)

  • Figure1 The predictive value of hemoglobin,LTM/ATM ratio combined with gender,LTM/ATM ratio ⁃ gender combined with hemoglobin on LVH (ROC curve)

  • LVH 组反映机体营养相关的传统指标如血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、BMI 均显著低于 Non⁃LVH 组。贫血被认为是包括LVH 在内的心脏重塑的潜在病理生理学因素,由贫血引起的组织低氧血症的补偿反应包括增加心输出量和高血流量。长期的血流/ 血容量超负荷和心脏做功增加会导致心脏进行性增大,导致慢性贫血患者的LVH。正常范围内的血红蛋白下降也被证实增加了LVH的发病[20]。血清白蛋白的下降目前亦被认为是LVH的危险因素[21]。既往认为高BMI可以导致LVH,其病理生理机制可能包括过多的脂肪组织堆积会促进周围血管的生长,最终导致心输出量增加;血流动力学超负荷导致 LVH增加;超重患者心外膜脂肪组织分泌的多种炎症因子和脂肪细胞因子增加可导致心脏重塑及左心室舒张功能障碍;肥胖相关的各种神经激素和代谢因素进一步促进心脏重塑[22-23]。本研究结果显示 LVH 组 BMI 较低,这可能与本研究对象的代谢特征有关,大部分研究对象新陈代谢状况良好,FBG、TC 和TG、LDL⁃C均在正常范围内。而且由于LVH组女性比例较高,本研究中男性BMI(25.45±3.64)kg/m2 显著高于女性BMI(23.79±3.69)kg/m2,因此反而导致该组患者BMI较低。

  • BIA能够对CKD患者进行营养状况评估,包括 LTM、ATM、LTI、FTI、BMI等。本研究结果显示LVH 组的LTM及LTI显著低于Non⁃LVH组,两组间的容量负荷差异无统计学意义,从而去除了容量负荷增加导致LVH 的影响因素。全身肌肉减少主要是骨骼肌的减少,骨骼肌流失和体内脂肪堆积都会影响胰岛素抵抗。针对中国成年人的一项研究发现肌肉/脂肪比值与多种心脏代谢指标有独立关联,比值越高心脏代谢健康状况越好,对超重/肥胖者和女性的影响更为显著[24]。同时高肌肉/脂肪比值还可以降低CKD 患者肾脏病进展的风险[25]。因此肌肉脂肪比值作为一项临床指标正受到越来越广泛的关注。本研究进一步分析了 LTM/ATM 对 LVH 的影响。由于LTM及ATM在男女之间差异较大,因此多因素 Logistic 回归分析时联合 LTM/ATM 及性别进行分析。结果显示除了传统危险因素年龄及收缩压,血红蛋白、LTM/ATM+性别亦为LVH的独立危险因素。以LTM/ATM比值联合性别、血红蛋白、LTM/ ATM 比值+性别联合血红蛋白预测 LVH 的 ROC 曲线下面积分别为 0.768、0.690、0.769(P <0.001),表明LTM/ATM联合性别及血红蛋白对CKD非透析患者合并LVH有很好的诊断价值和预测价值。

  • 由上可见,肌肉减少及低 LTM/ATM 比值是 CKD非透析患者合并LVH的危险因素。骨骼肌具有很强的可塑性,它可以随着运动而增加,也可以在衰老或在糖尿病、癌症、心血管疾病、肾脏病等慢性疾病中大幅减少[8]。体育锻炼可以增加肌肉质量并刺激肌肉分泌多种肌肉因子,这些肌肉因子作用于脂质和葡萄糖代谢、脂肪褐变、骨形成、内皮细胞功能等方面[26]。其中的鸢尾素主要是由运动后的肌细胞产生及分泌,它可以增加线粒体代谢促进能量消耗,可以改善胰岛素抵抗、肥胖和动脉粥样硬化预防 CVD 的发生[27]。Kokkinos 等[28] 研究了定期运动对患有重度高血压的非洲裔美国男性血压和 LVH的影响,结果显示运动组的平均舒张压较非运动组明显下降,运动16周后该组患者IVST、LVM和 LVMI 均较运动前显著下降,而非运动组则没有显著变化。低中强度有氧运动联合抗阻运动综合康复训练可以提高老年CKD 并发肌少症患者的肌肉质量、肌肉力量和运动功能,并对肾功能无明显影响[29]。可见CKD 患者进行适量的运动在增加肌肉质量的同时可以改善LVH。

  • 本研究创新在于发现LTM/ATM为CKD非透析患者LVH的独立危险因素,且对LVH的发生具有较高的预测价值。但本研究仍存在一定的局限性,为回顾性研究,LVH 发病机制复杂,受到多种因素的影响。可以考虑进一步行前瞻性的研究来探讨不同运动类型对此类患者LVH的影响。

  • 本研究纳入了住院行肾穿刺的 CKD 1~3 期患者,这一类患者总体代谢状况良好。但研究结果显示这类患者LVH仍然达到了42.45%,除了传统的危险因素外,低LTM、低LTI、低LTM/ATM比值亦为危险因素。可见总体代谢状况良好的 CKD 1~3 期患者也具有较高的心血管并发症发生概率,对于这类患者早期进行一定的运动干预有助于减少LVH 的发生,还有降低肾脏病进展的可能。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] CAI R,SHAO L,ZHU Y,et al.Association of central arterial blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic kidney disease[J].Nephrology,2022,27(1):57-65

    • [2] NARDI E,MULE G,GIAMMANCO A,et al.Left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease:a diagnostic criteria comparison[J].Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis,2021,31(1):137-144

    • [3] CHEN S,SHENG K,SHEN Y,et al.Impact of parathyroidectomy on left ventricular function in end stage renal disease patients[J].BMC Nephrol,2020,21(1):479

    • [4] MAJOR R W,CHENG M R I,GRANT R A,et al.Cardiovascular disease risk factors in chronic kidney disease:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].PloS One,2018,13(3):e0192895

    • [5] TADDEI S,NAMI R,BRUNO R M,et al.Hypertension,left ventricular hypertrophy and chronic kidney disease[J].Heart Fail Rev,2011,16(6):615-620

    • [6] STOPIC B,DRAGICEVIC S,MEDIC⁃BRKIC B,et al.Biomarkers of uremic cardiotoxicity[J].Toxins(Basel),2021,13(9):639

    • [7] MERZ K E,THURMOND D C.Role of skeletal muscle in insulin resistance and glucose uptake[J].Compr Physiol,2020,10(3):785-809

    • [8] BARBALHO S M,FLATO U A P,TOFANO R J,et al.Physical exercise and myokines:relationships with sarco-penia and cardiovascular complications[J].Int J Mol Sci,2020,21(10):3607

    • [9] NISHIKAWA H,ASAI A,FUKUNISHI S,et al.Metabolic syndrome and sarcopenia[J].Nutrients,2021,13(10):3519

    • [10] KURINAMI N,SUGIYAMA S,YOSHIDA A,et al.Body muscle⁃to⁃fat ratio,rather than fat⁃to⁃muscle ratio,significantly correlates with measured insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus[J].J Clin Med Res,2021,13(7):387-391

    • [11] 王怀千,刘燕萍,李蕊,等.孕早期四肢骨骼肌/体脂肪重量比值与妊娠糖尿病的相关性研究[J].中华临床营养杂志,2023,31(3):146-151

    • [12] ZHANG M,ZHANG L,HU Y,et al.Sarcopenia and echocardiographic parameters for prediction of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis[J].Peer J,2022,10:e14429

    • [13] TINTI M G,SCILLITANI A,GUGLIELMI G,et al.Left ventricular mass and parameters of body composition in older adults[J].Mayo Clin Proc,2022,97(3):626-628

    • [14] WU B,YAN C,ZHANG S,et al.Comparative performance of body composition parameters in prediction of death in hospitalized patients on maintenance hemodialysis:a cohort study[J].Sci Rep,2020,10(1):10199

    • [15] LANG R M,BADANO L P,MOR ⁃AVI V,et al.Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults:an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging,2015,16(3):233-270

    • [16] NITTA K,IIMURO S,IMAI E,et al.Risk factors for increased left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic kidney disease:findings from the CKD-JAC study[J].Clin Exp Nephrol,2019,23(1):85-98

    • [17] IZUMARU K,HATA J,NAKANO T,et al.Reduced estimated gfr and cardiac remodeling:a population⁃based autopsy study[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2019,74(3):373-381

    • [18] PALATINI P,MOS L,SANTONASTASO M,et al.Pre⁃menopausal women have increased risk of hypertensive target organ damage compared with men of similar age[J].J Womens Health(Larchmt),2011,20(8):1175-1181

    • [19] RUEBNER R L,NG D,MITSNEFES M,et al.Cardiovascular disease risk factors and left ventricular hypertrophy in girls and boys with CKD[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2016,11(11):1962-1968

    • [20] PARK S K,JUNG J Y,KANG J G,et al.Association of left ventricular hypertrophy with hemoglobin levels in non-anemic and anemic populations[J].Cardiology,2020,145(8):485-491

    • [21] FORGHANI M S,JADIDOLESLAMI M S,NALEINI S N,et al.Measurement of the serum levels of serum troponins I and T,albumin and C⁃Reactive protein in chronic hemodialysis patients and their relationship with left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure[J].Diabetes Metab Syn-dr,2019,13(1):522⁃525

    • [22] BARTKOWIAK J,SPITZER E,KURMANN R,et al.The impact of obesity on left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in children and adolescents[J].Sci Rep,2021,11(1):13022

    • [23] DE WIT⁃VERHEGGEN V H W,ALTINTAS S,SPEE R J M,et al.Pericardial fat and its influence on cardiac diastolic function[J].Cardiovasc Diabetol,2020,19(1):129

    • [24] HE H,PAN L,WANG D,et al.The association between muscle ⁃to ⁃fat ratio and cardiometabolic risks:the China National Health Survey[J].Exp Gerontol,2023,175:112155

    • [25] JHEE J H,JOO Y S,HAN S H,et al.High muscle⁃to⁃fat ratio is associated with lower risk of chronic kidney disease development[J].J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle,2020,11(3):726-734

    • [26] SEVERINSEN M C K,PEDERSEN B K.Muscle-organ crosstalk:the emerging roles of myokines[J].Endocr Rev,2020,41(4):594-609

    • [27] 赵丽华,高宇.鸢尾素在糖脂代谢相关疾病中的作用研究进展[J].中国动脉硬化杂志,2023,31(8):731-736

    • [28] KOKKINOS P F,NARAYAN P,COLLERAN J A,et al.Effects of regular exercise on blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in African-American men with severe hypertension[J].N Engl J Med,1995,333(22):1462-1467

    • [29] 张勃,吴春薇,桂沛君,等.综合康复训练对老年慢性肾脏病并发肌少症的效果[J].中国康复理论与实践,2019,25(12):1463-1468

  • 参考文献

    • [1] CAI R,SHAO L,ZHU Y,et al.Association of central arterial blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic kidney disease[J].Nephrology,2022,27(1):57-65

    • [2] NARDI E,MULE G,GIAMMANCO A,et al.Left ventricular hypertrophy in chronic kidney disease:a diagnostic criteria comparison[J].Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis,2021,31(1):137-144

    • [3] CHEN S,SHENG K,SHEN Y,et al.Impact of parathyroidectomy on left ventricular function in end stage renal disease patients[J].BMC Nephrol,2020,21(1):479

    • [4] MAJOR R W,CHENG M R I,GRANT R A,et al.Cardiovascular disease risk factors in chronic kidney disease:a systematic review and meta⁃analysis[J].PloS One,2018,13(3):e0192895

    • [5] TADDEI S,NAMI R,BRUNO R M,et al.Hypertension,left ventricular hypertrophy and chronic kidney disease[J].Heart Fail Rev,2011,16(6):615-620

    • [6] STOPIC B,DRAGICEVIC S,MEDIC⁃BRKIC B,et al.Biomarkers of uremic cardiotoxicity[J].Toxins(Basel),2021,13(9):639

    • [7] MERZ K E,THURMOND D C.Role of skeletal muscle in insulin resistance and glucose uptake[J].Compr Physiol,2020,10(3):785-809

    • [8] BARBALHO S M,FLATO U A P,TOFANO R J,et al.Physical exercise and myokines:relationships with sarco-penia and cardiovascular complications[J].Int J Mol Sci,2020,21(10):3607

    • [9] NISHIKAWA H,ASAI A,FUKUNISHI S,et al.Metabolic syndrome and sarcopenia[J].Nutrients,2021,13(10):3519

    • [10] KURINAMI N,SUGIYAMA S,YOSHIDA A,et al.Body muscle⁃to⁃fat ratio,rather than fat⁃to⁃muscle ratio,significantly correlates with measured insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus[J].J Clin Med Res,2021,13(7):387-391

    • [11] 王怀千,刘燕萍,李蕊,等.孕早期四肢骨骼肌/体脂肪重量比值与妊娠糖尿病的相关性研究[J].中华临床营养杂志,2023,31(3):146-151

    • [12] ZHANG M,ZHANG L,HU Y,et al.Sarcopenia and echocardiographic parameters for prediction of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis[J].Peer J,2022,10:e14429

    • [13] TINTI M G,SCILLITANI A,GUGLIELMI G,et al.Left ventricular mass and parameters of body composition in older adults[J].Mayo Clin Proc,2022,97(3):626-628

    • [14] WU B,YAN C,ZHANG S,et al.Comparative performance of body composition parameters in prediction of death in hospitalized patients on maintenance hemodialysis:a cohort study[J].Sci Rep,2020,10(1):10199

    • [15] LANG R M,BADANO L P,MOR ⁃AVI V,et al.Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults:an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging,2015,16(3):233-270

    • [16] NITTA K,IIMURO S,IMAI E,et al.Risk factors for increased left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic kidney disease:findings from the CKD-JAC study[J].Clin Exp Nephrol,2019,23(1):85-98

    • [17] IZUMARU K,HATA J,NAKANO T,et al.Reduced estimated gfr and cardiac remodeling:a population⁃based autopsy study[J].Am J Kidney Dis,2019,74(3):373-381

    • [18] PALATINI P,MOS L,SANTONASTASO M,et al.Pre⁃menopausal women have increased risk of hypertensive target organ damage compared with men of similar age[J].J Womens Health(Larchmt),2011,20(8):1175-1181

    • [19] RUEBNER R L,NG D,MITSNEFES M,et al.Cardiovascular disease risk factors and left ventricular hypertrophy in girls and boys with CKD[J].Clin J Am Soc Nephrol,2016,11(11):1962-1968

    • [20] PARK S K,JUNG J Y,KANG J G,et al.Association of left ventricular hypertrophy with hemoglobin levels in non-anemic and anemic populations[J].Cardiology,2020,145(8):485-491

    • [21] FORGHANI M S,JADIDOLESLAMI M S,NALEINI S N,et al.Measurement of the serum levels of serum troponins I and T,albumin and C⁃Reactive protein in chronic hemodialysis patients and their relationship with left ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure[J].Diabetes Metab Syn-dr,2019,13(1):522⁃525

    • [22] BARTKOWIAK J,SPITZER E,KURMANN R,et al.The impact of obesity on left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic dysfunction in children and adolescents[J].Sci Rep,2021,11(1):13022

    • [23] DE WIT⁃VERHEGGEN V H W,ALTINTAS S,SPEE R J M,et al.Pericardial fat and its influence on cardiac diastolic function[J].Cardiovasc Diabetol,2020,19(1):129

    • [24] HE H,PAN L,WANG D,et al.The association between muscle ⁃to ⁃fat ratio and cardiometabolic risks:the China National Health Survey[J].Exp Gerontol,2023,175:112155

    • [25] JHEE J H,JOO Y S,HAN S H,et al.High muscle⁃to⁃fat ratio is associated with lower risk of chronic kidney disease development[J].J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle,2020,11(3):726-734

    • [26] SEVERINSEN M C K,PEDERSEN B K.Muscle-organ crosstalk:the emerging roles of myokines[J].Endocr Rev,2020,41(4):594-609

    • [27] 赵丽华,高宇.鸢尾素在糖脂代谢相关疾病中的作用研究进展[J].中国动脉硬化杂志,2023,31(8):731-736

    • [28] KOKKINOS P F,NARAYAN P,COLLERAN J A,et al.Effects of regular exercise on blood pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy in African-American men with severe hypertension[J].N Engl J Med,1995,333(22):1462-1467

    • [29] 张勃,吴春薇,桂沛君,等.综合康复训练对老年慢性肾脏病并发肌少症的效果[J].中国康复理论与实践,2019,25(12):1463-1468