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通讯作者:

贾雪梅,E-mail: xmjia@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R737.31

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)11-1499-11

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240547

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨赖氨酰氧化酶(lysyl oxidase,LOX)在卵巢癌中的表达模式、可能的作用机制,以及其表达与卵巢癌临床特征及治疗结局的相关性。方法:利用人类癌症基因组图谱(the Cancer Genome Atlas,TCGA)分析 LOX表达与卵巢癌临床病理特征、治疗结局及预后的相关性;利用TISCH2数据库研究LOX在卵巢癌微环境不同细胞中的表达特征;免疫组化分析LOX 在卵巢癌组织中的表达情况;利用siRNA转染技术沉默LOX基因,并通过转录组测序分析LOX沉默组及对照组细胞差异表达基因;通过基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis,GSEA)LOX 沉默组及对照组差异表达的信号通路蛋白并通过qRT- PCR验证;通过测定半数致死剂量(half-maximal inhibitory concentration,IC50)分析成纤维细胞中敲降LOX对卵巢癌紫杉醇敏感性的影响;通过 Western blot及qRT-PCR分析紫杉醇作用下人纤维细胞和鼠纤维细胞中(L929)中LOX表达变化。结果:LOX 高表达与卵巢癌的肿瘤存在、治疗结局差及静脉侵犯显著相关;在卵巢癌中,LOX在成纤维细胞中表达较高;沉默LOX可下调细胞黏附分子的表达;紫杉醇可诱导成纤维细胞中LOX表达上调;成纤维细胞中敲降LOX可增加共培养的成纤维细胞与肿瘤细胞对紫杉醇的敏感性。结论:LOX高表达与卵巢癌的不良预后相关,敲降LOX可提高卵巢癌对紫杉醇的化疗敏感性;其作用机制可能与改变成纤维细胞中细胞黏附分子表达相关;紫杉醇可上调成纤维细胞中LOX的表达。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the expression patterns and underlying mechanisms of lysyl oxidase(LOX)in ovarian cancer, and to explore the correlation between its expression level and the clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcomes of the disease. Methods:The correlations of high LOX expression with the clinicopathological features,treatment outcomes,and prognosis of ovarian cancer were analyzed by the Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA). The expression characteristics of LOX mRNA in different ovarian cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment were explored by the TISCH2 database. The expression pattern of LOX in ovarian cancer tissues were confirmed through immunohistochemistry. We used siRNA transfection technology to silence the expression and LOX,and then aralyzed the differentially expressed genes between LOX-silencing and control fibroblasts through RNA sequencing,followed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis(GSEA)to identify the signaling pathways that were differentially enriched between the LOX-silenced and the control groups,with subsequent validation through qRT-PCR. The effect of knocking down LOX in fibroblast on the sensitivity of ovarian cancer to paclitaxel was analyzed by determining the half-maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50). Furthermore,Western blot and qRT- PCR were performed to analyze the expression levels of LOX in human fibroblasts and mouse fibroblasts(L929)induced by paclitaxel. Results:High expression of LOX was significantly associated with the presence of tumors,poor treatment outcomes,and venous invasion in ovarian cancer. LOX was highly expressed in cancer associated fibroblasts in ovarian cancer. Silencing LOX led to the downregulation of cell adhesion molecule expression. Paclitaxel induced upregulation of LOX expression in fibroblasts. Knocking down LOX in fibroblasts increased the sensitivity of co-cultured fibroblasts and tumor cells to paclitaxel. Conclusion:High expression of LOX is associated with a poor prognosis in ovarian cancer,knocking down LOX in fibroblast may enhance the sensitivity of ovarian cancer to paclitaxel;the mechanism of LOX may linked to alterations in the expression of cell adhesion molecules in cancer-associated fibroblasts. Paclitaxel may upregulate the expression of LOX in fibroblasts.

  • 卵巢癌是常见且致命的妇科恶性肿瘤之一[1]。由于缺乏早期预警症状和有效的筛查及早期诊断方法,约70%的病例在确诊时已为晚期,预后较差[2]。卵巢癌的标准治疗方法是肿瘤细胞减灭术联合铂类、紫杉醇(paclitaxel,PTX)化疗[3]。然而,即使接受标准治疗,晚期卵巢癌患者的5年生存率仍然只有 30%左右[4]。大多数卵巢癌复发和死亡与获得性耐药有关,耐药已成为影响治疗效果的主要障碍[5]。因此,深入探索卵巢癌耐药因素是一项亟待解决的临床问题。

  • 肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)在肿瘤发生发展及耐药过程中均发挥着重要作用[6]。 TME 由肿瘤细胞、细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM)、分泌因子和肿瘤相关成纤维细胞(cancer-associated fibroblasts,CAF)和免疫细胞等组成[7]。其中丰度最高的CAF可以通过调控ECM组分的合成和/或蛋白降解以及基质螯合生长因子的释放进行 ECM 重塑,从而形成促进内皮细胞增殖、迁移和血管生成的微环境[8],同时,CAF 还可与 ECM 蛋白相互作用以支持侵袭性肿瘤生长和耐药,抑制T细胞的有效浸润等[9]

  • 赖氨酰氧化酶(lysyl oxidase,LOX)为一种胺氧化酶,主要在平滑肌及成纤维细胞中表达,可促进胶原交联及纤维沉积[10]。LOX 已经被证实可以促进乳腺癌、肺癌、头颈癌、肝癌等多种癌症的发生发展[11-12]。有文献报道,LOX可促进CAF驱动的纤维胶原基质重塑和交联,从而促进胰腺癌细胞的侵袭[13]。另一方面,PTX化疗可上调T细胞中LOX表达,促进 T 细胞介导的 ECM 重塑,从而促使肿瘤转移[14]。因此,靶向LOX治疗可能成为一种重要的肿瘤治疗策略。

  • 已有研究发现,LOX高表达与卵巢癌不良预后[15]相关,且 LOX 高表达可促进卵巢癌的侵袭和转移[16]。但是LOX在卵巢癌组织中的表达模式及可能的作用机制等尚未明晰,化疗是否参与调控LOX表达也尚无研究。因此,本文主要探索LOX在卵巢癌组织中的表达特征及其表达与卵巢癌临床病理特征的相关性,并进一步分析其可能的上下游调控机制。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 1.1.1 细胞

  • 人源成纤维细胞分离自人早孕流产的胎盘。小鼠成纤维细胞 L929(苏州海星生物科技有限公司),人卵巢癌细胞A2780(南京凯基生物技术股份有限公司),OV-CAR3细胞(上海名劲生物科技有限公司)。

  • 1.1.2 试剂

  • DMEM高糖培养基、RPMI-1640培养基(江苏凯基生物技术股份有限公司)。优级胎牛血清(NEW-ZERUM 公司,新西兰)。Lipofectamine3000、RNA 提取纯化试剂盒、RIPA 裂解液、青/链霉素混合液、 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA(上海赛默飞世尔科技公司)。 siRNA(上海吉玛制药技术有限公司)。卡铂(carbo-platin,CBP)及 PTX(MedChemExpress 公司,美国)。 5%脱脂奶粉、TritonX-100(广州赛国生物科技有限公司)。逆转录试剂盒、SYBR qRT-PCR Master Mix、 DAB 工作液(南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司)。3% H2O2(Sigma-Aldrich公司,德国)。4%多聚甲醛、苏木素染液(北京兰杰柯科技有限公司)。山羊血清(武汉博士德生物工程有限公司)。即用型 DAPI、CCK8试剂、柠檬酸钠抗原修复液、小鼠单克隆抗β-actin抗体、小鼠单克隆抗GAPDH抗体、HRP 标记的山羊抗兔 IgG、HRP 标记的山羊抗小鼠 IgG(武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司)。兔单克隆抗 LOX抗体、小鼠单克隆抗α-SMA抗体(Abcam公司,美国)。小鼠单克隆抗LOX抗体、小鼠单克隆抗Vi-mentin 抗体(Santa Cruz Biotechnology 公司,美国)。荧光酶标记的抗鼠IgG(Cell Signaling Technology 公司,美国)。

  • 1.1.3 仪器

  • 多色荧光/化学发光成像分析系统(ProteinSim-ple 公司,美国)。正置光学显微镜(Zeiss 公司,德国)。激光共聚焦显微镜(Leica公司,德国)。Synergy H4 Hybrid 酶标仪(BIO-TEK公司,美国)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 生物信息学分析

  • 使用TISCH2数据库(http://tisch.comp-genomics.org/)分析不同单细胞测序数据中LOX基因在卵巢癌中的表达特征,获得LOX表达水平高的细胞群体。

  • 1.2.2 细胞培养

  • A2780、L929 及人源成纤维细胞培养于含有 10%胎牛血清和1%青链霉素的DMEM高糖培养基中,OV-CAR3 培养于含有 20%胎牛血清和 1%青链霉素的RPMI-1640培养液中,所有细胞均在37℃恒温、含5% CO2的细胞培养箱中培养。

  • 1.2.3 细胞转染

  • 在6孔板中培养人源成纤维细胞,当细胞融合度到达约70%时,按照Lipofectamine3000 试剂说明书转染siRNA。转染 6 h 后,PBS 清洗 3 次,更换为无双抗的培养基;转染 24 h 后,收集细胞进行后续实验。 siCtrl 正义链:5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCAC-GUTT-3′;siCtrl 反义链:5′-ACGUGACACGUUCGG-AGAATT-3′;siLOX-1 正义链:5′-GCACAGUUGU-CAUCAACAUTT-3′;siLOX-1 反义链:5′-AUGUUG-AUGACAACUGUGCTT-3′;siLOX-2 正义链:5′-CUGACGACAACCCUUAUUATT-3′;siLOX-2 反义链:5′-UAAUAAGGGUUGUCGUCAGTT-3′。

  • 1.2.4 蛋白提取及Western blot

  • 用不同浓度(100、200 μg/mL)的CBP处理人源成纤维细胞48 h后,或者用不同浓度(5、50、100、250、 500 ng/mL)的PTX处理人源成纤维细胞及小鼠成纤维细胞(L929)48 h 后,收集细胞加入 RIPA 裂解液提取蛋白样品,行 SDS-PAGE 后将蛋白转移至 PVDF 膜上,用含 5%脱脂奶粉的 TBST 封闭 1 h 后,与β-actin、GAPDH抗体4℃孵育过夜。次日将膜与对应种属的二抗室温孵育 1 h 后,用ECL显影剂显影后化学发光成像分析系统拍照。以β-actin 及 GAPDH作为内参,使用Image J进行定量分析。

  • 1.2.5 RNA提取与qRT-PCR分析

  • 收集PTX处理的细胞及siRNA转染的人源成纤维细胞,用 RNA 提取纯化试剂盒提取及纯化细胞总 RNA,并使用逆转录试剂盒将细胞总 RNA 逆转录成 cDNA。之后,加入 SYBR qRT-PCR Master Mix,用 ViiA 7 实时荧光定量 PCR 系统(Life tech-nologies)行 qRT-PCR。以 β-actin 或 GAPDH 为内参,采用2-ΔΔCT方法计算LOX在细胞内的相对表达。引物序列见表1。

  • 1.2.6 转录组测序

  • 转录组测序由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成。步骤为:收集瞬时转染 siRNA(si-Ctrl、si-LOX-1)24 h的人源成纤维细胞,提取总RNA,利用带有 Oligo(dT)的磁珠与 ployA 进行 A-T 碱基配对,分离含有 Oligo(dT)的 mRNA;加入 fragmentation buffer,将 mRNA 随机断裂成 300 bp;在逆转录酶的作用下,利用随机引物,以 mRNA 为模板反转合成 cDNA,随后进行第二链合成,形成稳定的双链结构; 将双链cDNA 的黏性末端加入End Repair Mix 将其补成平末端,随后在3′末端加上1个A碱基,以加入 adapter 序列;对连接 adapter 后的产物进行纯化和片段分选,用分选产物进行 PCR 扩增,并使用Illu-mina® Stranded mRNA Prep,li富集文库;使用 Illumi-na NovaSeq X Plus 测序仪进行 RNA 测序。基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis,GSEA)由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成。将si-Ctrl与si-LOX-1差异基因集与标准化GSEA分子特征数据库基因集进行分析,探索LOX可能发挥作用的通路。

  • 表1 引物序列

  • Table1 Primer sequences

  • 1.2.7 免疫组化染色

  • 卵巢癌及癌旁组织来自南京医科大学附属妇产医院(南京市妇幼保健院)病理科,样本搜集获得该院伦理委员会的批准(批准号:2022KY-176)。用 4%多聚甲醛固定组织24 h,石蜡包埋后进行连续切片(委托武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司完成),玻片置于 60℃烘箱中过夜。次日,将切片按以下步骤处理:二甲苯30 min 2次,梯度乙醇复水,每级 5 min; 用柠檬酸钠抗原修复液煮沸30 min修复抗原,在抗原修复液中自然冷却后用 3%H2O2灭活 10 min,用山羊血清常温封闭 30 min,按照说明书稀释并加入α-SMA 及 LOX 一抗,4℃ 孵育过夜。次日用去离子水浸洗 3 次后室温孵育 HRP 标记的山羊抗兔 IgG、HRP 标记的山羊抗小鼠 IgG 30 min,TBS 浸洗 3 次后用DAB工作液显色,镜下观察DAB显色并适时终止。去离子水浸洗3次后苏木复染5 min,去离子水浸洗3 次后在 TBS 中返蓝 5 min,再次用去离子水浸洗 3 次。随后,梯度乙醇脱水及二甲苯,每级 5 min,用中性树脂封片后在正置光学显微镜下观察。

  • 1.2.8 细胞免疫荧光

  • 将分离的人源成纤维细胞种于灭菌后已置入爬片的24 孔板上,培养24 h后吸去培养基,4%多聚甲醛固定 15 min,用含 0.1% TritonX-100 的 PBST 室温破膜15 min。加入山羊血清常温封闭30 min,按照说明书稀释并加入α-SMA 及 Vimentin 抗体,4℃ 孵育过夜。次日弃一抗后用PBS清洗3次爬片,并加入荧光酶标记的抗鼠 IgG 常温避光孵育 2 h。弃二抗,PBS 清洗 3 次后用即用型 DAPI 室温避光孵育5 min。PBS 清洗后,在载玻片上滴加抗荧光淬灭液,将爬片倒扣在载玻片上并在激光共聚焦显微镜下进行拍摄。

  • 1.2.9 半数致死剂量(half-maximal inhibitory con-centration,IC50

  • 将 A2780 以及 OV-CAR3 单独或分别与转染 siRNA(siCtrl、siLOX-1、siLOX-2)的人源成纤维细胞以肿瘤细胞∶成纤维细胞=3∶1的比例铺入96孔板中 (每孔8 000个细胞),待细胞贴壁后,按组别加入不同浓度(肿瘤细胞单独培养:0、31.25、62.50、125.00、 250.00、500.00、1 000.00 ng/mL;肿瘤细胞与人成纤维细胞共培养:0、100、200、400、800、1 600、 3 200 ng/mL)的PTX及无菌生理盐水(对照组)。细胞均置于37℃恒温、含有5% CO2的细胞培养箱中培养48 h,通过CCK8试剂检测细胞活性,计算IC50值。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 为了研究 LOX 与卵巢癌临床病理特征及初始治疗结局的相关性,将 TCGA 卵巢癌 RNAseq (PFKM)数据根据LOX mRNA表达中位数分为高表达组和低表达组,进行正态分布检验后,满足方差齐性的用 Student’s t 检验,不满足方差齐性的用 Welch’s t检验。

  • 使用 GraphPad Prism7.0 软件对数据进行分析,结果以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,组间差异均用双尾 Student’s t 检验,多组数据之间比较,采用 One Sample Wilcoxon Signed Rank检验。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 LOX高表达与卵巢癌不良化疗结局相关

  • 肿瘤基质成分可通过多种机制调控肿瘤的进展和耐药,为筛选出卵巢癌基质中可能调控肿瘤进展和化疗敏感性的关键靶基因,本课题组比较了原发肿瘤基质成分(n=11)与配对的大网膜转移的卵巢癌样本基质成分(n=11)中蛋白表达差异,筛选出了大网膜转移样本中显著上调的蛋白[差异倍数 (fold change,FC)>5,错误发现率(false discovery rate, FDR)<0.05][17],并进一步与在耐药复发卵巢癌患者 (n=32)中相比敏感复发卵巢癌患者(n=26)的肿瘤基质中显著上调的 mRNA(FC>2,FDR<0.05)[18] 取交集(图1),结果发现,仅 LOX 同时在耐药卵巢癌的肿瘤基质和大网膜转移的卵巢癌基质中显著上调。

  • 随后,通过比较 TCGA 数据库中 190 例 LOX 低表达组及191例LOX高表达组卵巢癌患者临床病理资料发现(表2),与低表达组相比,LOX高表达组无肿瘤比例显著降低(30.6% vs.69.4%,P <0.001),提示卵巢癌组织中 LOX 水平可能与肿瘤存在状态相关;与低表达组相比,初始治疗后LOX 高表达组完全缓解患者的比例显著较低(45.6% vs.54.4%,P <0.01),提示 LOX 高表达可能与卵巢癌化疗抵抗相关;此外,与低表达组相比,LOX高表达组中发生静脉侵犯的比例也显著升高(56.2% vs.43.8%,P <0.05)。利用KM plotter 数据库(Kaplan-Meier plotter database)进行生存分析发现,LOX高表达与卵巢癌总生存期短显著相关,且 3 种 LOX 探针对应的 mRNA 表达结果一致(图2)。综上,LOX 高表达与卵巢癌预后差显著相关,可能是一个重要的卵巢癌干预靶点。

  • 图1 文献中显著上调的mRNA与蛋白的交集图

  • Figure1 Intersection plot of significantly up-regulated mRNAs and proteins in the literature

  • 表2 TCGA数据库分析LOX mRNA水平与卵巢癌临床特征及初始治疗结局的相关性

  • Table2 Correlation between LOX mRNA levels and clinical characteristics as well as initial treatment outcomes in ovarian cancer based on the TCGA database analysis

  • PD:Progressive disease;SD:Stable disease;PR:Partial response;CR:Complete response.

  • 图2 3种不同的LOX探针检测LOX表达水平与卵巢癌患者总生存期的相关性

  • Figure2 Three different LOX probes were used to detect the correlation between the expression levels of LOX and the overall survival of ovarian cancer patients

  • 2.2 LOX 在肿瘤相关成纤维细胞中高表达,敲降 LOX 可抑制成纤维细胞中细胞黏附分子的表达

  • 由于肿瘤存在显著的异质性,为探究卵巢癌中 LOX表达特征及其调节肿瘤进展的机制,首先利用 TISCH2单细胞数据库探索了LOX在卵巢癌组织中的表达特征,结果发现,在卵巢癌中,LOX mRNA主要在成纤维细胞中高表达,而在其他细胞中表达量较低(图3A)。随后,在人卵巢癌组织及癌旁对照组织中,通过LOX与α-SMA免疫组化染色发现,卵巢癌组织中LOX蛋白水平高于癌旁组织,差异有统计学意义(图3B~D,P <0.001)。LOX在卵巢癌组织成纤维细胞及卵巢癌细胞中均有表达,但在成纤维细胞中的蛋白水平相对更高。

  • 为进一步验证其可能的作用机制,首先分离了人源成纤维细胞,并通过α-SMA及Vimentin免疫荧光染色,证明其高表达成纤维细胞分子标志物(图4A、B)。接着,利用siRNA沉默人成纤维细胞中LOX 表达,将siLOX组(n=3)及siCtrl组(n=3)细胞进行转录组测序发现,siLOX组中46个基因显著上调,165个基因显著下调(Padjust<0.05,FC≥2.0,图4C)。随后,通过 GSEA 发现,siLOX 组的人源成纤维细胞中细胞黏附通路归一化的富集得分(enrichment score, ES)为-1.29(P=0.034),提示 LOX 可能通过抑制细胞黏附通路表达来发挥作用(图4D)。基于GSEA结果,转染siRNA沉默LOX后验证部分细胞黏附通路 mRNA水平表达变化,发现在siLOX组的人源成纤维细胞中 ITGAV、PTPRF、CLDN2、CD34 等细胞黏附通路分子mRNA水平显著降低(图4E),提示敲降 LOX 可抑制成纤维细胞中细胞黏附分子的表达。

  • 2.3 PTX上调成纤维细胞LOX表达,敲降LOX增强卵巢癌细胞PTX敏感性

  • PTX与铂类药物联合化疗是卵巢癌的常规化疗方案[19]。为了探索 LOX 在卵巢癌化疗中的作用。使用不同浓度的PTX和CBP处理成纤维细胞48 h,从 mRNA 及蛋白水平验证 PTX 及 CBP 对成纤维细胞中 LOX 表达的影响,结果发现 CBP 处理不影响 LOX的mRNA和蛋白水平(图5A、B),而PTX处理组 LOX的mRNA及蛋白水平均增加(图5C、D)。进一步在小鼠成纤维细胞系L929细胞中验证发现,PTX 可上调LOX的表达(图5E、F)。以上结果表明PTX 化疗可上调成纤维细胞中LOX的表达。

  • 前期已经证明 LOX 高表达与卵巢癌初始治疗的结局显著相关。为探讨其是否通过成纤维细胞调控卵巢癌初始治疗结局,将人源成纤维细胞与卵巢癌细胞(A2780 和 OV-CAR3)共培养,使用浓度梯度的 PTX 处理共培养的细胞后,检测各培养组对 PTX 的 IC50。结果显示,与单独培养的肿瘤细胞组比较,成纤维细胞与肿瘤细胞共培养组 PTX IC50 升高[A2780:339.91 ng/mL vs.2 120.22 ng/mL; OV-CAR3:130.78 ng/mL vs.1 924.14 ng/mL]。肿瘤细胞与成纤维共培养时,与对照组相比,成纤维细胞LOX 敲降组PTX IC50[A2780:si-Ctrl组2 120.22 ng/mL vs. siLOX-1组1 314.84 ng/mL,siLOX-2组1 278.29 ng/mL; OV-CAR3:si-Ctrl 组 1 924.14 ng/mL vs. siLOX-1 组 1 226.22 ng/mL,siLOX-2组1 217.75 ng/mL](图6)。

  • 3 讨论

  • LOX已被证实在多种肿瘤中参与肿瘤的发生与发展[20]。一方面,肿瘤细胞中LOX可通过调节胶原蛋白和弹性蛋白交联,增加ECM刚度,促进肿瘤细胞生长、侵袭、转移、血管生成等[21];另一方面,LOX也可以通过调控T细胞等参与细胞外基质重塑,促进肿瘤的进展[22]。在LOX与胆管癌的研究中[23],发现LOX 升高是由间质炎性癌症相关成纤维细胞驱动的,LOX 蛋白在CAF中丰度较高。且CAF来源的LOX可以通过调控氧化磷酸化,调节微环境中肿瘤细胞的转录重编程,增加肿瘤细胞的干性和转移能力[24]。然而, LOX在卵巢癌中的表达模式及相关机制未有研究报道。本研究结合TISCH2单细胞数据库结果及人卵巢癌组织与癌旁组织免疫组化染色,发现卵巢癌LOX 在成纤维细胞中的蛋白表达水平相对更高,这与其他肿瘤中LOX表达特征基本一致[25-27]

  • 图3 卵巢癌微环境中LOX在成纤维细胞中的表达丰度较高

  • Figure3 LOX was highly expressed in fibroblasts in ovarian cancer microenvironment

  • 此前关于 LOX 在卵巢癌中的功能及机制的探索主要集中在肿瘤细胞[28],本研究利用单细胞测序数据及免疫组化等发现,LOX mRNA和蛋白在卵巢癌成纤维细胞中的表达高于卵巢癌细胞。结合TC-GA数据库中LOX mRNA表达与卵巢癌不良预后及初始治疗结局差的相关性,成纤维细胞中的LOX可能调控肿瘤的进展和化疗耐药等。既往研究多聚焦于 LOX 高表达卵巢癌细胞的侵袭和迁移等恶性行为[29],而 LOX 与卵巢癌耐药的关系却较少被探讨。在一项LOX与卵巢癌的研究中,PTX耐药卵巢癌细胞系(A2780PR1)中LOX表达显著高于亲本对照细胞系(A2780)[28]。此外,已有研究发现,PTX可上调T细胞中LOX表达[14]。但化疗是否影响成纤维细胞中LOX表达尚不明确。基于LOX的表达特征,本研究以人源及小鼠成纤维细胞系为模型,探索了 LOX 可能的上下游机制。在下游机制中,结果与已有研究结果一致,LOX 主要通过调控细胞黏附通路分子表达来发挥作用[30];在上游机制方面,本研究发现卵巢癌中常用化疗药物 PTX 可以促进成纤维细胞中 LOX 的表达,而 CBP 则对成纤维细胞中 LOX 表达无显著影响。进一步的 IC50分析表明,敲降 LOX 可以增强共培养的肿瘤细胞和成纤维细胞对 PTX 的敏感性,提示 PTX 化疗可能对间质成分较高的卵巢癌患者效果有限。

  • 图4 沉默LOX可显著下调细胞黏附分子表达

  • Figure4 Silencing LOX significantly downregulated the expression of cell adhesion molecules

  • 图5 PTX处理可促进成纤维细胞LOX的表达

  • Figure5 PTX treatment promoted the expression of LOX in fibroblasts

  • 图6 成纤维细胞中敲降LOX可增加卵巢癌细胞及成纤维细胞对紫杉醇的敏感性

  • Figure6 Knockdown of LOX in fibroblasts increased the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells and fibroblasts to paclitaxel

  • 综上,本研究从探索卵巢癌基质中可能调控卵巢癌进展及化疗敏感性的关键分子出发,证明LOX 可能是卵巢癌基质中促进卵巢癌进展及化疗耐药的关键分子。进一步发现 LOX 在卵巢癌微环境的成纤维细胞中表达水平相对较高,为深入了解LOX 作用机制提供了新的见解,并可能为卵巢癌的个体化化疗提供参考。关于 PTX 如何介导 LOX 上调的机制部分尚需要更多的实验证据。

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