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通讯作者:

龚晓璇,E-mail: xiaoxuangong@sina.com;

刘琨,E-mail: liukun2023@sina.com

中图分类号:R542.22

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)11-1525-10

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240501

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参考文献 8
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
RUBENSTEIN J C,LEE D C,WU E,et al.A comparison of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging peri-infarct border zone quantification strategies for the prediction of ventric-ular tachyarrhythmia inducibility[J].Cardiol J,2013,20(1):68-77
参考文献 21
WU E,ORTIZ J T,TEJEDOR P,et al.Infarct size by con-trast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance is a stronger predictor of outcomes than left ventricular ejection frac-tion or end-systolic volume index:prospective cohort study[J].Heart,2008,94(6):730-736
参考文献 22
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参考文献 23
RAVNKILDE K,SKAARUP K G,GROVE G L,et al.Change in global longitudinal strain following acute coro-nary syndrome and subsequent risk of heart failure[J].Int J Cardiovasc Imaging,2021,37(11):3193-3202
参考文献 24
KOCICA M J,CORNO A F,CARRERAS-COSTA F,et al.The helical ventricular myocardial band:global,three-di-mensional,functional architecture of the ventricular myo-cardium[J].Eur J CardiothoracSurg,2006,29:S21-S40
参考文献 25
BIERE L,DONAL E,TERRIEN G,et al.Longitudinal strain is a marker of microvascular obstruction and infarct size in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocar-dial infarction[J].PLoS One,2014,9(1):e86959
参考文献 26
WANG C,CHAN Y,WU V C,et al.Incremental prognos-tic value of global myocardial work over ejection fraction and global longitudinal strain in patients with heart fail-ure and reduced ejection fraction[J].Eur Heart J Cardio-vasc Imaging,2021,22(3):348-356
参考文献 27
TIMOTEO A T,BRANCO L M,GALRINHO A,et al.Global left ventricular myocardial work index and medium-term adverse cardiovascular events after ST-elevation myocardial infarction[J].Int J Cardiol,2024,399:131781
参考文献 28
BOE E,SKULSTAD H,SMISETH O A.Myocardial work by echocardiography:a novel method ready for clinical testing[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging,2019,20(1):18-20
参考文献 29
BUTCHER S C,LUSTOSA R P,ABOU R,et al.Prognos-tic implications of left ventricular myocardial work index in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarc-tion and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging,2022,23(5):699-707
参考文献 30
ZHONG J,LIU P,LI S,et al.A comparison of three-di-mensional speckle tracking echocardiography parameters in predicting left ventricular remodeling[J].J Healthc Eng,2020,2020:1-9
参考文献 31
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参考文献 32
JOSEPH G,ZAREMBA T,JOHANSEN M B,et al.Echo-cardiographic global longitudinal strain is associated with infarct size assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance in acute myocardial infarction[J].Echo Res Pract,2019,6(4):81-89
参考文献 33
MAHDIUI M E,VAN DER BIJL P,ABOU R,et al.Myo-cardial work,an echocardiographic measure of post myo-cardial infarct scar on contrast-enhanced cardiac magnet-ic resonance[J].Am J Cardiol,2021,151:1-9
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨三维斑点追踪超声心动图(three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography,3D-STE)、心肌做功(myo- cardial work,MW)对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI)患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(primary percutaneous coronary intervention,PPCI)术后主要不良心血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular event,MACE)发生的预测价值。方法:纳入90例行PPCI的首次STEMI患者,术后24 h内行3D-STE、MW检查,术后7 d内完善心脏磁共振晚期钆增强成像(cardiac magnetic resonance late gadolinium enhancement imaging,CMR-LGE)检查,随访12个月MACE(再发心绞痛、因急性冠脉综合征行血运重建、急性心衰发作、心源性猝死)的发生情况。结果:20例(22.2%)患者发生MACE,单因素及多因素 Cox 回归分析显示梗死面积(infarction size,IS)、整体纵向应变(global longitudinal strain,GLS)、整体做功指数(global work index,GWI)为预测MACE发生的独立参数,受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线显示上述指标的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)分别为0.886、0.846、0.830,Delong法两两比较显示AUC值差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。联合 GLS 和 GWI 预测 MACE 发生的 AUC 值达 0.939,显著优于 GLS 及 GWI 单一参数(P 均<0.05),且与 IS 相当(P > 0.05)。 Kaplan-Meier 曲线表明GLS< -10.5%、GWI>1298.5 mmHg%、IS<26.05%的患者有更高的生存率(P < 0.05)。结论:3D-STE 及 MW能较好地预测STEMI患者PPCI术后MACE的发生,其中GLS及GWI诊断价值相似,二者联合优于单一指标,且与IS诊断效能相当。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the predictive value of three-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography(3D-STE)and myocardial work(MW)on major adverse cardiovascular events(MACE)in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI)who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PPCI). Methods:Ninety patients with first concurrence of STEMI and treated with PPCI were enrolled. 3D-STE,MW assessments were performed within 24 hours following PPCI,and cardiac magnetic resonance late gadolinium enhancement imaging(CMR-LGE)was completed within 7 days post-procedure. The patients were followed up for 12 months after PPCI to track the occurrence of MACE,which inclueded recurrent angina pectoris,revascularization due to acute coronary syndrome,acute heart failure attack,and sudden cardiac death. Results:Twenty patients(22.2%)experienced MACE. Univariate and multivariate COX regression analysis showed infarction size(IS),global longitudinal strain(GLS),and global work index(GWI)as independent predictors of MACEs. The area under the curve(AUC)values for these indicators from the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curves were 0.886,0.846 and 0.830,respectively,and pairwise comparison by Delong method showed no statistically significant difference in AUC values(all P > 0.05). The AUC value of the combined GLS and GWI in predicting MACE was 0.939,which was significantly better than either parameter alone(P < 0.05),and comparable to IS(P > 0.05). Kaplan-Meier curve showed that patients with GLS< -10.5%,GWI > 1298.5 mmHg% and IS < 26.05% had higher survival rate(P < 0.05). Conclusion: 3D-STE and MW can better predict MACE after PPCI in STEMI patients.GLS and GWI have similar diagnostic value,and their combination provides superior predictive power compared to either parameter alone,and is comparable to IS in terms of diagnostic efficiency.

  • 急性 ST 段抬高型心肌梗死(ST-segment eleva-tion myocardial infarction,STEMI)临床常见,急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(primary percutaneous coronary intervention,PPCI)能最大限度挽救濒死心肌,降低病死率及改善预后[1],但STEMI 患者仍面临左室重构(left ventricular remodeling,LVR)甚至死亡的风险,特别是主要不良心血管事件(major adverse car-diovascular event,MACE)的发生,严重威胁患者的生命及生活质量[2],故早期评估MACE 发生对预后判断及治疗选择极其重要。

  • 心脏磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance,CMR) 被认为是评价心脏结构和功能的重要方法,其中晚期钆增强(late gadolinium enhancement,LGE)成像可以高精度描述和量化心肌组织损伤,研究表明, CMR 中的梗死面积(infarction size,IS)与 STEMI 后 MACE的发生独立相关[3]。因CMR费用昂贵,体内金属植入等原因,临床应用受到限制,而超声心动图具有经济、便捷、可床边操作等优势,临床应用广泛。二维斑点追踪超声心动图(two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography,2D-STE)已被证明优于传统超声心动图,可提供更多预后信息和风险分层[4]。然而心肌力学涉及多方向运动轴,2D-STE应用受到限制。三维斑点追踪超声心动图(three-di-mensional speckle tracking echocardiography,3D-STE) 是在三维超声心动图和2D-STE基础上发展起来的超声新技术,已被证实在判断左室整体与局部功能、定量评估心肌功能方面存在较高价值[5]。既往研究表明,相比 2D-STE,3D-STE 预测 STEMI 患者 LVR 及 1 年预后具有更好的应用价值[6]。然而,斑点追踪超声心动图受限于负荷依赖性,影响心肌功能评估的准确性。心肌做功(myocardial work,MW) 结合左室应变和无创全身动脉血压,可以提高心肌功能评估的准确性[7-8],但目前 MW 对 STEMI 患者 PPCI 术后发生 MACE 的预测价值不明,且缺少与 3D-STE及CMR对STEMI患者预后预测的对比研究。

  • 本研究的目的是对比早期行 MW 与 3D-STE、 CMR-LGE对STEMI患者PPCI术后发生MACE的预测价值,旨在筛选无创、经济、有效的检查评估预后,以对STEMI患者进行早期危险分层及指导治疗。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究纳入2022年8月—2023年3月在连云港市第一人民医院住院的首次发作 STEMI 患者。纳入标准:①年龄>18岁且<75岁;②符合最新指南定义STEMI诊断标准[9];③胸痛发作后12 h内接受梗死相关动脉(infarct-related artery,IRA)的 PPCI,术后恢复TIMI 3级血流。排除标准:①既往存在心肌梗死病史,既往行 PPCI 或冠状动脉旁路移植术; ②合并重度瓣膜狭窄或关闭不全、肥厚型心肌病、先天性心脏病、心房颤动、恶性心律失常、心源性休克及其他系统慢性疾病;③PPCI术前行溶栓治疗; ④血栓负荷重,行血栓抽吸;⑤术中出现慢血流或无复流;⑥超声心动图显影质量差;⑦存在CMR的禁忌证。本研究经连云港市第一人民医院伦理委员会批准(伦理号:2016029),所有患者均签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 临床资料

  • 记录患者入院后临床资料,包括:①年龄、性别、高血压病、糖尿病、高脂血症、术后服药情况: ②实验室指标:高敏肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(hypersensitive serum cardiac troponin Ⅰ,hs-cTnI)及磷酸肌酸激酶(cre-atine kinase,CK)峰值、C-反应蛋白(C-reeactive pro-tein,CRP)、N端脑钠肽前体(N-terminal pro-brainna-triuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)。完善冠脉造影,PPCI 术时记录罪犯血管狭窄程度、放置支架长度、罪犯血管定位,左前降支(left anterior descending branch,LAD)是否为梗死相关动脉(infarction related artery, IRA),并评估患者全球急性冠状动脉事件注册评分 (GRACE评分),记录高危组患者(>140分)[10]

  • 1.2.2 经胸超声心动图(trans-thoracic echocardiog-raphy,TTE)、3D-STE及MW

  • 所有患者在PPCI术后24 h内行TTE、3D-STE及 MW 检查,测定左室射血分数(left ventricular ejec-tion fraction,LVEF)、左室舒张末期容积(left ventric-ular end diastolic volume,LVEDV)、左室收缩末期容积(left ventricular end systolic volume,LVESV)、左室收缩期达峰整体纵向应变(global longitudinal strain, GLS)、整体径向应变(global radial strain,GRS)、整体圆周应变(global circumferential strain,GCS)、整体面积应变(global area strain,GAS)及整体做功指数 (global work index,GWI)、整体有效功(global con-structive work,GCW)、整体无效功(global wasted work,GWW)、整体做功效率(global work efficiency, GWE)。

  • 采用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪(型号:GE Vivid E 95,M5S探头,V4探头,频率1.5~4.5 MHz)进行图像采集,采用 Echo PAC 203 工作站储存和分析数据。具体方法如下:① 采集图像:取左侧卧位,同步连接心电图。采用美国超声心动图学会推荐的改良双平面 Simpson 法测量 LVEDV、LVESV 及 LVEF[11]。 M5S探头扫查胸骨旁及心尖部,记录并存储心尖部四腔、两腔、左室长轴切面、二尖瓣水平、乳头肌水平及心尖部左室短轴切面的二维超声图像,帧频为 50~70 帧/s。V4 探头扫查心尖部,获取心尖四腔或两腔切面理想图像后,嘱患者屏气,连续采集4个心动周期的锥形图像后,得出左心室三维全容积图像。② 分析图像:记录并保存图像资料,上传至配套工作站进行脱机分析。应用2D-STE分析功能手动勾画心尖左室长轴、心尖四腔及心尖两腔切面左心室心内膜,软件自动生成感兴趣区(region of inter-est,ROI)范围,调整 ROI 宽度,软件自动逐帧追踪 ROI 内心肌运动,获取 GLS。选取心尖部心内膜与二尖瓣瓣环连线中点2个点,采用3D-STE图像分析软件自动勾画左室舒张末期、收缩末期左室心内膜及心外膜边界。追踪良好后,自动生成17节段“牛眼图”,获取左室 GLS、GRS、GAS、GCS。然后选择 Myocardiac Work 分析模式,输入患者血压后,系统自动分析并通过左室压力应变环(LV-PSL)和 2D GLS 获取整体心肌做功指标(GWI、GCW、GWW、 GWE)。以上检查均由2名具有丰富临床经验的超声科医师共同完成,所有指标均重复测量3次取平均值(图1)。

  • 1.2.3 CMR-LGE

  • 患者 PPCI 术后 7 d 内采用 1.5T 磁共振(Magne-tom AVANTO,西门子公司,德国)完善CMR-LGE检查评估左心室的大小和功能,使用屏息、回顾性心电图触发的FISP明亮血液序列获得短轴(10~12片) 电影图像,使用标准软件(ARGUS,西门子公司,德国)[3] 进行图像分析。

  • 通过在舒张末期和收缩末期图像上绘制心内膜和心外膜边界的轮廓,半自动确定左心室容积,随后0.2 mmol/kg钆喷酸二葡胺(耶拿公司,德国)静脉注射,使用心电图触发的相位敏感反转恢复 (PSIR)序列采集LGE图像,短轴切片覆盖整个左心室。应用软件工具(IMPAX,Agfa HealthCare,德国) 评估过度增强(定义为远程心肌信号强度以上增加 5个标准差的阈值)程度。坏死心肌百分比(定义为坏死心肌总质量与左心室心肌总质量的比值)由2 名经验丰富的CMR医师对患者造影结果进行盲法分析(图2)。CMR中IS大于20%定义为大面积心肌梗死[12]

  • 图1 常规TTE参数(A)、3D-STE参数(B)、MW参数(C)

  • Figure1 Parameters of TTE(A),3D-STE(B)and MW(C)

  • 图2 心脏磁共振晚期钆增强成像(CMR-LGE)显示坏死心肌(高信号区)

  • Figure2 Necrotic myocardium(high-signal zone)showed in CMR-LGE

  • 1.2.4 随访

  • 由 1 名心血管专科医生对所有患者盲法进行 PPCI 术后 1 年的 MACE(包括再发心绞痛、因急性冠脉综合征行血运重建、急性心衰发作及心源性猝死[13])随访。对于发生多次终点事件的患者,在主要终点分析中仅进行第一次终点事件的统计分析。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用SPSS 27.0软件进行统计学分析,所有连续变量采用均数±标准差(x-±s)或者中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,分类变量采用率(%)表示。组间比较,服从正态分布的连续变量采用独立样本t检验,不服从正态分布的连续变量采用Mann-Whitney U 检验,分类变量的比较采用卡方检验。行单因素及多因素 Cox 回归分析(Enter 法)明确 MACE 发生的独立预测因素。对独立因素采用受试者工作特征 (receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线计算各参数预测MACE的灵敏度及特异度,采用曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)评估检验效能,使用 DeLong方法比较AUC,通过ROC曲线取得独立因素截断值,并分为高、低两组,使用 R 语言软件绘制 Kaplan-Meier 生存曲线,Log-rank 检验两组差异,使用组内相关系数(intra-class correlation coefficient, ICC)评估观察者间及观察者内差异,P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 共入选134例患者,其中15例超声心动图显像不足(定义为>2非可视化节段),10例患者不能配合 CMR检查,18例失访,1例患者发生非心源性死亡,最终纳入90例患者。根据PPCI 术后1年内是否发生 MACE,分为 MACE 组(20 例,22.2%)与非 MACE 组(70例,77.8%)。其中,MACE 组中5例再发心绞痛,8例因急性心衰发作再入院治疗,2例因急性冠脉综合征再次行PPCI术,2例因急性冠脉综合征行冠脉搭桥(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)治疗,3例发生心源性死亡。

  • 2.1 临床资料比较

  • 两组患者的性别、年龄、合并疾病、用药情况罪犯血管狭窄程度、支架长度、GRACE 评分、峰值 hs-cTnI 均差异无统计学意义(P >0.05),MACE 组 LAD 为 IRA 及大面积心肌梗死比例、峰值 CK、NT-proBNP、CRP均显著高于非MACE组(P <0.05,表1)。

  • 2.2 影像学参数比较

  • MACE 组的 TTE-LVEF 显著低于非 MACE 组, TTE-LVEDV 显著高于非 MACE 组(P <0.05,TTE-LVESV差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。3D-STE中, MACE组的GLS、GAS、GRS、GCS显著低于非MACE 组(P <0.05,表2)。

  • MW参数中,MACE组GWI、GCW、GWE显著低于非 MACE 组,而 GWW 显著高于非 MACE 组(P <0.05)。LGE-CMR 参数中,MACE 组 IS 显著高于非 MACE 组,而 CMR-LVEF 显著低于非 MACE 组(P <0.05),CMR-LVESV、CMR-LVEDV 两组差异无统计学意义(P >0.05,表2)。

  • 2.3 单因素及多因素Cox回归分析

  • 将患者的临床资料、3D-STE、MW、CMR-LGE参数纳入单因素 Cox 回归分析,结果显示 GRACE 评分、峰值 CK、CRP、NT-proBNP、LAD 是 IRA、TTE-LVEF、GLS、GCS、GAS、GRS、GWI、GCW、GWW、 GWE、IS、CMR-LVEF、TTE-LVEDV为预测MACE发生的因素(P <0.05)。上述参数纳入多因素 Cox 回归分析显示,GLS、GWI、IS 为预测 MACE 发生的独立预测因素(P <0.05,表3)。

  • 2.4 ROC曲线分析

  • 绘制 ROC 曲线分析显示,IS、GLS、GWI 的 AUC 值分别为0.886、0.846、0.830,IS的灵敏度为90%,特异度78.6%;GLS 灵敏度为95%,特异度77.1%;GWI灵敏度为 100%,特异度 58.6%,GLS 和 GWI 联合预测MACE发生的AUC值达0.939,灵敏度为85%,特异度为90%(图3,表4)。使用DeLong方法比较AUC值无显著差异(GLS 0.846 vs. IS 0.886;GLS 0.846 vs. GWI 0.830;GWI 0.830 vs. IS 0.886,GLS+GWI 0.939 vs. IS 0.886,P 均>0.05)。而 GLS + GWI 联合预测 MACE 发生的价值显著优于 GLS 和 GWI 单一指标 (P均<0.05)。GLS、GWI、IS预测MACE的ROC曲线截断值分别为-10.5%、1 298.5 mmHg、26.05%。

  • 表1 两组患者临床特征比较

  • Table1 Comparison of clinical characteristics between the two groups of patients

  • LAD:left anterior descending branch;IRA:infarction related artery;hs-cTnI:high sensitivity troponinI;CK:creatine kinase;ARNI:inhibitors of angiotensin receptor enkephalinase;MACE:major adverse cardiovascular events.

  • 表2 两组患者基线影像学参数比较

  • Table2 Comparison of baselineimaging parameters betweenthe two groups ofpatients

  • GLS:global longitudinal strain;GCS:global circumferential strain;GAS:global area strain;GRS:global radial strain;MW:myocardial work;GWI: global work index;GCW:global constructive work;GWW:global wasted work;GWE:global work efficiency;LGE-CMR:late gadolinium enhancement imaging-cardiac magnetic resonance;IS:infarctionsize;LVEDV:left ventricular end diastolic volume;LVESV:left ventricular end systolic volume; LVEF:left ventricular ejection fraction.

  • 表3 单因素及多因素Cox回归分析

  • Table3 Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses

  • CK:creatine kinase;LAD:left anterior descending branch;IRA:infarct-related artery;TTE:trans-thoracic echocardiography;LVEF:left ventricu-lar ejection fraction;GLS:global longitudinal strain;GCS:global circumferential strain;GAS:global area strain;GRS:global radial strain;MW:myocar-dial work;GWI:global work index;GCW:global constructive work;GWW:global wasted work;GWE:global work efficiency;LGE-CMR:late gadolini-um enhancement imaging-cardiac magnetic resonance;IS:infarction size;LVEDV:left ventricular end diastolic volume;LVESV:left ventricular end systolic volume.

  • 图3 各参数预测MACE发生的ROC曲线

  • Figure3 ROC curves of each parameter in predicting MACE

  • 2.5 Kaplan-Meier生存分析

  • 根据 GLS、GWI、IS 预测 MACE 的截断值分为高、低两组,进行Kaplan-Meier 生存分析,结果显示 GLS<-10.5%、GWI>1 298.5 mmHg%、IS<26.05 患者有更高的无MACE生存率(P <0.05,图4)。

  • 2.6 重复性检验

  • 为评估检测重复性,随机选择10例患者,2名独立研究者重复测定3D-STE、MW、CMR-LGE 参数以比较观察者间差异,同一名研究者间隔2周后测定上述参数以评估观察者内差异,结果显示不同观察者间及同一观察者内对各参数的评估重复性良好 (表5)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 早期风险评估对STEMI患者极其重要,研究表明STEMI患者行PPCI后死亡率逐渐下降[14],但仍有大量患者因术后发生MACE而预后不佳[215]。既往研究显示 STEMI 患者 PPCI 术后 3 年内 MACE 发生率高达20%,而其中超过60%发生在术后第1年,故 STEMI 患者 PPCI 术后早期行有效的检查预测 MACE发生,并行危险分层,对于患者预后评价及治疗选择至关重要[16]。本研究第一次应用3D-STE及 MW对比CMR预测STEMI患者术后1年MACE的发生,发现其中 GLS 及 GWI 参数诊断效能均与 CMR-IS 相当,二者联合优于单一指标,有较好的临床应用价值。

  • 表4 各参数预测MACE的ROC曲线分析

  • Table4 ROC curve analysis of each parameter to predict MACE

  • IS:infarction size;GLS:global longitudinal strain;GWI:global work index.

  • 图4 GLS、GWI和IS高低两组患者的无MACEKaplan-Meier生存曲线

  • Figure4 MACE-free Kaplan-Meier survival curves for patients with high and low GLS,GWI,and IS

  • 表5 各参数观察者间和观察者内重复性检验

  • Table5 Inter-observer and intra-observer repeatability test for each parameter

  • GLS:global longitudinal strain;GWI:global work index;IS:infarc-tion size;CMR-LVEF:cardiac magnetic resonance-left ventricular ejec-tion fraction.

  • 3.1 IRA、IS与MACE

  • 既往研究指出前壁STEMI患者发生MACE的风险较高[17]。本研究显示 LAD 为 IRA 的 MACE 发生率为 75.0%,与既往研究一致。Reindl 等[18] 研究表明梗死严重程度与MACE风险增加独立相关,而本研究也证实在大面积心肌梗死患者中,MACE的发生率更高(30.2%),且MACE组的CMR-LVEF低,而 LVEDV 较高,考虑为 STEMI 后左心室收缩功能受损,LVEF 下降,故心脏不良事件增多,而左心室 LVEDV 取决于左心室充盈压力及重构,二者均与 MACE发生紧密相关[19]

  • 3.2 CMR与MACE

  • CMR-LGE成像可以高精度地描述和量化心肌损伤,被认为是预测IS、跨壁受累程度、预后的理想工具[18],并且优于单光子发射计算机断层扫描[20]。 IS是心肌梗死后LVR和功能障碍的主要决定因素,同时与 MACE 发生密切相关[1821],IS 作为 STEMI 患者预后评估的重要指标,有重要的参考价值[322]。本研究显示PPCI 术后 7 d内CMR-IS>26.5%是STEMI 患者术后1年发生MACE 的独立预测因素,灵敏度和特异度达 90.0%和 78.6%(AUC=0.886),并且 IS>26.5%累积MACE发生率高、预后差,考虑为梗死后病变区域心肌功能丧失,非梗死区心肌代偿负荷过重,进而出现心肌肥大及纤维化,并随梗死节段扩张、瘢痕组织成熟导致房室扩张,MACE发生[18]

  • 3.3 3D-STE与MACE

  • 3D-STE 克服平面依赖,提高时间与空间分辨率,被认为是优于2D-STE评估STEMI后存活心肌及预后的重要工具,有研究表明,3D-STE中的3D-GLS 是STEMI后LVR及1年预后的独立预测指标,同时 10年随访中发现3D-GLS仍是预后评估的较强预测因子[613]。Ravnkide 等[23] 在对 235 例急性冠脉综合征患者的随访中发现 GLS 对危险分层具有重要意义。原因为冠状动脉分支垂直于心脏表面穿透正常心肌,形成心内膜下分布[24]。因此,心内膜下纤维最先发生血流阻断,对比中层及心外膜下心肌,心内膜下的心肌纤维对长轴方向运动的贡献最为显著。而 GLS 反映了心内膜下纵向心肌纤维的功能,更准确地提示缺血引起的早期心肌功能紊乱[25]。本研究发现,GLS是评估STEMI患者PPCI术后1年 MACE 发生的独立预测因子,生存曲线提示 GLS≥-10.5% 的患者累积 MACE 发生率较高,提示预后较差。

  • 3.4 MW与MACE

  • 3D-STE中的3D-GLS对急性STEMI患者预后有重要的预测价值,并优于常规超声参数 LVEF。然而与 LVEF 相似,GLS 仍然具有明显的后负荷依赖性。MW 是一种将左心室 GLS 与无创左室压力曲线结合,通过应变计算的区域缩短率乘瞬时压力来量化心肌做功的新方法,克服 GLS 的后负荷依赖性[26-27]。在心肌功指标中,GWI代表左室压力-应变环路内的面积,能最全面地估计左室功能[28]。 Butcher 等[29] 在 239 例经 PCI 治疗的伴 LVEF 降低 (<40%)的 STEMI 患者中发现,较高的左室 GWI 值与6个月随访时LVEF密切相关。此外,在长期随访中,较低的左室GWI值与全因死亡率的增加密切相关。Timoteo等[27] 回顾性研究了200例STEMI患者,发现 GWI 下降与 MACE 升高密切关联。本研究发现 GWI 是预测 MACE 发生的独立危险因素,并且 GWI≤1 298.5 mmHg%的患者 1 年的 MACE 累积发生率较高,预后较差。

  • 3.5 3D-STE、MW与CMR对比

  • 3D-STE、MW可经济、有效地评估心脏功能及预后,近年来在临床上被广泛开展[2630]。Dannenbery 等[31] 研究发现,在70例STEMI患者中GLS应变参数与 CMR-IS 之间存在显著关联,Joseph 等[32] 提出在 STEMI中患者急性期GLS与IS密切相关,另一项研究MW与STEMI后心肌活性的研究中发现局部节段的 MWI 与心肌梗死的范围和透壁性呈负相关[33]。本研究发现 3D-STE(GLS)与 MW(GWI)早期预测 STEMI 患者 MACE 发生的价值与 CMR-IS 相当 (AUC P >0.05),且 GLS 和 GWI 联合指标优于单一指标(P <0.05),为临床上早期、有效、床边评估 STEMI患者预后提供帮助。

  • 本研究存在以下不足:①单中心、小样本研究,纳入患者存在一定局限性;②3D-STE、MW 等影像质量受肥胖、心律失常等因素影响,对结果可能存在干扰;③STEMI患者左室心肌变薄,给3D-STE及 MW 测定带来一定困难;通过压力-应变回路计算 MW,使用无创袖带血压计测量间接评估左室压力,可能存在一定误差;④STEMI患者PPCI术后1周至 1 个月 IS 变化较大,本研究仅测定心肌梗死后 1 周内心肌水肿最严重时的CMR-IS,存在一定局限性; ⑤因样本量较少,本研究未行梗死面积及不同IRA 亚组分析,未进一步分析缺血-再灌注时间等因素对预后的影响。

  • 3D-STE及MW均有助于预测STEMI患者PPCI 术后MACE的发生,尤其是GLS及GWI,其诊断价值相当,且二者联合优于单一参数,诊断效能均与 CMR-IS 相似,为早期评估 STEMI 患者预后提供经济、有效的检查方法,以便早期行危险分层并指导治疗。

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