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通讯作者:

陶琴,E-mail: tqsz07277@163.com

中图分类号:R542.51;R541.75

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)11-1558-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240751

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参考文献 12
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:分析心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)伴中度及以上心房功能性二尖瓣反流(atrial functional mitral regurgita- tion,AFMR)患者的临床特征和相关因素。方法:本研究为单中心横断面研究。连续纳入2023年7月—2024年3月入住南京医科大学附属江宁医院心血管内科的AF伴AFMR患者共313例,根据二尖瓣反流程度分为中度以下AFMR组(A组,249例)与中度及以上AFMR组(B组,64例)。比较基线资料,采用Logistic回归分析AF伴中度及以上AFMR的相关因素。结果:两组间年龄、CHA2DS2-VASc评分、房颤类型、肾功能不全病史、射血分数保留的心力衰竭(heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, HFpEF)病史、氨基末端脑钠肽前体(N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)、三尖瓣反流程度、左房内径、左室舒张末内径、左室射血分数差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。多因素回归分析显示,左房内径(OR=1.067,95%CI:1.002~1.137,P< 0.05)、左室舒张末内径(OR=1.153,95%CI:1.052~1.264,P < 0.05)、三尖瓣轻-中度反流(OR=6.571,95%CI:1.362~31.705,P < 0.05)、三尖瓣中度反流(OR=10.795,95%CI:3.816~30.543,P < 0.05)、三尖瓣中-重度反流(OR=19.525,95%CI:4.593~82.999, P < 0.05)、三尖瓣重度反流(OR=20.701,95%CI:5.799~73.896,P < 0.05)是AF伴中度及以上AFMR的独立危险因素。结论:与 AF伴中度以下AFMR患者相比,AF伴中度及以上AFMR患者具有不同的临床特征,通常有更多的临床伴发疾病,左房内径增大、左室舒张末内径增大和三尖瓣轻度以上反流是AF伴中度及以上AFRM的独立危险因素。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and identify the associated factors in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF)and moderate to severe atrial functional mitral regurgitation(AFMR). Methods:This was a single-center and cross-sectional study,which recruited a total of 313 patients with AF and AFMR hospitalized in the cardiovascular department of the Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from July 2023 to March 2024. Patients were categorized into two groups based on the severity of mitral regurgitation:the less than moderate AFMR group(Group A,n=249)and the moderate to severe AFMR group (Group B,n=64). Baseline data were compared,and correlation analysis and logistic regression were employed to determine the factors associated with moderate to severe AFMR in AF patients. Results:Significant differences(P < 0.05)were observed between the groups in age,CHA2DS2-VASc score,type of atrial fibrillation,history of renal insufficiency,heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF),N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP),tricuspid regurgitation severity,left atrial diameter,left ventricular end diastolic diameter,and left ventricular ejection fraction. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that left atrial diameter (OR=1.067,95% CI:1.002-1.137,P < 0.05),left ventricular end diastolic diameter(OR=1.153,95% CI:1.052-1.264,P < 0.05), mild-to-moderate tricuspid regurgitation(OR=6.571,95% CI:1.362-31.705,P < 0.05),moderate tricuspid regurgitation(OR=10.795, 95%CI:3.816-30.543,P < 0.05),moderate -to -severe tricuspid regurgitation(OR=19.525,95% CI:4.593-82.999,P < 0.05),and severe tricuspid regurgitation(OR=20.701,95% CI:5.799-73.896,P < 0.05)were independent risk factors for moderate to severe AFMR in AF patients. Conclusion:Compared with AF patients with AFMR less than moderate severity,those with moderate to severe AFMR show the discrepancy in clinical characteristics,and they tend to exhibit a more complex clinical comorbidities. Left atrial diameter enlargement,left ventricular end diastolic diameter enlargement,and the presence of more than mild severity of tricuspid regurgitation are independent predictors of moderate to severe AFMR in AF patients.

  • 心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)是最常见的心律失常之一[1]。AF可造成胸闷、乏力、心悸、认知功能下降等症状,更可引起卒中、心力衰竭以及二尖瓣反流等并发症[2]。二尖瓣反流与AF间有复杂的相互作用,由于二尖瓣反流造成左心房前负荷增加,可引起左心房扩张,进而导致或加重AF;而AF 也可能通过二尖瓣环扩张、二尖瓣瓣环鞍形平坦化等途径导致或加重二尖瓣反流,即心房功能性二尖瓣反流(atrial functional mitral regurgitation,AFMR)[3]。AF 伴AFMR的病理生理机制目前尚未完全明确,但二者同时存在时可显著增加患者的病死率和心衰住院率[4]。近年来,AF 伴 AFMR 逐渐引起重视,但多聚焦于该类疾病的治疗及预后,鲜有关于临床特征及相关因素的报道;且既往研究常将轻度AFMR与中度及以上AFMR患者混合分析,忽视了轻度二尖瓣反流较高的人群发病率等混杂因素对研究结果的影响[5]。本研究旨在通过比较AF伴中度及以上 AFMR 与中度以下 AFMR 患者的临床特征,探讨独立危险因素,为临床诊疗提供指导。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 连续纳入2023年7月—2024年3月于南京市江宁医院心血管内科住院的AF合并AFMR的患者共 313 例,其中轻度 AFMR 219 例(70.0%),轻-中度 AFMR 30 例(9.6%),中度 AFMR 52 例(16.6%),中-重度AFMR 8例(2.6%),重度AFMR 4例(1.3%),根据二尖瓣反流程度分为中度以下AFMR组(A组,n= 249)与中度及以上AFMR组(B组,n=64)。AF的诊断标准参考 2019年美国心脏协会/美国心脏病学会/ 心律协会的心房颤动管理指南定义[6]。本研究经南京医科大学附属江宁医院医学伦理委员会批准(批准文号:20230102),符合赫尔辛基宣言。

  • AFMR 的诊断标准:AFMR 目前尚无统一诊断标准,根据近年相关研究及发病机制,本研究中 AFMR的诊断标准为:①二尖瓣瓣叶结构正常,无二尖瓣器质性病变;②左心房扩大,定义为左心房内径(left atrial diameter,LAD)>38 mm 和/或左心房容积指数>34 mL/m2;合并心房颤动和/或左室舒张功能不全;③左心室舒张末内径(left ventricular end diastolic diameter,LVEDd)无明显增大,即男性 LVEDd≤60 mm,女性 LVEDd≤55 mm;④左室射血分数(left ventricular ejection fraction,LVEF)≥50%,且无节段性室壁运动异常[27-9]

  • 入选标准:①心房颤动患者年龄≥18岁;②具有轻度及以上的二尖瓣反流,且符合 AFMR 诊断标准。排除标准:①可逆因素(甲状腺功能异常、脓毒血症、1个月内的外科手术等)造成的房颤;②心脏外科术后、先天性心脏病、肥厚型心肌病、限制性心肌病、缩窄性心包炎;③具有风湿性心脏病、任何程度的二尖瓣及主动脉瓣狭窄,或中度以上的主动脉瓣反流。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 记录入组患者人口学资料与临床资料,包括性别、年龄、身高、体重、体重指数(body mass index, BMI)、房颤症状、房颤类型、房颤病程、CHA2DS2-VASc评分、高血压史、糖尿病史、缺血性卒中史、外周血管疾病史、血肌酐水平、氨基末端脑钠肽前体 (N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP) 水平、用药情况及超声心动图相关结果等,其中二尖瓣、三尖瓣反流程度依据《中国成人心脏瓣膜病超声心动图规范化检查专家共识》评估[10],CHA2DS2-VASc 评分、欧洲心律学会(European Heart Rhythem Association,EHRA)评分、高血压史、糖尿病史、缺血性卒中史、外周血管疾病史的评分及诊断标准参照 《心房颤动诊断和治疗中国指南》[11]。Cockcroft-Gault 公式估计肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)低于 60 mL/(min·1.73m2)时定义为肾功能不全[12];HFpEF依据《射血分数保留的心衰诊断与治疗中国专家共识2023》进行诊断[13]

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用 SPSS26.0 统计软件分析,计量资料通过 Shapiro-Wilktest 检验确定是否符合正态分布,符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(x-±s)来表示,组间比较采用 t 检验;不符合正态分布的计量资料以中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,组间比较采用秩和检验。计数资料以频数及百分比表示,组间比较采用卡方检验。分别采用单因素Logistic 回归分析和多因素 Logistic 回归分析识别 AF 伴中度及以上AFMR的危险因素。以P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 两组基线资料比较

  • 如表1 所示,两组患者基线资料中,年龄、 CHA2DS2-VASc评分、房颤类型、HFpEF史、肾功能不全史、抗凝药物、血肌酐、eGFR、NT-proBNP、三尖瓣反流程度、LAD、LVEDd及LVEF差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);其余基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05)。

  • 2.2 AF伴中度及以上AFMR相关因素分析

  • 单因素 Logistic 模型分析提示年龄、CHA2DS2-VASc评分、肾功能不全、持续性AF、新型口服抗凝药(novel oral anticoagulant,NOAC)、血肌酐、eGFR、 NT-proBNP、HFpEF、三尖瓣轻度以上的反流、LAD、 LVEDd 及 LVEF 与 AF 患者伴中度及以上 AFMR 相关(表2),以上述指标及房颤病程、节律控制药物、心率控制药物、导管消融作为自变量,AF伴中度及以上 AFMR 作为因变量进行多因素 Logistic 回归分析,结果示 LAD(OR=1.067,95% CI:1.002~1.137, P <0.05)、LVEDd(OR=1.153,95%CI:1.052~1.264, P <0.05)、三尖瓣轻度以上反流[包括三尖瓣轻-中度反流(OR=6.571,95%CI:1.362~31.705)、三尖瓣中度反流(OR=10.795,95%CI:3.816~30.543)、三尖瓣中-重度反流(OR=19.525,95%CI:4.593~82.999)、三尖瓣重度反流(OR=20.701,95% CI:5.799~73.896)]是 AF 伴中度及以上 AFMR 发生的独立危险因素(P <0.05,表3)。

  • 3 讨论

  • 继发性二尖瓣反流,即功能性二尖瓣反流 (functional mitral regurgitation,FMR),最初被定义为由扩张型心肌病或缺血性心脏病所致的乳头肌功能失调、左心室收缩功能障碍和重塑引起的二尖瓣小叶牵张所致[14]。2011年Gertz等[15] 发现并报道了部分AF患者具有大致正常的左心室大小及收缩功能,但合并显著的 FMR,且通过导管消融多数患者的二尖瓣反流得到明显改善,进而提出AFMR的概念。AF 伴 AFMR 的机制尚不明确,AF 引起的左心房增大、二尖瓣环扩张和二尖瓣反流的顺序关系仍有争议,目前认为AF患者发生AFMR的可能机制包括二尖瓣环扩大造成的瓣叶栓系、二尖瓣叶重塑不足及二尖瓣环动力学障碍、左室舒张功能不全及左房压升高等[3]。本研究发现左心房和左心室扩大是 AF伴AFMR的独立危险因素,而左心房、左心室的扩张可引起二尖瓣环的扩张,使二尖瓣附着点向外移位,进而使得二尖瓣闭合面积下降;此外,左心室扩大可能造成乳头肌与二尖瓣环间的距离增加,因腱索牵拉导致相应二尖瓣叶在心室收缩期无法充分闭合(即二尖瓣栓系),造成更为严重的二尖瓣反流。

  • 与二尖瓣反流相比,三尖瓣反流通常被认为与 AF 的关系更紧密,也更常见,但受到的关注却更少[16]。随着AFMR受到日益重视,心房功能性三尖瓣反流(atrial functional tricuspid regurgitation,AFTR) 与AF的关系逐渐被揭示。类似AFMR,AFTR的发生主要也是由于三尖瓣环的扩张和瓣叶的栓系造成,主要发生在三尖瓣后缘[17]。目前针对AFTR 尚无标准治疗方案,利尿剂等内科治疗无法改善AFTR 患者的预后,而外科手术及介入手术因较低的获益-风险比,很少单独行三尖瓣手术治疗[18]。但既往研究发现,仅针对左心的操作却可能影响三尖瓣反流情况,如二尖瓣反流外科手术、房颤导管消融后三尖瓣反流可显著改善,而左心耳封堵却可在短期内加重三尖瓣反流程度,提示三尖瓣反流可能受到左房收缩功能、左房压力、左房僵硬度等因素的影响[19]。本研究中,轻度以上的三尖瓣反流是 AF 伴中度以上 AFMR 的独立危险因素,且三尖瓣反流越严重,与 AF伴中度以上AFMR的相关性越高。AF是心房整体性疾病,可同时影响左右心房甚至心室的结构、功能,进而造成AFMR、AFTR 同时发生。需强调的是,虽未列入排除标准,但本研究患者队列中并无三尖瓣叶毁损、右心室乳头肌病变等三尖瓣装置器质性病变造成的三尖瓣反流,所有三尖瓣反流患者均为功能性三尖瓣反流。

  • 由于AF伴AFMR独特的发病机制及其对临床心血管事件的显著影响,近年来已逐渐引起重视,但既往研究多集中于该类患者的治疗及预后情况,对其临床特征,尤其对不同程度AFMR进行比较的研究鲜有报道,且多数研究将中度以下二尖瓣反流与更严重的二尖瓣反流患者混杂分析[20-22],而大规模流行病学研究已指出,对于30岁以上的人群,轻度二尖瓣反流的发病率可高达67%以上[5]。本研究发现,与 A 组患者相比,B 组患者年龄更大, CHA2DS2-VASc评分更高,更多患者伴有肾功能不全及HFpEF,NT-proBNP 水平也更高,而既往研究发现,年龄、CHA2DS2-VASc评分、HFpEF、NT-proBNP 等因素与该类患者预后有明确相关性[23],提示这两类患者具有较大的临床特征及预后差异,故建议在后续AF伴AFMR的临床特征及预后等相关研究中,将 AF 伴中度及以上 AFMR 患者与中度以下 AFMR 患者分别分析,否则结果可能产生较大偏差。此外,在临床中发现AF伴AFMR患者具有明显三尖瓣反流、较大的左心房与左心室时应积极治疗,防止 AFMR进一步恶化。本研究为单中心观察性研究,研究对象为住院患者,病情较严重,可能具有选择偏倚; 入组患者中仅4例患者无三尖瓣反流,故Logistic 回归分析中将三尖瓣无反流患者与三尖瓣轻度反流患者合并作为参照。后期课题组将继续增加样本量,并追踪随访数据,以求获得更加客观、全面的研究结果。

  • 表1 两组患者基线资料比较

  • Table1 Comparison of baseline data between the two groups

  • BMI:body mass index;HFpEF:heart failure with preserved ejection fraction;NOAC:novel oral anticoagulant;RASSi:inhibitor of the renin-angio-tensin system;SGLT2i:sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor;eGFR:estimated glomerular filtration rate;LAD:left atrial diameter;LVEDd:left ven-tricular end diastolic diameter;LVEF:left ventricular ejection fraction. Rhythm control drugs:including Class Ic and Class Ⅲ antiarrhythmic drugs; heart rate control medication:including β-receptor blocker,digoxin,and non-dihydropyridine calcium antagonists.

  • 表2 单因素Logistic回归分析

  • Table2 Univariate logistic regression analysis

  • EHRA score was subject to EHRA score grade Ⅰ as the reference;tricuspid regurgitation was subject to no tricuspid regurgitation+mild tricuspid regurgitation as the reference.

  • 表3 多因素Logistic回归分析

  • Table3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis

  • Tricuspid regurgitation was subject to no tricuspid regurgitation+mild tricuspid regurgitation as the reference.

  • 参考文献

    • [1] VIRANI S S,ALONSO A,BENJAMIN E J,et al.Heart disease and stroke statistics-2020 update:a report from the American heart association[J].Circulation,2020,141(9):e139-e596

    • [2] LORING Z,CLARE R M,HOFMANN P,et al.Natural history of echocardiographic changes in atrial fibrillation:a case-controlled study of longitudinal remodeling[J].Heart Rhythm,2024,21(1):6-15

    • [3] DEFERM S,BERTRAND P B,VERBRUGGE F H,et al.Atrial functional mitral regurgitation:JACC review topic of the week[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2019,73(19):2465-2476

    • [4] FAN Y T,WAN S,WONG R H,et al.Atrial functional mi-tral regurgitation:mechanisms and surgical implications[J].Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann,2020,28(7):421-426

    • [5] OKURA H,TAKADA Y,YAMABE A,et al.Prevalence and correlates of physiological valvular regurgitation in healthy subjects[J].Circ J,2011,75(11):2699-2704

    • [6] JANUARY C T,WANN L S,CALKINS H,et al.2019 AHA/ACC/HRS focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation:a report of the American college of cardiology/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the heart rhythm society in collaboration with the society of thoracic surgeons[J].Circulation,2019,140(2):125-151

    • [7] DOLDI P,STOLZ L,ORBAN M,et al.Transcatheter mi-tral valve repair in patients with atrial functional regurgi-tation[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2022,15(11):1843-1851

    • [8] MACHINO-OHTSUKA T,SEO Y,ISHIZU T,et al.Effica-cy,safety,and outcomes of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2013,62(20):1857-1865

    • [9] ROTTLÄNDER D,GOLABKESH M,DEGEN H,et al.Mitral valve edge-to-edge repair versus indirect mitral valve annuloplasty in atrial functional mitral regurgitation[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2022,99(6):1839-1847

    • [10] 中华医学会心血管病学分会心血管影像学组,北京医学会心血管病学会影像学组.中国成人心脏瓣膜病超声心动图规范化检查专家共识[J].中国循环杂志,2021,36(2):109-125

    • [11] 中华医学会心血管病学分会,中国生物医学工程学会心律分会.心房颤动诊断和治疗中国指南[J].中华心血管病杂志,2023,51(6):572-618

    • [12] 付帅,李晓宁.肾小球滤过率计算公式研究进展:从 Cockcroft-Gault公式到FAS公式[J].临床肾脏病杂志,2020,20(1):73-77

    • [13] 射血分数保留的心力衰竭诊断与治疗中国专家共识制定工作组.射血分数保留的心力衰竭诊断与治疗中国专家共识2023[J].中国循环杂志,2023,38(4):375-393

    • [14] TRICHON B H,FELKER G M,SHAW L K,et al.Rela-tion of frequency and severity of mitral regurgitation to survival among patients with left ventricular systolic dys-function and heart failure[J].Am J Cardiol,2003,91(5):538-543

    • [15] GERTZ Z M,RAINA A,SAGHY L,et al.Evidence of atrial functional mitral regurgitation due to atrial fibrilla-tion:reversal with arrhythmia control[J].J Am Coll Cardi-ol,2011,58(14):1474-1481

    • [16] MARKMAN T M,PLAPPERT T,DE FERIA A A,et al.Improvement in tricuspid regurgitation following catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation[J].J Cardiovasc Electro-physiol,2020,31(11):2883-2888

    • [17] UTSUNOMIYA H,ITABASHI Y,MIHARA H,et al.Func-tional tricuspid regurgitation caused by chronic atrial fibrillation:a real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography study[J].Circ Cardiovasc Imaging,2017,10(1):e004897

    • [18] WANG J,HAN J,LI Y,et al.Impact of surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation on the progression of tricuspid regurgi-tation and right-sided heart remodeling after mitral-valve surgery:a propensity-score matching analysis[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2016,5(12):e004213

    • [19] TOYAMA K,RADER F,KAR S,et al.Iatrogenic Atrial septal defect after percutaneous mitral valve repair with the mitraclip system[J].Am J Cardiol,2018,121(4):475-479

    • [20] ROSSI A,DINI F L,FAGGIANO P,et al.Independent prognostic value of functional mitral regurgitation in pa-tients with heart failure.A quantitative analysis of 1256 patients with ischaemic and non-ischaemic dilated cardio-myopathy[J].Heart,2011,97(20):1675-1680

    • [21] 赵丹清,吴金涛.心房颤动合并功能性二尖瓣返流的研究进展[J].河南大学学报(医学版),2022,41(2):79-85

    • [22] MOONEN A,NG M,PLAYFORD D,et al.Atrial function-al mitral regurgitation:prevalence,characteristics and out-comes from the National Echo Database of Australia[J].Open Heart,2023,10(1):e002180

    • [23] CRAMARIUC D,ALFRAIDI H,NAGATA Y,et al.Atrial dysfunction in significant atrial functional mitral regurgi-tation:phenotypes and prognostic implications[J].Circ Cardiovasc Imaging,2023,16(5):e015089

  • 参考文献

    • [1] VIRANI S S,ALONSO A,BENJAMIN E J,et al.Heart disease and stroke statistics-2020 update:a report from the American heart association[J].Circulation,2020,141(9):e139-e596

    • [2] LORING Z,CLARE R M,HOFMANN P,et al.Natural history of echocardiographic changes in atrial fibrillation:a case-controlled study of longitudinal remodeling[J].Heart Rhythm,2024,21(1):6-15

    • [3] DEFERM S,BERTRAND P B,VERBRUGGE F H,et al.Atrial functional mitral regurgitation:JACC review topic of the week[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2019,73(19):2465-2476

    • [4] FAN Y T,WAN S,WONG R H,et al.Atrial functional mi-tral regurgitation:mechanisms and surgical implications[J].Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann,2020,28(7):421-426

    • [5] OKURA H,TAKADA Y,YAMABE A,et al.Prevalence and correlates of physiological valvular regurgitation in healthy subjects[J].Circ J,2011,75(11):2699-2704

    • [6] JANUARY C T,WANN L S,CALKINS H,et al.2019 AHA/ACC/HRS focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation:a report of the American college of cardiology/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the heart rhythm society in collaboration with the society of thoracic surgeons[J].Circulation,2019,140(2):125-151

    • [7] DOLDI P,STOLZ L,ORBAN M,et al.Transcatheter mi-tral valve repair in patients with atrial functional regurgi-tation[J].JACC Cardiovasc Imaging,2022,15(11):1843-1851

    • [8] MACHINO-OHTSUKA T,SEO Y,ISHIZU T,et al.Effica-cy,safety,and outcomes of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2013,62(20):1857-1865

    • [9] ROTTLÄNDER D,GOLABKESH M,DEGEN H,et al.Mitral valve edge-to-edge repair versus indirect mitral valve annuloplasty in atrial functional mitral regurgitation[J].Catheter Cardiovasc Interv,2022,99(6):1839-1847

    • [10] 中华医学会心血管病学分会心血管影像学组,北京医学会心血管病学会影像学组.中国成人心脏瓣膜病超声心动图规范化检查专家共识[J].中国循环杂志,2021,36(2):109-125

    • [11] 中华医学会心血管病学分会,中国生物医学工程学会心律分会.心房颤动诊断和治疗中国指南[J].中华心血管病杂志,2023,51(6):572-618

    • [12] 付帅,李晓宁.肾小球滤过率计算公式研究进展:从 Cockcroft-Gault公式到FAS公式[J].临床肾脏病杂志,2020,20(1):73-77

    • [13] 射血分数保留的心力衰竭诊断与治疗中国专家共识制定工作组.射血分数保留的心力衰竭诊断与治疗中国专家共识2023[J].中国循环杂志,2023,38(4):375-393

    • [14] TRICHON B H,FELKER G M,SHAW L K,et al.Rela-tion of frequency and severity of mitral regurgitation to survival among patients with left ventricular systolic dys-function and heart failure[J].Am J Cardiol,2003,91(5):538-543

    • [15] GERTZ Z M,RAINA A,SAGHY L,et al.Evidence of atrial functional mitral regurgitation due to atrial fibrilla-tion:reversal with arrhythmia control[J].J Am Coll Cardi-ol,2011,58(14):1474-1481

    • [16] MARKMAN T M,PLAPPERT T,DE FERIA A A,et al.Improvement in tricuspid regurgitation following catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation[J].J Cardiovasc Electro-physiol,2020,31(11):2883-2888

    • [17] UTSUNOMIYA H,ITABASHI Y,MIHARA H,et al.Func-tional tricuspid regurgitation caused by chronic atrial fibrillation:a real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography study[J].Circ Cardiovasc Imaging,2017,10(1):e004897

    • [18] WANG J,HAN J,LI Y,et al.Impact of surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation on the progression of tricuspid regurgi-tation and right-sided heart remodeling after mitral-valve surgery:a propensity-score matching analysis[J].J Am Heart Assoc,2016,5(12):e004213

    • [19] TOYAMA K,RADER F,KAR S,et al.Iatrogenic Atrial septal defect after percutaneous mitral valve repair with the mitraclip system[J].Am J Cardiol,2018,121(4):475-479

    • [20] ROSSI A,DINI F L,FAGGIANO P,et al.Independent prognostic value of functional mitral regurgitation in pa-tients with heart failure.A quantitative analysis of 1256 patients with ischaemic and non-ischaemic dilated cardio-myopathy[J].Heart,2011,97(20):1675-1680

    • [21] 赵丹清,吴金涛.心房颤动合并功能性二尖瓣返流的研究进展[J].河南大学学报(医学版),2022,41(2):79-85

    • [22] MOONEN A,NG M,PLAYFORD D,et al.Atrial function-al mitral regurgitation:prevalence,characteristics and out-comes from the National Echo Database of Australia[J].Open Heart,2023,10(1):e002180

    • [23] CRAMARIUC D,ALFRAIDI H,NAGATA Y,et al.Atrial dysfunction in significant atrial functional mitral regurgi-tation:phenotypes and prognostic implications[J].Circ Cardiovasc Imaging,2023,16(5):e015089