en
×

分享给微信好友或者朋友圈

使用微信“扫一扫”功能。
通讯作者:

许晶,E-mail: jingxu@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R735.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)12-1638-11

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240400

参考文献 1
LAGERGREN J,SMYTH E,CUNNINGHAM D,et al.Esophageal cancer[J].Lancet,2017,(10110):2383-2396
参考文献 2
UHLENHOPP D J,THEN E O,SUNKARA T,et al.Epi-demiology of esophageal cancer:update in global trends,etiology and risk factors[J].Clin J Gastroenterol,2020,13(6):1010-1021
参考文献 3
SUNG H,FERLAY J,SIEGEL R L,et al.Global cancer statistics 2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2021,71(3):209-249
参考文献 4
WONG M C S,HAMILTON W,WHITEMAN D C,et al.Global incidence and mortality of oesophageal cancer and their correlation with socioeconomic indicators temporal patterns and trends in 41 countries[J].Sci Rep,2018,8(1):4522
参考文献 5
MORTENSEN M B.Esophageal cancer:biology,natural history,staging and therapeutic options[J].Minerva Med,2007,98(4):299-303
参考文献 6
ALLEMANI C,MATSUDA T,DI CARLO V,et al.Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14(CON-CORD-3):analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 popu-lation-based registries in 71 countries[J].Lancet,2018,391(10125):1023-1075
参考文献 7
RILEY R S,JUNE C H,LANGER R,et al.Delivery tech-nologies for cancer immunotherapy[J].Nat Rev Drug Dis-cov,2019,18(3):175-196
参考文献 8
MIMURA K,YAMADA L,UJIIE D,et al.Immunotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:a review[J].Fu-kushima J Med Sci,2018,64(2):46-53
参考文献 9
KUO H Y,GUO J C,HSU C H.Anti-PD-1 immunothera-py in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:a long-awaited breakthrough finally arrives[J].J Formos Med Assoc,2020,119(2):565-568
参考文献 10
JING W,YAN W W,LIU Y G,et al.Slight advantages of nimotuzumab versus cetuximab plus concurrent chemora-diotherapy in locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Cancer Biol Ther,2019,20(8):1121-1126
参考文献 11
BANDO H,KOTANI D,TSUSHIMA T,et al.TENERGY:multicenter phase Ⅱ study of atezolizumab monotherapy following definitive chemoradiotherapy with 5-FU plus cisplatin in patients with unresectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].BMC Cancer,2020,20(1):336
参考文献 12
AI H H,YANG H,LI L,et al.Cancer/testis antigens:promising immunotherapy targets for digestive tract can-cers[J].Front Immunol,2023,14:1190883
参考文献 13
GHAFOURI-FARD S,MODARRESSI M H.Cancer-testis antigens:potential targets for cancer immunotherapy[J].Arch Iran Med,2009,12(4):395-404
参考文献 14
MARTÍNEZ-JIMÉNEZ F,MUIÑOS F,SENTÍS I,et al.A compendium of mutational cancer driver genes[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2020,20(10):555-572
参考文献 15
LIN D C,DINH H Q,XIE J J,et al.Identification of dis-tinct mutational patterns and new driver genes in oesopha-geal squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas[J].Gut,2018,67(10):1769-1779
参考文献 16
DANESHMAND S.Advanced testis cancer[J].Eur Urol Focus,2019,5(5):710-712
参考文献 17
HANAHAN D,WEINBERG R A.Hallmarks of cancer:the next generation[J].Cell,2011,144(5):646-674
参考文献 18
SINEATH R C,MEHTA A.Preservation of fertility in tes-tis cancer management[J].Urol Clin North Am,2019,46(3):341-351
参考文献 19
ZHANG Y J,ZHANG Y X,ZHANG L.Expression of can-cer-testis antigens in esophageal cancer and their prog-ress in immunotherapy[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2019,145(2):281-291
参考文献 20
WANG C,GU Y Y,ZHANG K,et al.Systematic identifi-cation of genes with a cancer-testis expression pattern in 19 cancer types[J].Nat Commun,2016,7:10499
参考文献 21
SHORT M W,BURGERS K G,FRY V T.Esophageal can-cer[J].Am Fam Physician,2017,95(1):22-28
参考文献 22
MENG X,ZHENG A P,WANG J,et al.Nimotuzumab plus concurrent chemo-radiotherapy in unresectable locally advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC):interim analysis from a phase 3 clinical trial[J].Br J Can-cer,2023,129(11):1787-1792
参考文献 23
WANG J F,ZHAO Q,CAI L,et al.Efficacy of bevacizumab and gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin in the treat-ment of esophageal cancer and the effect on the incidence of adverse reactions[J].Biomed Res Int,2022,2022:2317181
参考文献 24
MAKINO T,NAKAI S,MOMOSE K,et al.Efficacy and survival of nivolumab treatment for recurrent/unresectable esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma:real-world clinical data from a large multi-institutional cohort[J].Esophagus,2024,21(3):319-327
参考文献 25
XU T P,BAI J N,ZHAO K,et al.Induction therapy of tislelizumab combined with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil and subsequent conversion surgery in patients with unre-sectable advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:a phase 2,single center study[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2024:31(13):9321-9331
参考文献 26
LUO H Y,LU J,BAI Y X,et al.Effect of camrelizumab vs.placebo added to chemotherapy on survival and pro-gression-free survival in patients with advanced or meta-static esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:the ESCORT-1st randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA,2021,326(10):916-925
参考文献 27
YAN F,CHEN L P,YING M Z,et al.Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab combined with albumin-bound paclitaxel and nedaplatin for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Immunotherapy,2024,16(5):305-317
参考文献 28
MENG X Y,SUN X Q,LIU Z L,et al.A novel era of can-cer/testis antigen in cancer immunotherapy[J].Int Immu-nopharmacol,2021,98:107889
参考文献 29
SALMANINEJAD A,ZAMANI M R,POURVAHEDI M,et al.Cancer/testis antigens:expression,regulation,tumor invasion,and use in immunotherapy of cancers[J].Immu-nol Invest,2016,45(7):619-640
参考文献 30
LIU L,CHEN H W,CHEN X N,et al.KNTC1 as a puta-tive tumor oncogene in pancreatic cancer[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2023,149(7):3023-3031
参考文献 31
WANG J P,CARVAJAL-CARMONA L G,CHU J H,et al.Germline variants and advanced colorectal adenomas:adenoma prevention with celecoxib trial genome-wide as-sociation study[J].Clin Cancer Res,2013,19(23):6430-6437
参考文献 32
WU C,MIAO X P,HUANG L M,et al.Genome-wide as-sociation study identifies five loci associated with suscep-tibility to pancreatic cancer in Chinese populations[J].Nat Genet,2011,44(1):62-66
参考文献 33
QI H,CAO M,CHEN Y,et al.KNTC1 functions as a po-tential biomarker and oncogene regulating proliferation,migration and apoptosis in gastric cancer[J].International Immunopharmacology,2024,143:113257
参考文献 34
WANG C M,WANG Y Y,LIU C R,et al.Kinetochore-associated protein 1 promotes the invasion and tumorige-nicity of cervical cancer cells via matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9[J].Bioengineered,2022,13(4):9495-9507
参考文献 35
LIU R J,LIU R L,GUO Z Y,et al.shRNA-mediated knockdown of KNTC1 inhibits non-small-cell lung cancer through regulating PSMB8[J].Cell Death Dis,2022,13(8):685
参考文献 36
TONG H,LIU X H,PENG C H,et al.Silencing of KNTC1 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cells progres-sion via suppressing PI3K/Akt pathway[J].Cell Signal,2023,101:110498
参考文献 37
LIU C T,MIN L,WANG Y J,et al.shRNA-mediated knockdown of KNTC1 suppresses cell viability and induces apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Int J Oncol,2019,54(3):1053-1060
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究食管鳞癌特异的超保守癌/睾丸(cancer/testis,CT)-LINC01424在食管鳞癌进展中的作用。方法:利用 TCGA(The Cancer Genome Atlas)及GTEx(Genotype-Tissue Expression)数据库系统筛选食管鳞癌特异的超保守CT特性的长链非编码RNA(long non-coding RNA,lncRNA),运用核质分离实验和cDNA末端快速扩增技术(rapid amplification of cDNA end, RACE)进行LINC01424细胞定位及序列鉴定;利用118例食管鳞癌样本数据进行预后分析;下调ECA109细胞系中LINC01424,以及上调KYSE410细胞系中LINC01424后,通过CCK-8实验、平板克隆法、Transwell实验和裸鼠成瘤动物实验研究CT-LINC01424 在食管鳞癌细胞中的作用;进一步应用MEM(Multi Experiment Matrix)数据库进行下游基因的探索。结果:首次鉴定出食管鳞癌特异的超保守 CT-LINC01424;临床资料分析显示,CT-LINC01424 与食管鳞癌较差的临床分期及预后显著相关;降低 LINC01424的表达可以抑制食管鳞癌细胞的增殖、侵袭能力,过表达LINC01424则会导致相反结果;此外,LINC01424与着丝粒相关1(kinetochore associated 1,KNTC1)基因存在显著共表达关系。结论:LINC01424在食管鳞癌组织中高表达,促进食管鳞癌细胞增殖和侵袭,并可能通过影响KNTC1的表达发挥其促癌作用。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the role of the esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)-specific ultra-conserved cancer/ testis(CT)- LINC01424 in ESCC progression. Methods:The TCGA(The Cancer Genome Atlas)and GTEx(Genotype-Tissue Expression)databases were used to screen the long non-coding RNA(lncRNA)with ultraconservative CT properties specific to ESCC, and the nucleoplasmic isolation assay and rapid amplification of cDNA end(RACE)were used for the cellular localization and sequence identification of LINC01424. A total of 118 cases of ESCC samples were used for the analysis of prognosis. After knocking down LINC01424 in ECA109 cell line or overexpressing LINC01424 in KYSE410 cell line,the effects of CT-LINC01424 on the ESCC was detected by CCK-8 assay,colony assay,Transwell assay,and nude micel assay;further application of MEM(Multi Experiment Matrix)database for downstream gene exploration. Results:An ultraconservative CT-LINC01424 specific for ESCC was identified. Analysis of clinical data showed that CT-LINC01424 was significantly associated with poor clinical stage and prognosis of ESCC. Knockdown of the expression of LINC01424 inhibited the proliferation and invasion of ESCC cells,while overexpression of LINC01424 resulted in the opposite result. Furthermore,the expression of LINC01424 was significantly co-expressed with kinetochore associated 1 (KNTC1)gene. Conclusion:LINC01424 is highly expressed in ESCC tissues,promotes the proliferation and invasion of ESCC cells, and may exert its pro-carcinogenic effects by affecting the expression of KNTC1.

  • 随着全球老龄化和人口增长,以及吸烟、饮酒等相关风险因素的流行,食管癌的发病率及病死率日益上升[1-2],已成为全球第9位最常见的癌症,第6位最常见的癌症死亡原因,每年有超过50万人因其死亡[3]。食管癌主要分为两种组织学亚型:食管鳞状细胞癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinoma,ESCC) 和食管腺癌(esophageal adenocarcinoma,EAC)[4]。 ESCC 可在食管的整个解剖区域发生,而 EAC 常发生于食管远端[5]。由于ESCC早期通常没有明显的临床症状,病情隐匿,患者在出现进行性加重的吞咽困难而就诊时,多数已进入中晚期,疾病治疗难度显著增加[6]。目前针对ESCC的主要治疗方案是标准的术前新辅助化疗、根治性肿瘤切除手术和术后辅助化疗,由于患者就诊时分期偏晚,治疗后复发和转移的风险仍然较高,预后并不理想,5年生存率不到30%[7-9]。近年来,分子靶向治疗和免疫治疗也被尝试应用于 ESCC 的辅助治疗,但其疗效仍难以使人满意。临床研究显示,分子靶向疗法联合同步化疗辅助治疗局部晚期ESCC的3年生存率仅为 33.5%[10],而程序性死亡因子配体 1(programmed cell death ligand 1,PD-L1)单抗辅助治疗局部晚期 ESCC的中位无进展生存期也仅为3.2个月[11]

  • 癌/睾丸(cancer/testis,CT)基因是一类独特的肿瘤特异性基因,其特征是在正常组织中不表达或低表达,而在肿瘤组织中高表达,使其成为肿瘤免疫治疗的理想靶点[12]。研究证实,CT基因参与肿瘤的增殖、凋亡等过程,并影响侵袭、转移和预后,是肿瘤重要的驱动基因[13]。近年来,长链非编码 RNA (long non-coding RNA,lncRNA)受到广大科研工作者的关注,研究表明,lncRNA作为一类长度>200 nt 的非编码RNA,可通过转录沉默、转录激活、染色体修饰、核内运输等多种途径参与恶性肿瘤的进程[14]。研究表明,与编码基因相比,lncRNA基因保守性普遍较差,而高度保守的 lncRNA 往往具有组织特异性,并且在肿瘤发生发展过程中起关键的调节作用[15-19]。因此,筛选高度保守的CT-lncRNA进行研究可能更具功能学价值。

  • 本研究系统筛选出了 19 个 ESCC 相关的超保守 CT-lncRNA,生存分析结果显示,LINC01424 与 ESCC 的预后显著相关。加州大学圣克鲁兹分校 (University of California Santa Cruz,UCSC)Xena数据库显示,LINC01424位于染色体21q22区域,该区域是肿瘤研究的热点区域,该区域内基因遗传变异、拷贝数变异等改变与包括ESCC在内的多种恶性肿瘤的易感性及进展预后相关。本研究系统鉴定了 ESCC相关的超保守CT-lncRNA,揭示LINC01424在 ESCC进展中的作用,为研究ESCC进展机制提供新思路,同时为ESCC诊疗提供新的潜在干预靶点。

  • 1 资料和方法

  • 1.1 资料

  • 超保守CT基因的筛选所用样本数据均来源于 GTEx(Genotype-Tissue Expression)和 TCGA(The Cancer Genome Atlas)数据库。118 例 ESCC 样本均为2002年1月—2003年12月在南京医科大学第一附属医院接受治疗的患者。所有患者临床情况已根据美国癌症分期联合委员会手册(第8版)重新进行分析。所有患者均患有原发性 ESCC(T1b~T4, N1~N3,M0),并且在手术前均未接受化疗或放射治疗。组织样本经过病理学诊断,将样品在液氮中快速冷冻并储存在-80℃冰箱中直至使用。ESCC 患者术后通过门诊、电话等方式随访5年,第1年每 3个月随访1次,后4年每6个月随访1次,患者均从手术日期随访至死亡或最后一次随访日期,总生存期(overall survival,OS)定义为首次手术至死亡或最后一次随访的时间。随访内容包括患者生存、病死、复发及转移情况。本研究经南京医科大学第一附属医院医学伦理委员会批准(编号:2022-SR-055)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 ESCC特异性超保守CT-lncRNA的筛选

  • 在既往研究[20] 的基础上系统筛选睾丸优势表达的lncRNA,随后基于UCSC网站公布的32个物种间phastCons评分以及phyloP评分,评价睾丸优势表达 lncRNA 的保守性。在 phyloP>0 且 phastCons>0.3 的标准下,筛选出超保守睾丸优势表达 lncRNA;进一步基于Xena数据库标准化处理的TCGA及GTEx 表达数据,分析lncRNA在ESCC组织及正常食管黏膜中的差异表达情况,最终鉴定出 ESCC 相关超保守CT-lncRNA。

  • 1.2.2 细胞实验

  • KYSE30、KYSE70、KYSE150、KYSE180、KYSE-410、ECA109、TE-1和TE-10均为人源ESCC细胞系。 HEEC为正常食管黏膜上皮细胞。所有细胞系在添加 10%胎牛血清(Gibco BRL 公司,美国)的 DMEM 或 RPMI-1640 中培养,并加入 1%的抗生素/抗真菌溶液,细胞均在37℃、5% CO2的培养箱中培养。

  • 1.2.2.1 核质分离

  • 细胞核质分离操作步骤参考试剂盒(货号:P0028,上海碧云天)说明书进行,首先进行RNA抽提,用PBS清洗1遍,胰酶消化细胞并计数。PBS清洗,低速离心收集细胞。每 20 μL 细胞沉淀加入 200 μL 添加了 RNase Inhibitor(含未稀释的 R0102 10 μL)的细胞浆蛋白抽提试剂A,混匀,冰浴10~15 min。加入细胞浆蛋白抽提试剂B 10 μL,混匀,冰浴1 min。 4℃ 12 000 g离心5 min。吸取上清液加入TRIzol抽提细胞浆 RNA。对于沉淀,完全吸尽残余的上清,加入 TRIzol 抽提细胞核 RNA。所提取 RNA 即可用于下游LINC01424表达验证。

  • 1.2.2.2 cDNA 末端快速扩增技术(rapid amplifica-tion of cDNA end,RACE)实验

  • 具体操作方法参考 SMARTer 试剂盒(货号: 634858,TaKaRa公司,日本)说明书。针对3′RACE,利用 mRNA 的 3′末端 poly(A)尾作为 1 个引物结合位点,以连有SMART寡核苷酸序列通用接头引物的 Oligo(dT)30 作为锁定引物反转录合成标准第 1 链 cDNA,然后用 1 个基因特异引物 GSP1 作为上游引物,用1个含有部分接头序列的通用引物(universal primer,UPM)作为下游引物,以 cDNA 第 1 链为模板,进行PCR循环,把目的基因3′末端的DNA片段扩增出来。针对5′RACE实验,先利用GSP作为1个引物结合位点,在反转录酶 MMLV 作用下,反转录合成标准第1链cDNA。利用该反转录酶具有的末端转移酶活性,在反转录达到第1链的5′末端时自动加上 3~5 个(dC)残基,退火后(dC)残基与含有 SMART 寡核苷酸序列 Oliogo(dG)通用接头引物配对后,转换为以SMART序列为模板继续延伸而连上通用接头。随后 1 个含有部分接头序列的 UPM 作为上游引物,GSP2作为下游引物,以SMART第1链 cDNA为模板,进行PCR循环,把目的基因5′末端的 cDNA片段扩增出来。最终,通过分析RACE产物确定 3′末端序列,最终确定 LINC01424 序列。其中 GSP1 为 5′-TCGGGTCCAGCACCTTCTACTC-3′, GSP2为5′-ACACACTGGCTGCTCAGAG-3′。

  • 1.2.2.3 细胞活力实验

  • 取对数期生长细胞,铺满24孔板培养48 h后,每孔中加 MTT 溶液 20 μL 孵育 4 h 后加入 150 μL DMSO 溶液,轻轻振荡 10 min,使结晶物溶解充分。酶联免疫监测仪上选择490 nm波长处测定各孔的吸光度值。

  • 1.2.2.4 慢病毒感染

  • 分别构建LINC01424敲降及过表达慢病毒载体 (上海吉玛基因),将待感染细胞以1×105 个/孔铺到24 孔板中,放入37℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养过夜。待细胞进入对数生长期后,加入 polybrene6~8 μg/mL,加入3 μL病毒,37℃孵育4~6 h 换液,继续培养,嘌呤霉素筛选后进行后续实验研究。

  • 1.2.2.5 集落形成实验

  • 取各组对数生长期细胞,胰酶消化后,将细胞进行倍比稀释。按照每皿含50、100、200个细胞的浓度分别接种4 mL细胞悬液到培养皿中。培养皿置于37℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养2周。当培养皿中出现肉眼可见的克隆时,甲醇固定15 min。用Giemsa 染液染色 10 min 后进行计数。集落形成率=(集落数/接种细胞数)×100%。

  • 1.2.2.6 侵袭实验

  • 无血清培养基和基质胶按1∶5稀释,配制细胞悬液,每孔加入100 μL细胞悬液,下室加入500 μL 含 20%胎牛血清的条件培养液,37℃培养箱孵育 24 h。取出Transwell板,用5%戊二醛固定,加入Giemsa 染色。用棉球擦去上表面细胞,置于显微镜下观察,计数。

  • 1.2.2.7 荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridiza-tion,FISH)和免疫荧光染色

  • ECA109 细胞用PBS洗涤3次,每次5 min,然后用0.5% Triton X-100渗透5 min,PBS洗涤3次,每次 5 min。在37℃下杂交过夜后DAPI孵育10 min。使用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜对细胞进行成像。转染 ECA109 和 KYSE150 细胞培养后,4℃用 4%多聚甲醛覆盖固定后 PBS 清洗,用含 0.5% Triton X-100 的 PBS 于冰上透化细胞 5 min。在含有地高辛标记的 LINC01424-AS探针(广州锐博)的预杂交液中进行杂交,杂交温度为37℃,过夜。杂交后,样品与抗地高辛(Abcam 公司,美国)在 4℃ 孵育过夜,并用 DAB 底物试剂盒(DA1010;北京索莱宝)染色。用 DAPI对载玻片进行反染色,然后用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜进行观察。LINC01424-AS 探针序列为:5′-GACTTTTGTCACTTGAAGCTGAAGCTAATCCTGAT-AGAAGCTGTAAACCACATTTCTCACAGCGGGTCAA-TCGGGAAAGCACACCCACTCACTACAGCCATTA-3′。

  • 1.2.2.8 实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)

  • 总RNA用TRIzol试剂(Invitrogen公司,美国)提取。细胞核RNA和细胞质RNA分别用细胞质和细胞核RNA纯化试剂盒(上海贝博)分离。用NanoDrop 2000(Thermo Fisher 公司,美国)和琼脂糖凝胶电泳分析 RNA 的浓度和质量。使用 PrimeScriptTM RT 试剂盒(TaKaRa 公司,日本)进行反转录。采用ChamQ SYBR qPCR Master Mix(南京诺唯赞)进行 qRT-PCR。相对表达量采用 2-ΔΔCT法计算。所用引物序列见表1。

  • 1.2.3 动物实验

  • 1.2.3.1 动物分组

  • 实验动物为6~8周龄SPF级BALB/c雄性裸鼠,购于北京维通利华公司。动物饲养环境按标准化清洁级环境进行饲养;恒温恒湿,每日12 h光照,保证充足的食物和水。定期更换鼠笼,满足饲养环境的要求。动物实验研究已获南京医科大学第一附属医院动物保护与利用机构委员会批准(编号: 2022-SR-055)。

  • 表1 PCR引物序列

  • Table1 Primer sequences for PCR

  • 将BALB/c裸鼠随机分为敲降组和对照组,分别取感染LINC01424敲降慢病毒的ECA109细胞和感染空载体病毒的 ECA109 细胞,按照分组,于每只 BALB/c裸鼠的腋窝下注射等量的细胞悬液(细胞量约为 4×106 个)。动物在标准化SPF 环境下饲养。待瘤体形成后每 3 d测量1次瘤体体积,30 d后脊髓离断法处死小鼠,取瘤体称重,瘤体用于后续实验。

  • 1.2.3.2 免疫组化染色

  • 实验采用杭州图凌生物医药试剂盒进行操作 (货号I10091),样本首先在10%福尔马林缓冲液固定,随后经过石蜡包埋、脱蜡、水化后清洗切片,对切片进行组织抗原热修复;修复后的切片用自来水清洗。3%的过氧化氢封闭处理后,PBST清洗,Ki-67 抗体孵育 30 min 后,PBST 清洗,加酶标羊抗鼠 IgG 室温下孵育 30 min,PBST 缓冲液清洗切片。DAB 显色液进行显色。自来水清洗,使用苏木素染液复染。切片经过脱水,透明,封片后在显微镜下观察拍摄。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 所有统计分析均使用 R 软件(版本 3.2.30)进行。采用卡方检验比较分类变量的组间分布差异,采用t检验比较连续型变量的组间差异。采用Cox 比例风险回归模型评价与 ESCC 预后的关联,调整年龄、性别、吸烟、TNM分期、肿瘤分化程度及肿瘤部位等变量。采用GraphPad Prism 7软件绘制基因差异表达图及 Kaplan-Meier 图。P <0.05 为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 ESCC超保守CT-lncRNA的系统性筛选

  • 基于系统筛选的4 538个睾丸优势表达lncRNA,应用 UCSC 网站公布的 32 个物种间 phastCons 评分以及phyloP评分,在phyloP>0且phastCons>0.3的条件下,筛选出74个超保守睾丸优势表达 lncRNA;进一步采用 Xena 数据库标准化处理的TCGA及GTEx 表达数据,对上述74个lncRNA在ESCC组织及正常食管黏膜中的差异表达情况进行分析,结果共鉴定出 19 个 ESCC 相关超保守 CT-lncRNA(图1A)。基因差异表达分析显示,LINC01424在肿瘤组织中异常高表达( 图1B);生存分析结果显示,仅 LINC01424 与 ESCC 预后显著相关(图1C)。基于 GTEx数据库信息分析,LINC01424在正常睾丸组织中高表达,而在其他正常组织中低表达甚至不表达 (图1D);此外,对小鼠各组织的检测也发现, LINC01424在正常小鼠睾丸组织中高表达,而在其他正常组织中低表达甚至不表达(图1E)。通过 UCSC Xena数据库分析发现LINC01424 上游启动子区域的保守性较高(图1F)。通过 RACE 实验鉴定 LINC01424 的全长序列,结果显示 LINC01424 全长为4 270 bp,5′端获得序列大小为2 329 bp,3′端获得序列大小为1 888 bp,从而确定LINC01424在ESCC 细胞中的实际全长序列(图1G)。进一步通过RNA-FISH实验发现LINC01424在ESCC细胞核及细胞浆均有分布,且在细胞核中呈优势表达(图1H、I),提示LINC01424可能主要参与细胞核内的转录调控机制。以上结果表明,超保守CT-LINC01424可能影响 ESCC的进展。

  • 2.2 LINC01424在ESCC组织及不同分期中的表达

  • 利用课题组 118 对 ESCC-癌旁组织进行 qRT-PCR 验证,LINC01424 在 ESCC 组织中异常高表达 (图2A),与 Xena 数据库标准化处理的 TCGA 及 GTEx 数据分析结果一致(图1B);生存分析结果进一步确认 LINC01424 高表达与更差的 ESCC 预后显著相关(图2B)。综合 118 例受试患者的临床病理特征与 LINC01424 的表达情况进行分析(表2),结果显示 LINC01424 的表达与 ESCC 患者的 T 分期、N 分期及临床分期显著相关,且 LINC01424 的阳性表达预示着肿瘤分期较晚(图2C~E)。以上结果提示 LINC01424 的表达量与 ESCC 的发生及进展相关。

  • 图1 ESCC中CT-LINC01424的筛选

  • Figure1 Screening of CT-LINC01424 in ESCC

  • 2.3 LINC01424体外功能研究

  • 在正常食管黏膜上皮细胞及8个ESCC细胞系检测 LINC01424 的表达,发现 LINC01424 在 KYSE30、KYSE70、ECA109、KYSE180细胞系中表达显著高于正常食管黏膜上皮细胞,且在 ECA109 细胞系中的表达上调最高(图3A)。为了初步探索 LINC01424对ESCC的作用,设计合成LINC01424敲降及过表达慢病毒载体,取对数生长期的 ECA109细胞,进行敲降慢病毒的感染,取对数生长期的 KYSE410细胞,进行过表达慢病毒感染,并通过RT-PCR 确定各组 LINC01424 的表达情况(图3B)。 CCK-8、平板克隆、Transwell 实验结果表明,敲降 LINC01424 能够显著降低 ESCC 细胞增殖、侵袭能力;而过表达LINC01424后,其增殖、侵袭能力显著增强( 图3C~E)。以上细胞实验结果提示, LINC01424能够作为致癌基因在ESCC增殖、侵袭中发挥作用。

  • 图2 LINC01424在ESCC组织的表达及对预后的影响

  • Figure2 Expression of LINC01424 in ESCC and its effect on prognosis

  • 表2 LINC01424表达与临床病理参数的关系

  • Table2 Association between the expression of LINC01424 and clinicopathological parameters

  • 2.4 LINC01424体内功能研究

  • 为了进一步验证 LINC01424 在 ESCC 的作用,利用裸鼠移植瘤模型评价LINC01424对在体肿瘤生长的影响,结果表明敲降LINC01424明显抑制肿瘤的在体生长( 图4A~C)。 RT-PCR 检测发现 LINC01424敲降组中瘤体LINC01424 的表达明显降低(图4D),Ki-67 蛋白表达显著下调(图4E)。

  • 图3 敲低/过表达CT-LINC01424可以抑制/促进ESCC增殖和侵袭能力

  • Figure3 Knockdown/overexpression of CT-LINC01424 inhibited/promoted the proliferation and invasive ability of ESCC

  • 2.5 LINC01424潜在靶基因预测

  • 为进一步探索LINC01424对食管癌进展影响的具体机制,试图寻找其下游基因。基于 MEM 数据库,预测了LINC01424的潜在靶基因,相关性评分排名前10的基因如图5A所示。随后使用公共数据库 GSE53624(119对ESCC样本)分析结果进一步证实LINC01424 与着丝粒相关 1(kinetochore-associated 1,KNTC1)基因之间存在显著共表达关联(图5B)。同时,LINC01424 及 KNTC1 在 ESCC 癌组织中的表达显著高于癌旁组织(图5C、D)。

  • 图4 敲降CT-LINC01424可以抑制ESCC的生长

  • Figure4 Knockdown of CT-LINC01424 inhibited the growth of ESCC

  • 图5 LINC01424靶基因预测

  • Figure5 Prediction of target gene for LINC01424

  • 3 讨论

  • 食管癌目前已成为世界上最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,而我国是世界上 ESCC 发病率和病死率最高的国家之一。外科治疗是 ESCC 的主要根治手段,对于早期 ESCC 患者,内镜下黏膜切除术或黏膜剥离术(T1a)或单纯手术治疗(T1b、T2N0M0)即可取得满意的疗效。然而,大多数患者在确诊时已为局部晚期或存在远处转移,故总体预后不佳。因此,对于Ⅱ期及以上的患者,单纯外科治疗模式已经被以手术为主,包括术前新辅助与术后辅助治疗的多学科综合治疗模式替代[21]

  • 现行指南推荐采用包括化疗或者放化疗在内的辅助治疗方案。在传统的紫杉醇+铂类化疗方案的基础上,多种分子靶向药物,如表皮生长因子受体信号通路抑制剂尼妥珠单抗、血管内皮生长因子抑制剂贝伐单抗以及纳武单抗、替雷利珠为代表的多种药物用于 ESCC 治疗的临床研究亦广泛开展[22-27]。现行临床指南推荐卡瑞利珠单抗联合紫杉醇+顺铂为晚期ESCC的一线治疗方案,一项包含了596例晚期或转移性ESCC患者的Ⅲ期临床试验ESCORT-1st 显示,虽然患者相比单纯化疗治疗有所获益,但是其OS仍仅有15.3个月[26]。因此,深入研究ESCC的发病机制,探寻ESCC发生进展过程中的关键分子,为 ESCC 的治疗提供新的潜在干预靶点,具有较大的科研及临床价值。

  • 癌/睾丸抗原(cancer/testis antigen,CTA)是一组在恶性细胞和种系细胞中限制性表达的抗原,最初是通过患者来源的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞识别肿瘤抗原而发现的,这种表达特性使CTA成为疫苗或T细胞治疗靶点的潜在候选者[28]。之后的研究表明,多种 CTA 可以刺激上皮间充质转化和癌症干细胞样细胞的产生,从而促进肿瘤的侵袭和转移[29]。因此,CTA可以作为癌症治疗的靶点大力研发。本课题组既往根据CT基因的表达模式,首先在全基因组范围内将睾丸特异性基因划分为6类,其中C1和C2 组被定义为具有较高可信度的睾丸特异性编码基因,C2组中即包含lncRNA[30]。lncRNA可调控miRNA 降解、染色质重构,参与ESCC等多种肿瘤细胞的增殖、凋亡等生物学过程[31],在正常细胞和疾病状态(包括多种类型的癌症)中都具有重要的生物学功能[32]

  • 本研究系统筛选出 19 个 ESCC 相关的超保守 CT-lncRNA,其中有 1 个与 ESCC 预后显著相关的 CT-lncRNA,即LINC01424。检索文献发现,尚未有关于LINC01424的研究报道。qRT-PCR实验对118 对 ESCC-癌旁组织中 LINC01424 的表达进行验证,结果显示LINC01424在ESCC组织中较癌旁组织异常高表达,生存分析结果进一步确认LINC01424高表达与ESCC预后较差显著相关。细胞功能学实验及裸鼠成瘤实验揭示LINC01424对ESCC细胞的增殖和转移存在明显的促进作用。通过MEM数据库预测了 LINC01424 的潜在靶基因,结果发现 LINC01424 与KNTC1基因存在显著共表达关联。

  • KNTC1 蛋白是着丝粒蛋白复合物的遗传保留成员,对纺锤体构建和染色体分离至关重要[33]。它触发一个抑制信号,在纺锤体中的所有染色体都正确对齐之前排除晚期胞质分裂的发生。染色体分离和胞质分裂都是关键的生物学过程,依赖于多种进化上保守的蛋白质复合物,而KNTC1作为有丝分裂检查点的关键元件,可确保胞质分裂过程中染色体的正确分离,由 KNTC1 缺陷引起的染色体不稳定被认为是肿瘤形成的关键步骤之一[34]。研究发现,KNTC1的高表达与某些癌症的进展相关。例如 shRNA 介导的 KNTC1 敲降可以显著抑制非小细胞肺癌及子宫颈癌的发展[35],而在肝细胞癌中, KNTC1的下调则表现出明显的细胞抑制活性,引起细胞凋亡率上升[36]。文献报道,KNTC1 在 ESCC 中同样具有显著的促癌作用,可能通过促进细胞有丝分裂及加重缺氧环境等方式发挥其生物学效应[37]

  • 综上所述,本研究首次在 ESCC 中进行超保守 CT-lncRNA 的系统筛选,并成功鉴定出超保守 CT-LINC01424与ESCC进展及生存显著相关。体内及体外实验证实其参与 ESCC 增殖及侵袭的过程,通过数据库分析发现其与KNTC1基因存在共表达关系,可能通过KNTC1发挥其生物学作用,但具体作用机制需要进行更深入的研究。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LAGERGREN J,SMYTH E,CUNNINGHAM D,et al.Esophageal cancer[J].Lancet,2017,(10110):2383-2396

    • [2] UHLENHOPP D J,THEN E O,SUNKARA T,et al.Epi-demiology of esophageal cancer:update in global trends,etiology and risk factors[J].Clin J Gastroenterol,2020,13(6):1010-1021

    • [3] SUNG H,FERLAY J,SIEGEL R L,et al.Global cancer statistics 2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2021,71(3):209-249

    • [4] WONG M C S,HAMILTON W,WHITEMAN D C,et al.Global incidence and mortality of oesophageal cancer and their correlation with socioeconomic indicators temporal patterns and trends in 41 countries[J].Sci Rep,2018,8(1):4522

    • [5] MORTENSEN M B.Esophageal cancer:biology,natural history,staging and therapeutic options[J].Minerva Med,2007,98(4):299-303

    • [6] ALLEMANI C,MATSUDA T,DI CARLO V,et al.Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14(CON-CORD-3):analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 popu-lation-based registries in 71 countries[J].Lancet,2018,391(10125):1023-1075

    • [7] RILEY R S,JUNE C H,LANGER R,et al.Delivery tech-nologies for cancer immunotherapy[J].Nat Rev Drug Dis-cov,2019,18(3):175-196

    • [8] MIMURA K,YAMADA L,UJIIE D,et al.Immunotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:a review[J].Fu-kushima J Med Sci,2018,64(2):46-53

    • [9] KUO H Y,GUO J C,HSU C H.Anti-PD-1 immunothera-py in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:a long-awaited breakthrough finally arrives[J].J Formos Med Assoc,2020,119(2):565-568

    • [10] JING W,YAN W W,LIU Y G,et al.Slight advantages of nimotuzumab versus cetuximab plus concurrent chemora-diotherapy in locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Cancer Biol Ther,2019,20(8):1121-1126

    • [11] BANDO H,KOTANI D,TSUSHIMA T,et al.TENERGY:multicenter phase Ⅱ study of atezolizumab monotherapy following definitive chemoradiotherapy with 5-FU plus cisplatin in patients with unresectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].BMC Cancer,2020,20(1):336

    • [12] AI H H,YANG H,LI L,et al.Cancer/testis antigens:promising immunotherapy targets for digestive tract can-cers[J].Front Immunol,2023,14:1190883

    • [13] GHAFOURI-FARD S,MODARRESSI M H.Cancer-testis antigens:potential targets for cancer immunotherapy[J].Arch Iran Med,2009,12(4):395-404

    • [14] MARTÍNEZ-JIMÉNEZ F,MUIÑOS F,SENTÍS I,et al.A compendium of mutational cancer driver genes[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2020,20(10):555-572

    • [15] LIN D C,DINH H Q,XIE J J,et al.Identification of dis-tinct mutational patterns and new driver genes in oesopha-geal squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas[J].Gut,2018,67(10):1769-1779

    • [16] DANESHMAND S.Advanced testis cancer[J].Eur Urol Focus,2019,5(5):710-712

    • [17] HANAHAN D,WEINBERG R A.Hallmarks of cancer:the next generation[J].Cell,2011,144(5):646-674

    • [18] SINEATH R C,MEHTA A.Preservation of fertility in tes-tis cancer management[J].Urol Clin North Am,2019,46(3):341-351

    • [19] ZHANG Y J,ZHANG Y X,ZHANG L.Expression of can-cer-testis antigens in esophageal cancer and their prog-ress in immunotherapy[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2019,145(2):281-291

    • [20] WANG C,GU Y Y,ZHANG K,et al.Systematic identifi-cation of genes with a cancer-testis expression pattern in 19 cancer types[J].Nat Commun,2016,7:10499

    • [21] SHORT M W,BURGERS K G,FRY V T.Esophageal can-cer[J].Am Fam Physician,2017,95(1):22-28

    • [22] MENG X,ZHENG A P,WANG J,et al.Nimotuzumab plus concurrent chemo-radiotherapy in unresectable locally advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC):interim analysis from a phase 3 clinical trial[J].Br J Can-cer,2023,129(11):1787-1792

    • [23] WANG J F,ZHAO Q,CAI L,et al.Efficacy of bevacizumab and gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin in the treat-ment of esophageal cancer and the effect on the incidence of adverse reactions[J].Biomed Res Int,2022,2022:2317181

    • [24] MAKINO T,NAKAI S,MOMOSE K,et al.Efficacy and survival of nivolumab treatment for recurrent/unresectable esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma:real-world clinical data from a large multi-institutional cohort[J].Esophagus,2024,21(3):319-327

    • [25] XU T P,BAI J N,ZHAO K,et al.Induction therapy of tislelizumab combined with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil and subsequent conversion surgery in patients with unre-sectable advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:a phase 2,single center study[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2024:31(13):9321-9331

    • [26] LUO H Y,LU J,BAI Y X,et al.Effect of camrelizumab vs.placebo added to chemotherapy on survival and pro-gression-free survival in patients with advanced or meta-static esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:the ESCORT-1st randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA,2021,326(10):916-925

    • [27] YAN F,CHEN L P,YING M Z,et al.Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab combined with albumin-bound paclitaxel and nedaplatin for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Immunotherapy,2024,16(5):305-317

    • [28] MENG X Y,SUN X Q,LIU Z L,et al.A novel era of can-cer/testis antigen in cancer immunotherapy[J].Int Immu-nopharmacol,2021,98:107889

    • [29] SALMANINEJAD A,ZAMANI M R,POURVAHEDI M,et al.Cancer/testis antigens:expression,regulation,tumor invasion,and use in immunotherapy of cancers[J].Immu-nol Invest,2016,45(7):619-640

    • [30] LIU L,CHEN H W,CHEN X N,et al.KNTC1 as a puta-tive tumor oncogene in pancreatic cancer[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2023,149(7):3023-3031

    • [31] WANG J P,CARVAJAL-CARMONA L G,CHU J H,et al.Germline variants and advanced colorectal adenomas:adenoma prevention with celecoxib trial genome-wide as-sociation study[J].Clin Cancer Res,2013,19(23):6430-6437

    • [32] WU C,MIAO X P,HUANG L M,et al.Genome-wide as-sociation study identifies five loci associated with suscep-tibility to pancreatic cancer in Chinese populations[J].Nat Genet,2011,44(1):62-66

    • [33] QI H,CAO M,CHEN Y,et al.KNTC1 functions as a po-tential biomarker and oncogene regulating proliferation,migration and apoptosis in gastric cancer[J].International Immunopharmacology,2024,143:113257

    • [34] WANG C M,WANG Y Y,LIU C R,et al.Kinetochore-associated protein 1 promotes the invasion and tumorige-nicity of cervical cancer cells via matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9[J].Bioengineered,2022,13(4):9495-9507

    • [35] LIU R J,LIU R L,GUO Z Y,et al.shRNA-mediated knockdown of KNTC1 inhibits non-small-cell lung cancer through regulating PSMB8[J].Cell Death Dis,2022,13(8):685

    • [36] TONG H,LIU X H,PENG C H,et al.Silencing of KNTC1 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cells progres-sion via suppressing PI3K/Akt pathway[J].Cell Signal,2023,101:110498

    • [37] LIU C T,MIN L,WANG Y J,et al.shRNA-mediated knockdown of KNTC1 suppresses cell viability and induces apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Int J Oncol,2019,54(3):1053-1060

  • 参考文献

    • [1] LAGERGREN J,SMYTH E,CUNNINGHAM D,et al.Esophageal cancer[J].Lancet,2017,(10110):2383-2396

    • [2] UHLENHOPP D J,THEN E O,SUNKARA T,et al.Epi-demiology of esophageal cancer:update in global trends,etiology and risk factors[J].Clin J Gastroenterol,2020,13(6):1010-1021

    • [3] SUNG H,FERLAY J,SIEGEL R L,et al.Global cancer statistics 2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2021,71(3):209-249

    • [4] WONG M C S,HAMILTON W,WHITEMAN D C,et al.Global incidence and mortality of oesophageal cancer and their correlation with socioeconomic indicators temporal patterns and trends in 41 countries[J].Sci Rep,2018,8(1):4522

    • [5] MORTENSEN M B.Esophageal cancer:biology,natural history,staging and therapeutic options[J].Minerva Med,2007,98(4):299-303

    • [6] ALLEMANI C,MATSUDA T,DI CARLO V,et al.Global surveillance of trends in cancer survival 2000-14(CON-CORD-3):analysis of individual records for 37 513 025 patients diagnosed with one of 18 cancers from 322 popu-lation-based registries in 71 countries[J].Lancet,2018,391(10125):1023-1075

    • [7] RILEY R S,JUNE C H,LANGER R,et al.Delivery tech-nologies for cancer immunotherapy[J].Nat Rev Drug Dis-cov,2019,18(3):175-196

    • [8] MIMURA K,YAMADA L,UJIIE D,et al.Immunotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:a review[J].Fu-kushima J Med Sci,2018,64(2):46-53

    • [9] KUO H Y,GUO J C,HSU C H.Anti-PD-1 immunothera-py in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:a long-awaited breakthrough finally arrives[J].J Formos Med Assoc,2020,119(2):565-568

    • [10] JING W,YAN W W,LIU Y G,et al.Slight advantages of nimotuzumab versus cetuximab plus concurrent chemora-diotherapy in locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Cancer Biol Ther,2019,20(8):1121-1126

    • [11] BANDO H,KOTANI D,TSUSHIMA T,et al.TENERGY:multicenter phase Ⅱ study of atezolizumab monotherapy following definitive chemoradiotherapy with 5-FU plus cisplatin in patients with unresectable locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].BMC Cancer,2020,20(1):336

    • [12] AI H H,YANG H,LI L,et al.Cancer/testis antigens:promising immunotherapy targets for digestive tract can-cers[J].Front Immunol,2023,14:1190883

    • [13] GHAFOURI-FARD S,MODARRESSI M H.Cancer-testis antigens:potential targets for cancer immunotherapy[J].Arch Iran Med,2009,12(4):395-404

    • [14] MARTÍNEZ-JIMÉNEZ F,MUIÑOS F,SENTÍS I,et al.A compendium of mutational cancer driver genes[J].Nat Rev Cancer,2020,20(10):555-572

    • [15] LIN D C,DINH H Q,XIE J J,et al.Identification of dis-tinct mutational patterns and new driver genes in oesopha-geal squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas[J].Gut,2018,67(10):1769-1779

    • [16] DANESHMAND S.Advanced testis cancer[J].Eur Urol Focus,2019,5(5):710-712

    • [17] HANAHAN D,WEINBERG R A.Hallmarks of cancer:the next generation[J].Cell,2011,144(5):646-674

    • [18] SINEATH R C,MEHTA A.Preservation of fertility in tes-tis cancer management[J].Urol Clin North Am,2019,46(3):341-351

    • [19] ZHANG Y J,ZHANG Y X,ZHANG L.Expression of can-cer-testis antigens in esophageal cancer and their prog-ress in immunotherapy[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2019,145(2):281-291

    • [20] WANG C,GU Y Y,ZHANG K,et al.Systematic identifi-cation of genes with a cancer-testis expression pattern in 19 cancer types[J].Nat Commun,2016,7:10499

    • [21] SHORT M W,BURGERS K G,FRY V T.Esophageal can-cer[J].Am Fam Physician,2017,95(1):22-28

    • [22] MENG X,ZHENG A P,WANG J,et al.Nimotuzumab plus concurrent chemo-radiotherapy in unresectable locally advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC):interim analysis from a phase 3 clinical trial[J].Br J Can-cer,2023,129(11):1787-1792

    • [23] WANG J F,ZHAO Q,CAI L,et al.Efficacy of bevacizumab and gemcitabine in combination with cisplatin in the treat-ment of esophageal cancer and the effect on the incidence of adverse reactions[J].Biomed Res Int,2022,2022:2317181

    • [24] MAKINO T,NAKAI S,MOMOSE K,et al.Efficacy and survival of nivolumab treatment for recurrent/unresectable esophageal squamous-cell carcinoma:real-world clinical data from a large multi-institutional cohort[J].Esophagus,2024,21(3):319-327

    • [25] XU T P,BAI J N,ZHAO K,et al.Induction therapy of tislelizumab combined with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil and subsequent conversion surgery in patients with unre-sectable advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:a phase 2,single center study[J].Ann Surg Oncol,2024:31(13):9321-9331

    • [26] LUO H Y,LU J,BAI Y X,et al.Effect of camrelizumab vs.placebo added to chemotherapy on survival and pro-gression-free survival in patients with advanced or meta-static esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:the ESCORT-1st randomized clinical trial[J].JAMA,2021,326(10):916-925

    • [27] YAN F,CHEN L P,YING M Z,et al.Efficacy and safety of pembrolizumab combined with albumin-bound paclitaxel and nedaplatin for advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Immunotherapy,2024,16(5):305-317

    • [28] MENG X Y,SUN X Q,LIU Z L,et al.A novel era of can-cer/testis antigen in cancer immunotherapy[J].Int Immu-nopharmacol,2021,98:107889

    • [29] SALMANINEJAD A,ZAMANI M R,POURVAHEDI M,et al.Cancer/testis antigens:expression,regulation,tumor invasion,and use in immunotherapy of cancers[J].Immu-nol Invest,2016,45(7):619-640

    • [30] LIU L,CHEN H W,CHEN X N,et al.KNTC1 as a puta-tive tumor oncogene in pancreatic cancer[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2023,149(7):3023-3031

    • [31] WANG J P,CARVAJAL-CARMONA L G,CHU J H,et al.Germline variants and advanced colorectal adenomas:adenoma prevention with celecoxib trial genome-wide as-sociation study[J].Clin Cancer Res,2013,19(23):6430-6437

    • [32] WU C,MIAO X P,HUANG L M,et al.Genome-wide as-sociation study identifies five loci associated with suscep-tibility to pancreatic cancer in Chinese populations[J].Nat Genet,2011,44(1):62-66

    • [33] QI H,CAO M,CHEN Y,et al.KNTC1 functions as a po-tential biomarker and oncogene regulating proliferation,migration and apoptosis in gastric cancer[J].International Immunopharmacology,2024,143:113257

    • [34] WANG C M,WANG Y Y,LIU C R,et al.Kinetochore-associated protein 1 promotes the invasion and tumorige-nicity of cervical cancer cells via matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9[J].Bioengineered,2022,13(4):9495-9507

    • [35] LIU R J,LIU R L,GUO Z Y,et al.shRNA-mediated knockdown of KNTC1 inhibits non-small-cell lung cancer through regulating PSMB8[J].Cell Death Dis,2022,13(8):685

    • [36] TONG H,LIU X H,PENG C H,et al.Silencing of KNTC1 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cells progres-sion via suppressing PI3K/Akt pathway[J].Cell Signal,2023,101:110498

    • [37] LIU C T,MIN L,WANG Y J,et al.shRNA-mediated knockdown of KNTC1 suppresses cell viability and induces apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Int J Oncol,2019,54(3):1053-1060