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通讯作者:

郭宏丽,E-mail: salmon0724@163.com

中图分类号:R364

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)12-1657-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN240832

参考文献 1
PERALTA C,JIMÉNEZ-CASTRO M B,GRACIA-SAN-CHO J.Hepatic ischemia and reperfusion injury:effects on the liver sinusoidal milieu[J].J Hepatol,2013,59(5):1094-1106
参考文献 2
PENG J F,SALAMI O M,HABIMANA O,et al.Targeted mitochondrial drugs for treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Curr Drug Targets,2022,23(16):1526-1536
参考文献 3
MENG Q C,LIANG C,HUA J,et al.A miR-146a-5p/TRAF6/NF-κB p65 axis regulates pancreatic cancer che-moresistance:functional validation and clinical signifi-cance[J].Theranostics,2020,10(9):3967-3979
参考文献 4
LIU W Y,MIAO Y Q,ZHANG L,et al.MiR-211 protects cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting cell apoptosis[J].Bioengineered,2020,11(1):189-200
参考文献 5
WANG H,XI Z F,DENG L,et al.Macrophage polariza-tion and liver ischemia-reperfusion injury[J].Int J Med Sci,2021,18(5):1104-1113
参考文献 6
SÁNCHEZ-HERNÁNDEZ C D,TORRES-ALARCÓN L A,GONZÁLEZ-CORTÉS A,et al.Ischemia/reperfusion injury:pathophysiology,current clinical management,and potential preventive approaches[J].Mediators In-flamm,2020,2020:8405370
参考文献 7
ELTZSCHIG H K,ECKLE T.Ischemia and reperfusion-from mechanism to translation[J].Nat Med,2011,17(11):1391-1401
参考文献 8
HAUSENLOY D J,YELLON D M.Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury:a neglected therapeutic target[J].J Clin Invest,2013,123(1):92-100
参考文献 9
HO P T B,CLARK I M,LE L T T.MicroRNA-based diag-nosis and therapy[J].Int J Mol Sci,2022,23(13):7167
参考文献 10
YU H R,HUANG L H,LI S C.Roles of microRNA in the immature immune system of neonates[J].Cancer Lett,2018,433:99-106
参考文献 11
GABISONIA K,PROSDOCIMO G,AQUARO G D,et al.MicroRNA therapy stimulates uncontrolled cardiac repair after myocardial infarction in pigs[J].Nature,2019,569(7756):418-422
参考文献 12
NAHID M A,SATOH M,CHAN E K.MicroRNA in TLR signaling and endotoxin tolerance[J].Cell Mol Immunol,2011,8(5):388-403
参考文献 13
PENG X F,HE F,MAO Y L,et al.miR-146a promotes M2 macrophage polarization and accelerates diabetic wound healing by inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB axis[J].J Mol Endocrinol,2022,69(2):315-327
参考文献 14
ZHANG Y Q,LE X,ZHENG S,et al.MicroRNA-146a-5p-modified human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells enhance protection against diabetic nephropathy in rats through facilitating M2 macrophage polarization[J].Stem Cell Res Ther,2022,13(1):171
参考文献 15
BOLDIN M P,TAGANOV K D,RAO D S,et al.miR-146a is a significant brake on autoimmunity,myeloproli-feration,and cancer in mice[J].J Exp Med,2011,208(6):1189-1201
参考文献 16
ZHAO J L,RAO D S,BOLDIN M P,et al.NF-kappaB dysregulation in microRNA-146a-deficient mice drives the development of myeloid malignancies[J].Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,2011,108(22):9184-9189
参考文献 17
HE X B,JING Z Z,CHENG G F.MicroRNAs:new regula-tors of Toll-like receptor signalling pathways[J].Biomed Res Int,2014,2014:945169
参考文献 18
SUN J,LIAO Z,LI Z Y,et al.Down-regulation miR-146a-5p in Schwann cell-derived exosomes induced macro-phage M1 polarization by impairing the inhibition on TRAF6/NF-κB pathway after peripheral nerve injury[J].Exp Neurol,2023,362:114295
参考文献 19
VAN GOLEN R F,VAN GULIK T M,HEGER M.The sterile immune response during hepatic ischemia/reperfu-sion[J].Cytokine Growth Factor Rev,2012,23(3):69-84
参考文献 20
XU J Q,GAO C G,HE Y J,et al.NLRC3 expression in macrophage impairs glycolysis and host immune defense by modulating the NF-κB-NFAT5 complex during septic immunosuppression[J].Mol Ther,2023,31(1):154-173
参考文献 21
ZENG Q,YE L,LING M Y,et al.TLR4/TRAF6/NOX2 signaling pathway is involved in ventilation-induced lung injury via endoplasmic reticulum stress in murine model[J].Int Immunopharmacol,2021,96:107774
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨miR-146a在缺氧诱导巨噬细胞炎症反应中的作用。方法:建立体外巨噬细胞缺氧-复氧模型,检测缺氧诱导巨噬细胞中miR-146a/肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6,TRAF6)的表达水平及炎症因子、活性氧的变化,并在巨噬细胞中过表达或抑制miR-146a,分析其对巨噬细胞炎症反应的作用。结果:缺氧诱导巨噬细胞中miR-146a表达下降,同时,TRAF6以及炎症因子、活性氧表达升高。过表达miR-146a通过直接靶向结合TRAF6减少 TRAF6的表达,从而减轻巨噬细胞炎症因子及活性氧的释放,然而,转染miR-146a抑制剂增加TRAF6的蛋白水平,增强炎症反应。结论:上调miR-146a的表达可直接抑制TRAF6,减轻缺氧诱导巨噬细胞的炎症反应。新的针对miR-146a治疗策略可能有利于减轻缺血再灌注时巨噬细胞释放的炎症因子及活性氧导致的损伤。

    Abstract

    Objective:To explore the role of microRNA-146a(miR-146a)in hypoxia induced inflammatory responses in macrophages. Methods:The expression of miR-146a/tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6(TRAF6),inflammatory factors and reactive oxygen species(ROS)in macrophages were determined under hypoxia-reoxygenation model. Moreover,release of inflammatory factors and ROS were analyzed after mimic or inhibitor of miR-146a. Results:The miR-146a expression level was obviously decreased in hypoxia induced macrophages,while the expression of TRAF6,inflammatory factors and ROS increased. Overexpression of miR -146a directly targeted and decreased TRAF6 expression and reduced the release of inflammatory factors and ROS,however,transfection with miR-146a inhibitor increased the levels of TRAF6 and promoted inflammatory response. Conclusion: Overexpression of miR -146a attenuates the inflammation response in hypoxia induced macrophages by directly targeting the TRAF6 gene. New treatment strategies targeting miR -146a may help reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury caused by inflammatory factors and ROS in macrophages.

    关键词

    miR-146a缺氧巨噬细胞炎症反应活性氧

  • 缺血再灌注损伤(ischemia-reperfusion injury, IRI)可发生在多种组织器官中,包括脑、肾脏、心脏、肝脏、肢体等[1]。缺血再灌注早期,相关免疫细胞尤其是巨噬细胞被激活,释放多种炎症因子、化学分子、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),从而引起缺血再灌注后期中性粒细胞的浸润和细胞的凋亡,导致组织坏死[2]。目前IRI过程中免疫细胞参与的机制仍不明确。多种微小RNA(microRNA,miRNA) 被证明参与免疫反应,特别地,miRNA-146a(miR-146a)被证实通过靶向抑制肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子6(tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6,TRAF6),可负性调节 Toll 样受体 4(Toll-like receptor 4,TLR4)通路[3]。然而,miR-146a能否通过抑制TLR4信号通路,减轻IRI还有待深入研究。本研究通过建立体外巨噬细胞缺氧-复氧模型模拟缺血再灌注过程,并通过定量PCR及蛋白印迹实验研究此过程中 miR-146a 的表达水平,以及 TRAF6 mRNA和蛋白的表达水平,并通过转染miR-146a模拟物(miR-146a mimic)及抑制物(miR-146a inhibitor),验证其对 TRAF6 的调控以及对巨噬细胞炎症因子和ROS 释放的调节作用,为减轻组织器官IRI 提供新的方向和治疗策略。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264.7购于中国科学院上海细胞资源中心。

  • 胎牛血清、DMEM培养基、无糖DMEM培养基、 0.25%胰酶(Gibco 公司,美国);AnaeroPack-Anaero 缺氧袋(MGC公司,日本);TRAF6及β-actin的引物、 TRIzol、Lipofectamine2000(Invitrogen 公司,美国); TaqmanTM MicroRNA 反转录试剂盒、miR-146a 及 RNU6B 特异性 Taqman 探针和 TaqmanTM Universal PCR Master Mix(ABI公司,美国);TRAF6、β-actin一抗(Santa 公司,美国);miR-146a mimic、miR-146a inhibitor 以及相应的阴性对照(上海吉玛公司); Valukine ELISA kit(RD公司,美国);Dual-Glo luciferase Reporter Assay System(Promega公司,美国)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 细胞培养

  • 在恒温 37℃、含 5% CO2的细胞培养箱中进行细胞培养,培养基为添加了10%胎牛血清、50 U/mL 青霉素和50 μg/mL庆大霉素的DMEM培养基。

  • 1.2.2 缺氧-复氧实验

  • 参考Liu等[4] 报道的细胞缺氧-复氧模型,取对数生长期的 RAW264.7 细胞系,每孔 4×105 个细胞种植于 6 孔板中培养 24 h,换成无血清无糖培养基,置于 AnaeroPack-Anaero 缺氧袋内,通过氧指示剂显示袋内氧含量低于 5%时再培养 1 h,拿出并换成完全培养基继续培养 6 h 后收集细胞及细胞上清液。

  • 1.2.3 细胞转染

  • 取对数生长期的RAW264.7细胞系,每孔4×105 个细胞种植于 6 孔板中培养 24 h,50 nmol/L miR-146a mimic 或 miR-146a inhibitor,以及相应的阴性对照通过 Lipofectamine2000 进行转染,具体转染步骤参照试剂盒说明书,转染后24 h收集标本或进行缺氧-复氧实验。

  • 1.2.4 实时定量PCR

  • 应用TRIzol提取细胞总RNA,并测定RNA浓度及纯度。然后通过反转录试剂盒将总RNA逆转录成cDNA,设计引物序列,TRAF6上游引物:5′-CCT-GGGTTATGTGCCGCTT-3′,下游引物:5′-GAGGAT-GTGAACGAGGTCAGC-3′;β-actin上游引物:5′-GT-GACGTTGACATCCGTAAAGA-3′,下游引物:5′-GCCGGACTCATCGTACTCC-3′。最后通过 SYBR Green定量PCR试剂盒进行定量检测。

  • 为检测 miR-146a 的表达,首先利用 TaqmanTM MicroRNA 反转录试剂盒进行逆转录,具体操作按说明书进行,然后应用 miRNA 特异性 Taqman 探针和TaqmanTM Universal PCR Master Mix进行miR-146a 的实时定量检测,RNU6B作为内参。所有实时定量反应均在 ABI StepOnePlus real-time PCR system 上进行,每个反应设3个复孔。

  • 1.2.5 Western blot

  • 细胞用含1%蛋白酶抑制剂的细胞裂解液进行裂解,蛋白样品在10% SDS-PAGE中电泳,然后将蛋白转移至PVDF膜,5%脱脂牛奶在室温下封闭1 h,加一抗(anti-TRAF6、anti-β-actin)在4℃过夜,然后在室温下加HRP标记的二抗孵育1 h。常规ECL曝光、扫描成像。

  • 1.2.6 ELISA

  • 收集细胞上清液,按照ELISA试剂盒说明进行操作,检测上清液中肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor α,TNF-α)的含量,实验重复3次。

  • 1.2.7 双荧光素酶报告分析

  • pmirGLO、pRL-TK 荧光素酶质粒购于美国Pro-mega公司,设计的野生和突变型寡聚核苷酸序列由上海 Invitrogen 公司合成,通过限制性核酸内切酶 NheⅠ、XhoⅠ位点插入 pmirGLO 质粒,构建完成 pmirGLO-TRAF6-wt/mut质粒,构建的质粒测序证实构建成功。为了进行双荧光素酶报告分析,将miR-146a mimic 或其对照和 pmirGLO-TRAF6-wt/mut 质粒、pRL-TK 质粒共同转染进 RAW264.7 细胞中,转染 24 h 后应用 Dual-Glo Luciferase Reporter Assay System在GloMax 20/20 Luminometer上检测。

  • 野生型寡聚核苷酸序列:正义链 5′-CTAGC-GTTCTCATGGTCAGAAGTTCTCATC-3′,反义链5′-TCGAGATGAGAACTTCTGACCATGAGAACG-3′;突变型寡聚核苷酸序列:正义链5′-CTAGCTTCTCAT-GGTCAGACTGGAGACTC-3′,反义链 5′-TCGAGA-GTCTCCAGTCTGACCATGAGAACG-3′(下划线为酶切位点,加粗部分为靶向序列)。

  • 1.2.8 ROS测定

  • 经处理的细胞用无血清的DMEM培养基漂洗3 遍,用5 μmol/L超氧化物阴离子荧光探针(上海碧云天)在 37℃细胞培养箱中孵育 30 min,然后在荧光倒置显微镜下观察,红色荧光标记代表 ROS 的释放。实验重复3次。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 运用SPSS 18.0软件进行统计分析,计量资料以均数±标准差(x-±s)表示,两组间比较采用 t 检验, P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 巨噬细胞系中缺氧-复氧模型的建立

  • 建立细胞缺氧-复氧模型,定量 PCR 显示 RAW264.7 细胞经过 1 h 缺氧和 6 h 再复氧后 miR-146a 的表达明显下降(图1A),而 TRAF6 的表达则明显升高(图1B)。ELISA 检测细胞上清发现炎症因子TNF-α在缺氧-复氧后分泌也明显增加(图1C)。

  • 图1 巨噬细胞缺氧-复氧诱导

  • Figure1 Induction of hypoxia-reoxygenation in macrophages

  • 2.2 miR-146a调控TRAF6的表达

  • 为了验证 miR-146a 对 TRAF6 的表达调控,将 miR-146a mimic 或 miR-146a inhibitor 分别转染入 RAW264.7细胞中。qPCR结果显示,转染miR-146a mimic明显增加了细胞中miR-146a的表达(图2A),而且Western blot结果显示缺氧-复氧后TRAF6的蛋白表达被抑制(图2C)。相反地,miR-146a inhibitor 有效抑制了 miR-146a 的表达(图2B),同时 TRAF6 的蛋白表达明显增加(图2D)。

  • 2.3 miR-146a靶向结合TRAF6

  • 为了进一步确定TRAF6是否是miR-146a的直接靶点,通过 microRNA 靶点预测软件 Target Scan 5.2得到了miR-146a可能结合TRAF6的3′非翻译区 (3′untranslated region,3′UTR),并以此构建了质粒 pmirGLO-TRAF6-wt/mut(图3A)。最后应用双荧光素酶报告分析,发现转染miR-146a mimic明显降低了 pmirGLO-TRAF6-wt 质粒中荧光素酶活性(图3B)。以上结果表明miR-146a在巨噬细胞中直接靶向TRAF6并下调其表达。

  • 2.4 miR-146a减轻巨噬细胞炎症反应

  • 通过 ELISA 检测细胞上清,发现过表达 miR-146a的巨噬细胞缺氧-复氧后炎症因子TNF-α的分泌较对照组明显减少,而转染miR-146a inhibitor 后可以观察到相反的现象(图4A)。同时在检测细胞 ROS时也发现了类似的改变(图4B)。

  • 3 讨论

  • IRI 是影响组织器官功能维持的关键因素,其病理过程包括免疫系统的激活、ROS 的释放、细胞的凋亡与损伤等[1],而其中巨噬细胞被证明参与多种器官的IRI过程[5]。多项研究表明缺血再灌注可诱导巨噬细胞浸润并释放多种炎症因子,包括白介素-1β、白介素-6、TNF-α以及 ROS 导致器官组织损伤、坏死[6-8]。miRNA 是一种约 23 个核苷酸的非编码小RNA,通过与信使RNA的3′UTR互补进行转录后调控[9]。miRNA 被证明参与几乎所有的生物过程,包括细胞增殖、凋亡、分化等,与此同时,大量证据表明 miRNA 也可参与免疫系统的过程[10-12]。本研究发现miR-146a通过抑制TRAF6的表达,减轻了巨噬细胞缺氧-复氧过程中炎症因子及ROS的释放。

  • 图2 miR-146a调控TRAF6的表达

  • Figure2 Regulation of miR-146a in the expression of TRAF6

  • 图3 miR-146a靶向结合TRAF6

  • Figure3 miR-146a targeted TRAF6

  • 缺氧-复氧实验是常用的体外缺血再灌注模型[4]。本研究将此模型应用在小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264.7 上,以检测缺氧-复氧诱导后miR-146a、TRAF6的表达水平以及炎症因子的释放。结果表明,TRAF6的表达明显上调,而且通过ELISA分析发现炎症因子释放也明显增加,然而细胞中miR-146a的表达却明显下调。提示miR-146a/TRAF6在巨噬细胞的炎症反应中可能起到重要作用,这也与之前的研究报道相符合[13-14]。此外,与野生型小鼠相比,敲除 miR-146a小鼠骨髓来源的巨噬细胞中TRAF6蛋白水平显著增加[15]。然而,该小鼠是否对IRI更敏感,有待进一步证实。

  • 图4 miR-146a调控巨噬细胞炎症反应

  • Figure4 miR-146a regulates the inflammatory response of macrophages

  • 为了进一步验证miR-146a与TRAF6之间是否存在调控作用,通过转染miR-146a mimic上调巨噬细胞中miR-146a的表达可以抑制TRAF6的蛋白表达,并且双荧光素酶分析结果表明,这种抑制作用是直接靶向的,相反地,抑制miR-146a的表达则增加 TRAF6 的蛋白表达。本研究结果与最近的报道一致,miR-146a可以靶向TRAF6,负调控Toll样受体信号通路[16-17]。TRAF6是缺血再灌注诱导的细胞质蛋白激酶,磷酸化后促进转录因子 NF-κB 的核转位,从而释放促炎细胞因子,包括TNF-α和IL-6 [718]。而且,在TRAF6缺陷的巨噬细胞中,Toll样受体信号通路介导的炎症反应明显受损[19-20]。本研究发现, miR-146a抑制TRAF6后减少了巨噬细胞炎症因子的释放,相反,抑制miR-146a的表达增加了炎症因子的释放。激活Toll样受体信号通路可以明显增加 ROS的产生[21],本研究中转染miR-146a mimic的巨噬细胞缺氧-复氧后ROS产生较对照组明显减少,而抑制miR-146a表达后ROS明显增加。这些结果表明miR-146a可能通过下调TRAF6的表达减轻巨噬细胞炎症反应并减少ROS的释放。

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