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通讯作者:

何英,E-mail: 1726089233@qq.com

中图分类号:R541.75

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2024)12-1715-08

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNSN241000

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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 18
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:建立并验证心房颤动患者射频消融术中给予首剂肝素30 min后测得活化凝血时间(activated clotting time, ACT)(30 min-ACT)的列线图预测模型。方法:选择2020年1月—2022年12月于南京医科大学第一附属医院心内科导管室行导管射频消融治疗、非瓣膜性心房颤动患者1090例,以3∶1比例随机分为训练集和测试集,对两组各项指标进行Kruskal-Wal- lis检验、卡方检验比较其基线特征。通过LASSO回归及单因素、多因素线性回归分析影响30 min-ACT的因素,据此建立心房颤动患者射频消融术中30 min-ACT的预测模型并评估其预测效果。结果:多因素结果分析提示卒中史、华法林、血小板计数、凝血酶原时间、基础ACT、基础ACT2 、首剂肝素剂量是房颤患者射频消融术中首剂肝素ACT的独立预测因素,据此构建的列线图预测模型预测具有一定的准确度(训练集65.9%,测试集74.6%)和较高的灵敏度(训练集77.4%,测试集83.0%)。结论:根据卒中史、华法林、血小板计数、凝血酶原时间、基础ACT、基础ACT2 、首剂肝素剂量构建的30 min-ACT列线图模型可以预测心房颤动患者射频消融术中首剂肝素的抗凝效果,对临床工作具有一定指导作用。

    Abstract

    Objective:To establish and validate a nomogram prediction model for the activated clotting time(ACT)measured 30 minutes after the first dose of heparin(30 min-ACT)in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing radiofrequency ablation. Methods: From January 2020 to December 2022,1090 patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who underwent catheter radiofrequency ablationinthe catheter room of the Department of Cardiology,the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were included. These patients were randomly divided into a training set and a testing set in a 3∶1 ratio. Kruskal-Wallis and Chi-square tests were used to compare the baseline characteristics of the two groups. LASSO regression and univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were conductedto identify factors influencing 30 min-ACT. Based on these findings,a prediction model for 30 min-ACT with the first dose of heparin during radiofrequency ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation was established and evaluated. Results:Multivariate analysis suggested that stroke history,warfarin use,platelet count,prothrombin time(PT),baseline ACT,baseline ACT2 ,and first dose of heparin were independent predictors of first dose of heparin ACT during radiofrequency cardiac ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation. The resulting nomogram prediction model showed a certain level of accuracy(training set 65.9%,testing set 74.6%)and higher sensitivity(training set 77.4%,testing set 83.0%). Conclusion:The 30 min -ACT nomogram model,based on stroke history, warfarin ues,platelet count,PT,baseline ACT,baseline ACT2 ,and first dose of heparin,can predict the anticoagulant effect of the first dose of heparin in atrial fibrillation patients,providing valuable clinical guidance.

  • 心房颤动(简称房颤)是最常见的持续性心律失常,具有较高的致残率和致死率。2020—2021年的中国房颤调查数据显示,≥18岁的成年人中,房颤患病率约为 2.3%,即约有 2 000 万房颤患者[1]。心脏射频消融(radiofrequency cardiac ablation,RFCA) 作为房颤患者的心律控制治疗已被广泛应用,可有效改善房颤患者症状、心功能和生活质量[2-5]。然而,围手术期发生出血和栓塞等并发症的风险仍较高,达4.51%[6],且房颤患者发生的卒中风险是无房颤人群的 5 倍[7]。国内外研究表明,术中有效抗凝是预防缺血事件的关键[28-10]。中国房颤治疗指南及专家共识推荐术中常规应用肝素抗凝以维持活化凝血时间(activated clotting time,ACT)在 250~350 s [11]。随着多种能量来源及消融工具应用于 RFCA手术,手术时间越来越短[12],而ACT水平、达标时间与围术期卒中密切相关[13],因此,尽早实现目标ACT、实现首剂肝素达标十分必要。近年来,非维生素K 拮抗剂口服抗凝药(non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants,NOAC)如达比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、依多沙班等已被批准用于长期抗凝[14],对非瓣膜性房颤患者抗凝治疗的安全性和有效性已得到证实[15-16]。研究表明[17-18],随着NOAC的广泛应用,指南推荐的100 U/kg的首剂肝素剂量难以达到抗凝要求,患者需要更高的肝素剂量和更长的时间才能达到目标ACT。不同年龄、体重等特征及应用不同NOAC的患者,其ACT对肝素的反应敏感性存在显著差异[19-20]。本研究尝试构建心房颤动射频消融术中首剂肝素ACT的预测模型,并分析其预测效果及临床效用,以期为房颤患者消融术中应用肝素抗凝的首剂量提供参考。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究为单中心回顾性研究,连续选入2020年 1 月—2022 年 12 月于南京医科大学第一附属医院心内科导管室进行心脏导管射频消融治疗、非瓣膜性心房颤动1 090例患者。排除标准:基础ACT(肝素给药前测得的ACT值)≥250 s,存在心内血栓,严重肝肾功能不全(内生肌酐清除率<30 mL/min)、肝功能下降(Child-Pugh 分级 B 级以上)、存在抗凝禁忌证或手术禁忌证、未完成手术及术中发生重大病情变化的病例。本研究方案已通过南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准(伦理批号:2023-SRFA-189),所有患者均签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 房颤射频消融术及抗凝

  • 本研究中所有患者均在局麻下进行手术,穿刺股静脉后测基础 ACT 值,穿刺房间隔后依据基础 ACT 值给予肝素初始剂量进行肝素化,其后测定 30 min-ACT(首剂肝素给药后 30 min 测得的 ACT 值),根据测量值追加肝素剂量,以维持ACT水平为 250~350 s。

  • 1.2.2 资料采集

  • 统计入选患者年龄、性别、身高、体重、体重指数、房颤类型、CHA2DS2-VASC 评分、合并症(出血史、卒中史、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、心衰、肝肾功能不全、恶性肿瘤)、术前用药(华法林、达比加群、利伐沙班、抗血小板药物、胺碘酮)、实验室检查、心脏彩超等人口学特征及病史资料;并从手术记录单上获取患者基础ACT、30 min-ACT、术中肝素用量、手术方式。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛方法对缺失数据进行多重插补,以提高统计效能和减少选择偏倚。将患者以 3∶1 的比例随机分配到训练集和测试集中,使用描述性统计总结连续变量:计量资料以均值±标准差(x-±s)(正态分布)、中位数及四分位数 [MP25P75)](偏态分布)进行描述,计数资料以频数(百分比)进行描述。采用Shapiro-Wilks检验判断计量资料是否符合正态分布。采用 Kruskal-Wallis 检验(正态分布的连续变量)、卡方检验或校正卡方检验(分类变量)比较训练集和测试集的基线特征。在训练集中确定与30 min-ACT 独立相关的变量,采用最小绝对值收敛和选择算子算法(least absolute shrinkage and selection operator,LASSO)回归筛选与30 min-ACT相关的关键特征,以简化模型及防止过拟合。采用十折交叉验证计算 LASSO 回归的最优调和参数λ,并取1个标准误内的最大值进行后续分析。采用单因素线性回归确定影响30 min-ACT的可能预测因素,并将P <0.05的预测因素纳入多因素线性回归模型,最终P仍<0.05的预测因素被认为是影响30 min-ACT的独立预后因素,以此建立和验证心房颤动患者射频消融术中首剂肝素 ACT的预测模型。其次,将该模型用于预测测试集的30 min-ACT。为了分析最终模型的性能,验证了其在训练集和测试集的准确性和灵敏度。所有统计学分析及绘图均使用 R 语言(4.1.1 版本)完成。以P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 研究人群的基线特征

  • 本研究共纳入1 090例患者,排除1例异常观测值后,共1 089例患者被随机分配到训练集(n=817) 和测试集(n=272)。表1列出了两组患者的人口学数据、合并症、用药史、体格检查、实验室检查、术中首剂肝素剂量等特征的比较,结果表明训练集和测试集之间差异无统计学意义。

  • 2.2 LASSO回归及变量筛选

  • 合计56个预测变量被纳入LASSO回归分析,十折交叉验证得出的lnλ=1.69(λ=5.40),筛选9个特征 (图1),分别为卒中史、华法林、利伐沙班、血小板计数、肌酐、凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time,PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time,APTT)、基础ACT、首剂肝素剂量。

  • 2.3 单因素及多因素线性回归分析

  • 为满足线性回归的假设检验中线性和方差齐性的原则,将基础ACT和基础ACT2 同时纳入线性回归分析。单因素线性回归分析结果显示,卒中史、华法林、利伐沙班、血小板计数、肌酐、PT、APTT、基础 ACT、基础 ACT2、首剂肝素剂量与房颤患者射频消融术中30 min-ACT 相关。将以上变量纳入多因素回归模型,结果显示,卒中史、华法林、血小板计数、PT、基础ACT、基础ACT2、首剂肝素剂量是影响 30 min-ACT的独立预后因素(表2)。

  • 表1 训练集和测试集入选人群的基线特征比较

  • Table1 Comparison of baseline characteristics of patients between the training set and testing set

  • (续表1)

  • IQR:interquartile range;BMI:body mass index;SBP:systolic blood pressure;DBP:diastolic blood pressure;PLT:platelet count;RDW:red blood cell distribution width;ALT:alanine aminotransferase;AST:aspartate aminotransferase;TC:total cholesterol;LDL-C:low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. HDL-C:high-density lipoprotein cholesterol;TG:triglyceride. PT:prothrombin time;INR:international normalized ratio;APTT:activated partial thromboplastin time;FIB:fibrinogen;TT:thrombin time;LAD:left atrial diameter;LVD:left ventricular end diastolic dimension;LVEF:left ventricular ejection fraction;ACT:activated clotting time.

  • 2.4 列线图预测模型的建立

  • 本研究通过LASSO回归分析筛选出9个关键特征,后通过单因素及多因素线性回归分析确定了7个变量。这些变量被用于构建预测模型,旨在通过预测房颤患者在射频消融术中30 min-ACT 时间是否达到目标值,来指导肝素的个体化应用。该模型基于卒中史、华法林、血小板计数、PT、基础ACT、基础 ACT2、首剂肝素剂量建立,模型的总得分越高,表明 30 min-ACT时间越长(图2)。

  • 2.5 列线图预测模型的效能评价

  • 该模型用来比较患者30 min-ACT的观察值和预测值(图3),发现其在训练集(准确度=65.9%,灵敏度=77.4%)和测试集(准确度=74.6%,灵敏度=83.0%) 中均具有一定的准确度和较高的灵敏度。

  • 图1 LASSO的变量筛选过程

  • Figure1 LASSO’s variable screening process

  • 表2 房颤患者射频消融术中30 min-ACT的线性回归分析结果

  • Table2 Linear regression analysis of 30 min-ACT during RFCA in AF patients

  • 3 讨论

  • 目前指南已将RFCA作为症状性房颤患者的一线治疗方案[9],国内指南和专家共识推荐术中以 100 U/kg 给予首剂肝素,维持 ACT 在 250~350 s [11],然而术中肝素及 ACT 监测证据多来自维生素 K 拮抗剂的治疗经验[21]。研究表明,ACT水平是影响无症状脑梗死发生的独立危险因素(OR=0.996,P <0.001)[22]。 Harada 等[13] 研究认为房颤患者围术期卒中的发生率与基础 ACT 和 ACT 达标时间有显著相关。ACT每增加1个单位,卒中发生率降低0.4%,而ACT>320 s时不发生卒中[23]。由此可见,达标范围内高水平的 ACT 对降低围术期并发症有重要作用。然而既往研究多聚焦于ACT达标率[24],目前尚无结合患者临床特征及首剂肝素剂量对房颤消融术中30 min-ACT的预测模型。本研究结果显示,卒中史、华法林、血小板计数、PT、基础 ACT、基础 ACT2、首剂肝素剂量是房颤患者消融术中首剂肝素 ACT 的独立预测因素。本文建立并验证了一个列线图模型,量化术中首剂肝素的剂量以达到目标 ACT,从而指导房颤消融术中个体化肝素应用。

  • 基础 ACT 是影响 30 min-ACT 和预后的重要因素。研究表明[25],基础ACT与30 min-ACT呈线性相关。本研究中多因素线性回归分析显示,基础 ACT、基础ACT2 是影响30 min-ACT的独立因素。现有证据显示,术前应用不同抗凝方案(华法林、达比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班)的房颤患者,基础ACT、术中所需初始肝素剂量以及达到目标 ACT 的时间显著不同[8172026-28]。Yamaji 等[18] 发现基线 ACT 在达比加群、利伐沙班和阿哌沙班 3 个 NOAC组之间存在差异,且服用NOAC的房颤患者消融所需的起始肝素剂量较服用华法林者高10%~20%,并建议对服用达比加群的患者给予120 U/kg的首剂肝素,利伐沙班和阿哌沙班为 130 U/kg。本研究并未显示 NOAC 是影响 30 min-ACT 的独立因素,NOAC 可能通过改变基础ACT来影响术中肝素抗凝效果。

  • 图2 预测房颤患者射频消融术中30 min-ACT的列线图

  • Figure2 Nomogram for predicting30 min-ACT during RFCA in patients with AF

  • 图3 在训练集(A,n=817)和测试集(B,n=272)中,房颤射频消融术中观察到的30 min-ACT与预测的30 min-ACT比较

  • Figure3 Observed versus predicted 30 min ACT during RFCA in patients with AF in the training set(A,n=817)and test-ing set(B,n=272)

  • 本研究也具有一定局限性:①本研究在收集和分析患者资料时,不同于以往研究聚焦于ACT的达标率,主要关注术中 ACT 的具体数值,但患者术后出血和无症状脑梗死等围术期并发症的情况需要进一步研究。②一些研究表明[29],极端体重患者需要比正常人更多的肝素剂量才能达到30 min-ACT的目标,而本中心的极端体重患者较少,因此,需要对极端 BMI 患者进行进一步研究。③本研究为单中心回顾性研究,可能存在一定的选择、混杂和信息偏倚。④本研究采用随机分组方式确定训练集和测试集;因此,本研究的结果尚需结合其他中心的数据进行外部验证。

  • 本研究回顾分析了RFCA术后房颤患者的大量临床资料,采用LASSO分析和多因素线性回归分析确定了影响心房颤动患者射频消融术 30 min-ACT 的7个独立因素(卒中史、华法林、血小板计数、PT、基础 ACT、基础 ACT2、首剂肝素剂量),并基于此建立和验证了一个简单、实用的可视化列线图模型。这是首个预测房颤消融术首剂肝素 ACT 的预测模型,也具有一定的准确性和较高的灵敏度,可指导房颤患者术中肝素首剂个体化应用的剂量,以尽早达到目标 ACT,降低房颤导致的致残和致死风险。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SHI S,TANG Y,ZHAO Q,et al.Prevalence and risk of atrial fibrillation in China:a national cross-sectional epi-demiological study[J].Lancet Reg Health West Pac,2022,23:100439

    • [2] GELDER I C,RIENSTRA M,BUNTING K V,et al.2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery(EACTS)[J].Eur Heart J,2024,45(36):3314-3414

    • [3] LIU Y,LIU Q,YANG Y,et al.Effect of radiofrequency catheter ablation on left atrial structure and function in pa-tients with different types of atrial fibrillation[J].Sci Rep,2022,12(1):9511

    • [4] 王彦涵,张莱,王君,等.心房颤动伴中度及以上心房功能性二尖瓣反流患者的临床特征[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2024,44(11):1558-1564

    • [5] 褚明,丁祥伟,王俊宏,等.老年房颤患者导管射频消融疗效及复发相关因素分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(12):1796-1799

    • [6] BENALI K,KHAIRY P,HAMMACHE N,et al.Procedure-related complications of catheter ablation for atrial fibril-lation[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2023,81(21):2089-2099

    • [7] ESCUDERO-MARTÍNEZ I,MORALES-CABA L,SEGU-RA T.Atrial fibrillation and stroke:a review and new in-sights[J].Trends Cardiovasc Med,2023,33(1):23-29

    • [8] CAPPATO R,MARCHLINSKI F E,HOHNLOSER S H,et al.Uninterrupted rivaroxaban vs.uninterrupted vitamin K antagonists for catheter ablation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation[J].Eur Heart J,2015,36(28):1805-1811

    • [9] JOGLAR J A,CHUNG M K,ARMBRUSTER A L,et al.2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation:a report of the Amer-ican College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines[J].Cir-culation,2024,149(1):e1-e156

    • [10] BRUNDEL B,AI X,HILLS M T,et al.Atrial fibrilla-tion[J].Nat Rev Dis Primers,2022,8(1):21

    • [11] 中华医学会心血管病学分会,中国生物医学工程学会心律分会.心房颤动诊断和治疗中国指南[J].中华心血管病杂志,2023,51(6):572-618

    • [12] PARAMESWARAN R,AL-KAISEY A M,KALMAN J M.Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation:current indications and evolving technologies[J].Nat Rev Cardiol,2021,18(3):210-225

    • [13] HARADA M,MOTOIKE Y,NOMURA Y,et al.Factors associated with silent cerebral events during atrial fibrilla-tion ablation in patients on uninterrupted oral anticoagula-tion[J].J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2020,31(11):2889-2897

    • [14] MANI H,LINDHOFF-LAST E.New oral anticoagulants in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation:a review of pharmacokinetics,safety,efficacy,quality of life,and cost effectiveness[J].Drug Des Devel Ther,2014,8:789-798

    • [15] VAN GANSE E,DANCHIN N,MAHÉ I,et al.Compara-tive safety and effectiveness of oral anticoagulants in non-valvular atrial fibrillation:the NAXOS study[J].Stroke,2020,51(7):2066-2075

    • [16] CARNICELLI A P,HONG H,CONNOLLY S J,et al.Di-rect oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation:patient-level network meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials with interaction testing by age and sex[J].Circulation,2022,145(4):242-255

    • [17] ZHANG R F,MA C M,WANG N,et al.Appropriate intra-procedural initial heparin dosing in patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation receiving uninter-rupted non-vitamin-K antagonist oral anticoagulant treat-ment[J].BMC Cardiovasc Disord,2021,21(1):214

    • [18] YAMAJI H,MURAKAMI T,HINA K,et al.Adequate ini-tial heparin dosage for atrial fibrillation ablation in pa-tients receiving non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagu-lants[J].Clin Drug Investig,2016,36(10):837-848

    • [19] DOUKETIS J D,SPYROPOULOS A C,DUNCAN J,et al.Perioperative management of patients with atrial fibrilla-tion receiving a direct oral anticoagulant[J].JAMA In-tern Med,2019,179(11):1469-1478

    • [20] NAZHA B,PANDYA B,COHEN J,et al.Periprocedural outcomes of direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation[J].Circulation,2018,138(14):1402-1411

    • [21] WEITZ J I,HEALEY J S,SKANES A C,et al.Periproce-dural management of new oral anticoagulants in patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation[J].Circulation,2014,129(16):1688-1694

    • [22] SCHMIDT B,SZÉPLAKI G,MERKELY B,et al.Silent cerebral lesions and cognitive function after pulmonary vein isolation with an irrigated gold-tip catheter:REDUCETE pilot study[J].J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2019,30(6):877-885

    • [23] BAO W,HU X,GE L,et al.Establishment and validation of the nomogram model and the probability of silent cere-bral infarction after ablation atrial fibrillation[J/OL].Car-diovasc Drugs Ther,2023,DOI:10.1007/s10557-023-07530-4

    • [24] TANG S,HU X,BAO W,et al.Development and valida-tion of a nomogram model affecting the ACT targeting rate during radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation in Chi-na[J/OL].Cardiovasc Drugs Ther,2023,DOI:10.1007/s10557-023-07450-3

    • [25] WINKLE R A,MEAD R H,ENGEL G,et al.Atrial fibril-lation ablation using open-irrigated tip radiofrequency:ex-perience with intraprocedural activated clotting times ≤ 210 seconds[J].Heart Rhythm,2014,11(6):963-968

    • [26] ZELJKOVIC I,BRUSICH S,SCHERR D,et al.Differences in activated clotting time and total unfractionated heparin dose during pulmonary vein isolation in patients on differ-ent anticoagulation therapy[J].Clin Cardiol,2021,44(8):1177-1182

    • [27] NAGAO T,INDEN Y,YANAGISAWA S,et al.Differences in activated clotting time among uninterrupted anticoagu-lants during the periprocedural period of atrial fibrillation ablation[J].Heart Rhythm,2015,12(9):1972-1978

    • [28] KISHIMA H,MINE T,FUKUHARA E,et al.A novel pro-tocol for initial heparin administration during catheter ab-lation for atrial fibrillation in patients taking direct oral anticoagulants[J].Heart Vessels,2019,34(5):832-841

    • [29] VIENNE M,HAAS E,WIPF T,et al.Adjusted calcula-tion model of heparin management during cardiopulmo-nary bypass in obese patients:a randomised controlled trial[J].Eur J Anaesthesiol,2018,35(8):613-620

  • 参考文献

    • [1] SHI S,TANG Y,ZHAO Q,et al.Prevalence and risk of atrial fibrillation in China:a national cross-sectional epi-demiological study[J].Lancet Reg Health West Pac,2022,23:100439

    • [2] GELDER I C,RIENSTRA M,BUNTING K V,et al.2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery(EACTS)[J].Eur Heart J,2024,45(36):3314-3414

    • [3] LIU Y,LIU Q,YANG Y,et al.Effect of radiofrequency catheter ablation on left atrial structure and function in pa-tients with different types of atrial fibrillation[J].Sci Rep,2022,12(1):9511

    • [4] 王彦涵,张莱,王君,等.心房颤动伴中度及以上心房功能性二尖瓣反流患者的临床特征[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2024,44(11):1558-1564

    • [5] 褚明,丁祥伟,王俊宏,等.老年房颤患者导管射频消融疗效及复发相关因素分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(12):1796-1799

    • [6] BENALI K,KHAIRY P,HAMMACHE N,et al.Procedure-related complications of catheter ablation for atrial fibril-lation[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2023,81(21):2089-2099

    • [7] ESCUDERO-MARTÍNEZ I,MORALES-CABA L,SEGU-RA T.Atrial fibrillation and stroke:a review and new in-sights[J].Trends Cardiovasc Med,2023,33(1):23-29

    • [8] CAPPATO R,MARCHLINSKI F E,HOHNLOSER S H,et al.Uninterrupted rivaroxaban vs.uninterrupted vitamin K antagonists for catheter ablation in non-valvular atrial fibrillation[J].Eur Heart J,2015,36(28):1805-1811

    • [9] JOGLAR J A,CHUNG M K,ARMBRUSTER A L,et al.2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation:a report of the Amer-ican College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines[J].Cir-culation,2024,149(1):e1-e156

    • [10] BRUNDEL B,AI X,HILLS M T,et al.Atrial fibrilla-tion[J].Nat Rev Dis Primers,2022,8(1):21

    • [11] 中华医学会心血管病学分会,中国生物医学工程学会心律分会.心房颤动诊断和治疗中国指南[J].中华心血管病杂志,2023,51(6):572-618

    • [12] PARAMESWARAN R,AL-KAISEY A M,KALMAN J M.Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation:current indications and evolving technologies[J].Nat Rev Cardiol,2021,18(3):210-225

    • [13] HARADA M,MOTOIKE Y,NOMURA Y,et al.Factors associated with silent cerebral events during atrial fibrilla-tion ablation in patients on uninterrupted oral anticoagula-tion[J].J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2020,31(11):2889-2897

    • [14] MANI H,LINDHOFF-LAST E.New oral anticoagulants in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation:a review of pharmacokinetics,safety,efficacy,quality of life,and cost effectiveness[J].Drug Des Devel Ther,2014,8:789-798

    • [15] VAN GANSE E,DANCHIN N,MAHÉ I,et al.Compara-tive safety and effectiveness of oral anticoagulants in non-valvular atrial fibrillation:the NAXOS study[J].Stroke,2020,51(7):2066-2075

    • [16] CARNICELLI A P,HONG H,CONNOLLY S J,et al.Di-rect oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation:patient-level network meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials with interaction testing by age and sex[J].Circulation,2022,145(4):242-255

    • [17] ZHANG R F,MA C M,WANG N,et al.Appropriate intra-procedural initial heparin dosing in patients undergoing catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation receiving uninter-rupted non-vitamin-K antagonist oral anticoagulant treat-ment[J].BMC Cardiovasc Disord,2021,21(1):214

    • [18] YAMAJI H,MURAKAMI T,HINA K,et al.Adequate ini-tial heparin dosage for atrial fibrillation ablation in pa-tients receiving non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagu-lants[J].Clin Drug Investig,2016,36(10):837-848

    • [19] DOUKETIS J D,SPYROPOULOS A C,DUNCAN J,et al.Perioperative management of patients with atrial fibrilla-tion receiving a direct oral anticoagulant[J].JAMA In-tern Med,2019,179(11):1469-1478

    • [20] NAZHA B,PANDYA B,COHEN J,et al.Periprocedural outcomes of direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation[J].Circulation,2018,138(14):1402-1411

    • [21] WEITZ J I,HEALEY J S,SKANES A C,et al.Periproce-dural management of new oral anticoagulants in patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation[J].Circulation,2014,129(16):1688-1694

    • [22] SCHMIDT B,SZÉPLAKI G,MERKELY B,et al.Silent cerebral lesions and cognitive function after pulmonary vein isolation with an irrigated gold-tip catheter:REDUCETE pilot study[J].J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol,2019,30(6):877-885

    • [23] BAO W,HU X,GE L,et al.Establishment and validation of the nomogram model and the probability of silent cere-bral infarction after ablation atrial fibrillation[J/OL].Car-diovasc Drugs Ther,2023,DOI:10.1007/s10557-023-07530-4

    • [24] TANG S,HU X,BAO W,et al.Development and valida-tion of a nomogram model affecting the ACT targeting rate during radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation in Chi-na[J/OL].Cardiovasc Drugs Ther,2023,DOI:10.1007/s10557-023-07450-3

    • [25] WINKLE R A,MEAD R H,ENGEL G,et al.Atrial fibril-lation ablation using open-irrigated tip radiofrequency:ex-perience with intraprocedural activated clotting times ≤ 210 seconds[J].Heart Rhythm,2014,11(6):963-968

    • [26] ZELJKOVIC I,BRUSICH S,SCHERR D,et al.Differences in activated clotting time and total unfractionated heparin dose during pulmonary vein isolation in patients on differ-ent anticoagulation therapy[J].Clin Cardiol,2021,44(8):1177-1182

    • [27] NAGAO T,INDEN Y,YANAGISAWA S,et al.Differences in activated clotting time among uninterrupted anticoagu-lants during the periprocedural period of atrial fibrillation ablation[J].Heart Rhythm,2015,12(9):1972-1978

    • [28] KISHIMA H,MINE T,FUKUHARA E,et al.A novel pro-tocol for initial heparin administration during catheter ab-lation for atrial fibrillation in patients taking direct oral anticoagulants[J].Heart Vessels,2019,34(5):832-841

    • [29] VIENNE M,HAAS E,WIPF T,et al.Adjusted calcula-tion model of heparin management during cardiopulmo-nary bypass in obese patients:a randomised controlled trial[J].Eur J Anaesthesiol,2018,35(8):613-620