抗体偶联药物用于乳腺癌治疗的耐药机制研究进展
doi: 10.7655/NYDXBNSN240894
卢蓉蓉 , 瞿菲 , 李薇
南京医科大学第一附属医院乳腺中心,江苏 南京 210029
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(81772475)
Advances in the drug resistance mechanism of antibody⁃drug conjugates in breast cancer
LU Rongrong , QU Fei , LI Wei
Breast Disease Center,the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University,Nanjing 210029 ,China
摘要
抗体偶联药物(antibody-drug conjugate,ADC)作为一类创新疗法,在乳腺癌治疗中展现出显著效果。ADC由单克隆抗体、连接子、细胞毒性有效载荷偶联而成,综合了抗体的高特异性靶向能力和细胞毒性药物的高效杀伤力。然而,随着ADC 在临床的广泛应用,乳腺癌患者中ADC的耐药性问题逐渐显露。文章概述ADC在乳腺癌领域的应用现状,并将ADC耐药机制归类为:靶抗原-抗体结合不足、ADC药物内化和转运途径受损、溶酶体功能受损、载荷释放异常、肿瘤对载荷缺乏敏感性以及细胞周期蛋白缺陷等。并且进一步汇总目前为克服ADC耐药性而研发的应对策略,包括ADC与其他药物(如化疗药物、靶向药物和免疫检查点抑制剂等药物)联合应用方案以及新型药物研发的进展,以求为ADC耐药的乳腺癌患者的治疗提供参考选择。
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates(ADC),as a class of innovative therapies,have shown significant activity in breast cancer. ADCs are conjugated from monoclonal antibodies,linkers and cytotoxic payloads,which harnesses the highly specific targeting capabilities of antibodies along with the potent cancer killing effects of the cytotoxic drugs,demonstrating significant efficacy in the treatment of breast cancer. Nonetheless,as ADCs have been widely used in clinical practice,resistance to ADCs has been observed in breast cancer patients. In this review,we summarized ADCs’current applications in the treatment of breast cancer and classified the mechanisms underlying ADC resistance into several distinct categories as follows:inadequate antigen-antibody binding,impaired internalization and trafficking pathways of ADCs,defective lysosomal function,aberrant payload release,tumor insensitivity to the payloads,and cyclin deficiency. Furthermore,we summarized the contemporary strategies designed to address ADC resistance,such as the combined use of ADCs with other therapeutic agents,including chemotherapeutic agents,targeted therapies,and immune checkpoint inhibitors,as well as the development of new drugs. This review aims to offer reference options for the treatment of patients with ADC-resistant breast cancer.
乳腺癌是女性最常见的癌症之一,国际癌症研究中心发布的2022年全球癌症统计报告显示,其发病率和病死率均居全球女性肿瘤第1位[1]。化疗和内分泌治疗是乳腺癌治疗的基石,但是随着新技术和新药物的不断研发,靶向治疗、免疫治疗和抗体偶联药物(antibody⁃drug conjugate,ADC)在乳腺癌领域也得到广泛应用[2-4]。ADC通过化学连接子实现单克隆抗体与细胞毒性药物之间的偶联,其兼顾高特异性靶向能力和强效杀伤作用,成为当下乳腺癌治疗领域的热点。ADC 中的抗体成分识别肿瘤细胞表面抗原,并与其特异性结合。形成的抗原抗体复合物经内吞和胞饮作用进入肿瘤细胞内,被胞内溶酶体吞噬。溶酶体蛋白酶裂解ADC,将载荷以活性形式释放进入胞质,从而诱导肿瘤细胞死亡[5]。具有可裂解连接子的ADC 裂解后的载荷不包含连接子,透膜性高,可以同时在邻近肿瘤细胞发挥抗肿瘤活性,即“旁观者效应”,从而进一步提升药物疗效[6]。大量临床研究证明ADC显著改善乳腺癌患者生存获益及生活质量,但随着ADC应用的普及,其原发或继发性耐药问题逐渐显露。文章主要结合国内外最新研究进展,探讨ADC的耐药机制以及逆转耐药方案。
1 ADC在乳腺癌中的应用现状
靶向人表皮生长因子受体 2(human epidermal growth factor receptor 2,HER2)的ADC主要包括:恩美曲妥珠单抗(trastuzumab emtansine,T⁃DM1)、德曲妥珠单抗(trastuzumab deruxtecan,T⁃DXd)、维迪西妥单抗(disitamab vedotin,RC48)、曲妥珠单抗⁃多卡马嗪(trastuzumab duocarmazine,SYD985)、MRG002、 ARX788、A166、FS⁃1502、DP303c [7]。2013年T⁃DM1 基于 EMILIA 试验结果,获得美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准用于既往接受过曲妥珠单抗和紫杉烷治疗的HER2阳性晚期乳腺癌(advanced breast cancer,ABC)患者[8]。 2019 年 KATHERINE 试验阳性结果进一步拓展 T⁃DM1适应证,FDA批准其用于新辅助紫杉类和曲妥珠单抗治疗后残留侵袭性疾病的HER2阳性早期乳腺癌患者的辅助治疗[9]。基于DESTINY⁃Breast01 的结果,2019年T⁃DXd获FDA批准用于HER2阳性转移性乳腺癌(metastatic breast cancer,mBC)的后线治疗[10]。DESTINY⁃Breast03 研究首次将 T⁃DXd 与 T⁃DM1进行头对头比较,在初次分析中,相比T⁃DM1, T⁃DXd降低患者疾病进展或死亡风险达72%,风险比(hazards ratio,HR)为 0.28,95%置信区间(confi⁃ dence interval,CI)为 0.22~0.37[11],在 2022 年获 FDA 批准用于HER2阳性mBC患者的二线治疗。同年, DESTINY⁃Breast04 提出 HER2 低表达概念,T⁃DXd 进一步拓展适应证,获批用于HER2低表达ABC患者的治疗[12]
目前主要靶向滋养层细胞表面抗原2(trophoblast cell surface antigen 2,Trop⁃2)的 ADC 主要包括戈沙妥珠单抗(sacituzumab govitecan,SG)、德达博妥单抗(datopotamab deruxtecan,Dato⁃DXd)、芦康沙妥珠单抗(sacituzumab tirumotecan,SKB264)、ESG ⁃401、 JS⁃108、FDA018[7]。在Ⅲ期 ASCENT 研究中,SG 相对于标准化疗,患者中位总生存期(median overall survival,mOS)分别为 12.1 个月 vs 6.7 个月(HR= 0.48,95%CI:0.38~0.59,P <0.001)[13],体现出更好的疗效。基于此,2021年SG获FDA批准用于既往接受过至少2种系统治疗(晚期阶段至少接受过1次化疗)的不可切除的局部晚期乳腺癌(locally advanced breast cancer,LABC)/转移性三阴乳腺癌(metastatic triple ⁃negative breast cancer,mTNBC)患者。TROP⁃ iCS⁃02研究中,100%的患者既往接受过细胞周期蛋白依赖性激酶(cyclin dependent kinase,CDK)4/6 抑制剂,SG组相比化疗组,无进展生存期(progression⁃ free survial,PFS)显著延长(5.5 个月 vs.4.0 个月, HR=0.66,P=0.000 3),两组 mOS 分别为 14.4 个月和 11.2个月(HR=0.79,95%CI:0.65~0.96,P=0.020)[14]。基于该研究,2023 年 FDA 批准 SG 用于既往接受过内分泌治疗且至少接受过 2 线系统治疗的激素受体(hormone receptor,HR)阳性、HER2 阴性 mBC 患者的二线治疗。TROPION⁃Breast01 目前公布的主要研究结果显示,在既往接受过1~2线化疗的mBC 患者中,Dato⁃DXd 组中位 PFS(mPFS)较化疗组延长(6.9 个月 vs.4.9 个月,HR=0.63,95% CI:0.52~0.76)[15],Dato⁃DXd有望成为HR阳性/HER2阴性ABC 的后线治疗选择。单臂Ⅰ/Ⅱ期篮式研究KL264⁃01,纳入41 例多线经治的 HR 阳性/HER2 阴性 mBC 患者,纳入的乳腺癌患者总客观缓解率(objective response rate,ORR)为 36.8%,mPFS 为 11.1 个月 (95%CI:5.4~13.1)[16],显示出SKB264在多线治疗的 HR阳性/HER2阴性mBC患者中的巨大潜力。除上述靶点外,针对 HER3、B7⁃H4、Claudin⁃18.2、LIV⁃1 等靶点的新型ADC也在不断创新[7]。在乳腺癌领域获FDA批准的ADC见表1
2 ADC耐药机制
2.1 靶抗原⁃抗体结合的不足
在临床前模型中,Loganzo 等[17] 在 T⁃DM1 耐药的肿瘤细胞表面发现 HER2 表达水平降低,恢复 HER2的表达可逆转该细胞系对T⁃DM1的耐药性,这表明,HER2 表达缺失是靶向 HER2 ADC 产生耐药性的原因之一。DAISY 研究评估 T⁃DXd 在不同 HER2表达的mBC患者二线及后线治疗的疗效,20例耐药患者中有 13 例(65%)出现 HER2 水平表达下降[18]。Coates等[19] 对3例SG耐药的mTNBC患者肿瘤组织进行检测,发现原发耐药患者组织中基本检测不到 TROP2 表达。而继发耐药患者中存在 TROP2 T256R 突变,相比野生型,突变型肿瘤细胞的 TROP2 蛋白在细胞膜的表达减少,大量定位于细胞质中,与 SG 结合能力减弱,降幅超过 80%。
1乳腺癌领域获FDA批准的ADC
Table1The FDA⁃approved ADC in breast cancer
CBR:clinical benefit rate;CI:confidence interval;DCR:disease control rate;HER2:human epidermal growth factor receptor⁃2;HR:hazards ratio; iDFS:invasive disease free survival;mDOR:median duration of response;mOS:mean overall survival;mPFS:median progression⁃free survival;ORR:objective response rate;IHC:immunohistochemistry;ISH:in situ hybrization.
2.2 ADC内化和转运至溶酶体途径受损
抗体与靶抗原结合后被内吞到细胞中,内吞作用可以通过不同的内化途径发生,根据是否需要网格蛋白的参与分为网格蛋白介导的内吞和网格蛋白非依赖性内吞,后者包括小窝蛋白介导的内吞作用、网格蛋白独立载体/糖基磷脂酰肌醇锚定蛋白富集的早期内吞区室的内吞途径和巨胞饮作用[20]。内皮素A2(endophilin A2,Endo Ⅱ)是一种支架蛋白 (由SH3GL1编码),介导一种独特的、不依赖网格蛋白的胞吞途径,称为快速内啡肽介导的内吞作用。当Endo Ⅱ过表达时,配体诱导的内吞作用增加。而研究者敲低肿瘤细胞中 SH3GL1 表达后,同样发现 T⁃DM1 对肿瘤细胞的治疗效果受抑制[21]。抗原抗体复合物被内吞进入肿瘤细胞后,内吞再循环过快会导致转运至溶酶体中的ADC数量减少。在T⁃DM1获得性耐药临床前模型中,研究者观察到与囊泡鸟苷三磷酸酶活性和肌动蛋白动力学相关的蛋白质表达上调,导致 T⁃DM1 的载荷在肿瘤细胞中释放减少,这可能导致耐药性的产生[17]
2.3 溶酶体功能障碍
含可裂解连接子 ADC 可以在酸性条件如肿瘤微环境中裂解而释放载荷,但含有不可裂解连接子的ADC 需要在溶酶体蛋白水解酶作用下裂解。液泡型质子转移 ATP 酶(vacuolar H+ ⁃adenosine5’⁃tri⁃ phosphatease,V⁃ATPase)是一种存在于溶酶体膜上的质子泵,可调节溶酶体内pH值,V⁃ATP酶抑制剂可导致溶酶体pH值升高,使蛋白水解酶活性受损,从而阻碍 T⁃DM1 在溶酶体中的裂解[22]。溶质载体 (solute carrier,SLC)属于膜转运蛋白超家族,参与多种分子跨膜转运。SLC46A3 是一种溶酶体膜蛋白,可将 T⁃DM1 的代谢产物 Lys⁃SMCC⁃DM1 从溶酶体中转运到细胞质。研究者在临床前模型中观察到 SLC46A3 抑制剂可以减弱 T⁃DM1 的细胞毒性作用[23]。SLC46A3 表达缺失是对携带 DM1 的 ADC 产生原发和获得性耐药的机制之一,恢复 SLC46A3 表达后,耐药细胞系对药物治疗的敏感性得以恢复[24]
2.4 载荷释放异常以及肿瘤对载荷缺乏敏感性
2.4.1 药物外排泵
细胞毒性载荷是 ADC 药物发挥抗肿瘤活性的主要成分,而 ATP 结合盒转运蛋白,包括 P⁃糖蛋白或称多重耐药蛋白⁃1(multidrug resistance protein 1, MDR1)、多药耐药相关蛋白 1(multidrug⁃resistance⁃ associated protein 1,MRP1)和乳腺癌耐药蛋白(breast cancer resistance protein,BCRP),可以利用 ATP 水解产生能量将细胞质中的载荷泵出肿瘤细胞,导致肿瘤对化疗药物的多重耐药性[25]。在不同 T⁃DM1 耐药细胞系中观察到 MDR1、MRP1 的过表达,且使用MDR1、MRP1抑制剂可恢复细胞对ADC 的敏感性[1726-27]。SG的载荷是拓扑异构酶1(topoi⁃ somerase1,TOP1)抑制剂伊立替康的活性代谢产物 SN38,是BCRP的转运底物之一。在SG耐药的乳腺癌细胞系中,研究者观察到BCRP(由ABCG2基因编码)的过表达,使用ABCG2的抑制剂有助于克服对 SG的耐药性[28]
2.4.2 载荷作用靶点相关突变
肿瘤细胞可以通过载荷作用靶点的突变而获得 ADC 抗性。既往研究发现SG耐药患者组织样本构建的模型中存在 TOP1 E418K 突变,TOP1 突变可导致 SG 的载荷 SN38 失去作用位点而产生耐药性[19]。除载荷作用靶点突变外,载荷诱导细胞凋亡过程中,其他相关蛋白突变同样会导致细胞耐药性的产生。DAISY 试验的生物标志物分析中, 14%的 T ⁃DXd 耐药组织样本出现肿瘤抑制蛋白 SLX4突变,该突变在治疗前样本中、癌症基因组图谱乳腺癌数据库中检测的突变率分别为3%和1.5%。 T⁃DXd载荷属于 TOP1 抑制剂,可以阻断脱氧核糖核酸(deoxyribonucleic acid,DNA)复制和转录,从而诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡。SLX4 在 DNA 交联的修复、重组中间体的分离过程中发挥重要作用。研究者发现,敲除乳腺癌细胞中的SLX4基因后,肿瘤细胞抑制率为 80%所需的 DXd 浓度分别增加了 20 倍和 5 倍,该突变可能诱导T⁃DXd的继发性耐药,但涉及的具体分子机制以及该突变是否能作为生物标志物指导临床用药仍需进一步验证[18]
2.4.3 细胞周期蛋白缺陷介导获得性耐药
Cyclin B1/CDK1 复合物参与细胞周期 G2⁃M 期转变,能够促进有丝分裂过程中的染色体聚集和纺锤体的形成,确保染色体的准确分离[29]。T⁃DM1的载荷是美登素类毒素的衍生物DM1,可抑制微管蛋白聚合从而诱导M期有丝分裂停滞及细胞凋亡[30]。临床前研究发现,在大多数(12/18,66.6%)T⁃DM1敏感的 HER2 阳性人乳腺癌外植体中,T⁃DM1 诱导 cyclin B1表达增加,而耐药细胞中并未观察到此现象。通过敲低亲本细胞中的 cyclin B1 可以诱导 T⁃DM1耐药性,而增加耐药细胞中cyclin B1的水平使部分细胞系恢复对 T⁃DM1 的敏感性[31]。ADC 的耐药机制总结见图1
1ADC的耐药机制
Figure1Mechanisms of ADC resistance
3 ADC耐药的应对策略
目前,为应对ADC 药物耐药情况,ADC 药物联合应用策略[化疗药物、抗HER2靶向药物和免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitor,ICI)]、新药研发成为重中之重。
3.1 联合策略
3.1.1 联合化疗
化疗可能与ADC具有协同作用,导致细胞周期停滞,抑制 DNA 修复,或导致肿瘤表面抗原上调。一项Ⅰb/Ⅱa期临床试验,探讨T⁃DM1联合多西他赛加或不加帕妥珠单抗对LABC或mBC的有效性及毒性,联合疗法在两种适应证中均取得了不错的疗效,mBC患者中ORR达80%,60%的LABC患者达病理完全缓解(pathological complete response,pCR)[32]。一项Ⅰb/Ⅱa 期研究评估了 T⁃DM1 联合紫杉醇加或不加帕妥珠单抗治疗 HER2 阳性 mBC 的安全性/耐受性,42例患者的ORR为50.0%,临床获益率(clini⁃ cal benefit rate,CBR)为 56.8%[33]。在两项研究中,一半以上患者因发生不良反应事件(adverse event, AE)需要减少剂量或停止使用紫杉烷。考虑到ADC 本质上是化疗,因此在设计组合策略时不仅需考虑 ADC载荷和联合的化疗药物之间的协同作用,同样要关注到药物组合对相同系统AE的叠加效果[34]
3.1.2 联合靶向药物
帕妥珠单抗是一种靶向HER2细胞外结构域的大分子单克隆抗体,可有效抑制HER2与其他HER 家族成员形成二聚体,从而抑制 HER2 介导的信号通路的激活。研究者对 T⁃DM1 和帕妥珠单抗联合方案相关的临床研究进行汇总分析发现,相比 T⁃DM1±紫杉烷,T⁃DM1±紫杉烷联合帕妥珠单抗未见明显疗效优势[35]。DESTINY⁃Breast07 研究旨在探索 T⁃DXd 单药或与其他抗肿瘤药物联合用于既往未经治疗的HER2阳性mBC的疗效及安全性。在最新公布的剂量扩展中期分析中,T⁃DXd联合帕妥珠单抗组ORR优于T⁃DXd单药组(84.0% vs.76.0%),证明了T⁃DXd、帕妥珠单抗联合方案的治疗潜力,期待后续随访数据的公布[36]
酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitor, TKI)已被证明可调节表面抗原,促进ADC活性。拉帕替尼是一种与表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)/HER2 可逆结合的双重 TKI,可以促进 HER2 转录上调和减少细胞表面 HER2 蛋白的泛素化。拉帕替尼+T⁃DM1 和化疗联合使用在早期和晚期HER2阳性乳腺癌中均产生了显著疗效。TEAL 研究是一项随机、对照的Ⅱ期试验,评估标准紫杉醇、曲妥珠单抗和帕妥珠单抗 (THP)新辅助方案与T⁃DM1、拉帕替尼和白蛋白紫杉醇(KLT)联合方案在HER2阳性乳腺癌患者中的疗效,KLT 组和 THP 组中残余肿瘤负荷(residual cancer burder,RCB)为 0 或 1 的患者比例分别为 100.0% vs.62.5%(P=0.003 5)[37]。奈拉替尼是第2代 TKI,与EGFR、HER2和HER4不可逆结合,可以刺激靶抗原⁃抗体内吞作用。两项研究探讨了T⁃DM1联合奈拉替尼治疗HER2阳性乳腺癌患者的疗效及安全性:Ⅱ期TBCRC022研究报告了该方案用于既往未经治疗的乳腺癌脑转移患者(breast cancer with brain metastasis,BCBM)(4A)、中枢神经系统(cen⁃ tral nervous system,CNS)局部治疗后进展的 BCBM [其中又分为既往未接受(4B)/接受过(4C)T⁃DM1 治疗]的疗效,3组的CNS ORR 分别为33.3%(队列 4A)、35.3%(队列4B)和28.6%(队列4C),mOS分别为30.2个月(队列4A)、23.3个月(队列4B)和20.9个月(队列4C)[38]。Ⅰb/Ⅱ期的单臂NSABP FB⁃10研究中,该联合方案用于曲妥珠帕妥珠双靶治疗进展后的 HER2阳性患者的ORR为32%(7/22)[39]。图卡替尼是一种选择性HER2抑制剂,Ⅲ期HER2 CLIMB⁃02 结果表明,相比 T⁃DM1 加安慰剂组,T⁃DM1 与图卡替尼的联合方案能够显著延长经过治疗的HER2阳性mBC 的PFS(9.5个月vs.7.4个月),进展或死亡风险降低了24.1%(HR=0.759,95%CI:0.607~0.950,P= 0.016 3)[40]
3.1.3 联合免疫治疗
ADC 和 ICI 具有协同作用。临床前模型中,联合 T ⁃DM1 和程序性细胞死亡蛋白⁃1(programmed death protein 1,PD⁃1)抗体较单药更为有效。但是KATE2 研究中,T⁃DM1 加入阿替利珠单抗不改善 PFS(mPFS 为 8.2 个月 vs.6.8 个月,P=0.33),并与更严重的AE相关,但是在PD⁃L1表达阳性患者亚组中观察到可能的OS获益[41]。Ⅰb/Ⅱ期BEGONIA研究队列旨在评价度伐利尤单抗联合ADC 用于不可切除的 LABC/mTNBC 一线治疗的疗效和安全性。 Dato⁃DXd+度伐利尤单抗治疗组ORR为79%,mPFS 为 13.8 个月[42-43]。SCI⁃IO 研究比较了 SG 单药对比 SG联合帕博利珠单抗在既往经过治疗的HR阳性/ HER2阴性mBC中的疗效。结果显示,SG联合用药组和SG单药组的mPFS分别为8.12 个月vs.6.22 个月(HR=0.76,95%CI:0.47~1.23,P=0.26)。虽然联合用药组在 mPFS 上有所改善,但并未达到统计学意义[44]。因此,ADC 联合 ICI 的协同治疗是否真正有增益效果还需更多临床研究来验证。
联合疗法相关临床研究见表2
3.2 新药研发
目前Ⅲ期临床开发中的 ADC主要分为两大类:第 1 类靶向新的抗原和/或采用不同作用机制的载荷;第2类利用已知的靶点和载荷组合,但对递送组件,如抗体、连接子、偶联方法等进行优化,以达到最优[45]。德帕瑞妥单抗(patritumab deruxtecan,U3⁃ 1402)靶向新靶点HER3,属于第1类,在不同亚型患者中表现出持久的抗肿瘤活性。U3⁃1402在HR阳性/HER2阴性、TNBC、HER2阳性患者中,ORR分别为30.1%、22.6%、42.9%[46]。SKB264与SG具有相同的靶点和相同作用机制的载荷,但其差异化2⁃甲磺酰嘧啶连接子提高了循环稳定性,属于第2类。一项在经治 mTNBC 中开展的Ⅱ期研究数据显示, SKB264 的 ORR 为 40%,≥3 级 AE 发生率为 56%。这优于SG在类似患者群体中报告的ORR(21%)和 AE发生率(74%)[47]。临床前/临床早期阶段研究进一步提升ADC疗效及安全性的关键点包括:非内化 ADC 可以通过靶向肿瘤细胞外基质来实现药物的定向输送和释放。例如,PYX⁃201靶向肿瘤基质中的纤维连接蛋白,抗原抗体结合后,有效载荷就会被肿瘤基质中的组织蛋白酶B切割并扩散到相邻的肿瘤细胞膜和周围的肿瘤组织,实现“旁观者效应”。避免了潜在的低内化效率,同时大大扩展了肿瘤靶标的范围[48]。双特异性ADC、条件激活型抗体前药偶联物(probody⁃drug conjugate,PDC)等通过工程化改造抗体以改变其对抗原结合的亲和力,可以降低ADC对非靶向组织的毒性并增加肿瘤特异性暴露[49-50]。聚焦于载荷创新的下一代ADC包括蛋白质降解ADC(antibody ⁃degrader conjugate,ADeC)、免疫刺激 ADC(immune stimulating antibody conjugate, ISAC)和双载荷ADC,其中ADeC 因其高特异性、皮摩尔级的效力以及能够针对肿瘤相关的细胞内蛋白而备受关注[51]。下一代连接子技术专注于控制有效载荷的释放,而不依赖于内源性酶介导的裂解作用。其中,“点击释放”技术能够通过触发分子的点击化学反应来诱导药物的可控释放,受控的载荷释放可以限制组织外毒性,降低 AE 发生率[45]。传统ADC采用随机偶联技术,其均一性差,稳定性低,影响药效及治疗窗。下一代ADC 将引入非天然氨基酸、工程化半胱氨酸以及N⁃糖基重构等方法实现定点偶联[52-53]
2联合治疗相关临床研究
Table2Clinical trials related to combination therapy
(续表2)
AE:adverse event;CBR:clinical benefit rate;CI:confidence interval;CNS:central nervous system;ER:estrogen receptor;HER2:human epider⁃ mal growth factor receptor⁃2;HR:hazards ratio;LABC:locally advanced breast cancer;mBC:metastatic breast cancer;mPFS:median progression⁃free survival;ORR:objective response rate;pCR:pathological complete response;RCB:residual cancer burden;a/mTNBC:unresectable locally advanced/ metastatic triple⁃negative breast cancer.
4 小结与展望
ADC通过其独特的结构设计,实现对肿瘤的精准靶向和高效杀伤能力,显著提高乳腺癌患者的生存获益。但随着ADC的广泛应用,显露出的ADC耐药性意味着出现更严峻的挑战。为逆转ADC耐药, ADC 本身组件的优化以及联合用药方案是当下 ADC开发的关注重点。对于ADC药物未来研究方向的展望:①“万物皆可偶联”概念提供了新的研究思路。鉴于ADC技术平台的灵活性和可扩展性,理论上任何功能性的分子都可以被设计成ADC 的载药,包括但不限于双载荷或多载荷药物、放射性药物、免疫调节剂等。②ADC打破了传统乳腺癌分型的局限性,需要开发新的生物标志物(如循环肿瘤标志物、靶点或载荷相关基因突变)以识别可能受益于特定ADC的患者人群,实现精准医疗,进一步提高药物的临床响应率和疗效。③ADC 研发及生产成本高昂,未来其相关研究需要进一步优化临床前期和临床研究路径、改良生产工艺,以求降低生产成本,为更多患者带来治疗选择和生存希望。
利益冲突声明:
所有作者声明无利益冲突。
Conflict of Interests:
The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.
作者贡献声明:
卢蓉蓉负责稿件的撰写起草、稿件的修改,瞿菲负责稿件的撰写起草;李薇提出研究方案、监督研究实施、修改论文及提供资金。
Authors Contributions:
LU Rongrong was responsible for writing original draft,re⁃ viewing and editing. QU Fei was responsible for writing original draft. LI Wei was responsible for conceptualization,supervision, revising the manuscript and funding acquisition.
1ADC的耐药机制
Figure1Mechanisms of ADC resistance
1乳腺癌领域获FDA批准的ADC
Table1The FDA⁃approved ADC in breast cancer
2联合治疗相关临床研究
Table2Clinical trials related to combination therapy
BRAY F, LAVERSANNE M, SUNG H,et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J]. CA Cancer J Clin,2024,74(3):229-263
张思源, 江泽飞.2023 年改变晚期乳腺癌临床实践的重要研究成果及进展[J]. 中国癌症杂志,2024,34(2):143-150. ZHANG S Y, JANG Z F. Important research progress in clinical practice for advanced breast cancer in 2023[J]. Chinese Journal of Cancer,2024,34(02):143-150
赵伟志, 赵薇, 杨小兵, 等. 浸润性乳腺癌组织HER2与 Ki67 联合表达与蒽环类化疗药物的疗效及预后相关[J]. 南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2021,41(6):873-878. ZHAO W Z, ZHAO W, YANG X B,et al. Expression level of HER2/Ki67 is association with efficacy of anthracy-cline chemotherapeutic drugs and clinical prognosis in invasive breast cancer[J]. Journal of Nanjing Medical University(Natural Sciences),2021,41(6):873-878
刘谦, 瞿菲, 李薇. 组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂在乳腺癌的治疗进展[J]. 南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2024,44(2):281-286. LIU Q, QU F, LI W. Progress in the treatment of breast cancer with histone deacetylase inhibitors[J]. Journal of Nanjing Medical University(Natural Sciences),2024,44(2):281-286
SINGH A P, GUO L M, VERMA A,et al. Antibody coadministration as a strategy to overcome binding-site barrier for ADCs:a quantitative investigation[J]. AAPS J,2020,22(2):28
TAMURA K, TSURUTANI J, TAKAHASHI S,et al. Trastuzumab deruxtecan(DS-8201a)in patients with advanced HER2-positive breast cancer previously treated with trastuzumab emtansine:a dose-expansion,phase 1 study[J]. Lancet Oncol,2019,20(6):816-826
PETERS S, LOI S, ANDRÉ F,et al. Antibody-drug conjugates in lung and breast cancer:current evidence and future directions-a position statement from the ETOP IBC-SG partners foundation[J]. Ann Oncol,2024,35(7):607-629
DIÉRAS V, MILES D, VERMA S,et al. Trastuzumab em-tansine versus capecitabine plus lapatinib in patients with previously treated HER2-positive advanced breast cancer(EMILIA):a descriptive analysis of final overall survival results from a randomised,open-label,phase 3 trial[J]. Lancet Oncol,2017,18(6):732-742
VONMINCKWITZ G, HUANG C S, MANO M S,et al. Trastuzumab emtansine for residual invasive HER2-positive breast cancer[J]. N Engl J Med,2019,380(7):617-628
SAURA C, MODI S, KROP I,et al. Trastuzumab deruxte-can in previously treated patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer:updated survival results from a phase Ⅱ trial(DESTINY-Breast01)[J]. Ann Oncol,2024,35(3):302-307
HURVITZ S A, HEGG R, CHUNG W P,et al. Trastuzum-ab deruxtecan versus trastuzumab emtansine in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer:updated results from DESTINY-Breast03,a randomised,open-label,phase 3 trial[J]. Lancet,2023,401(10371):105-117
MODI S N, JACOT W, YAMASHITA T,et al. Trastuzum-ab deruxtecan in previously treated HER2-low advanced breast cancer[J]. N Engl J Med,2022,387(1):9-20
BARDIA A, HURVITZ S A, TOLANEY S M,et al. Sacitu-zumab govitecan in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer[J]. N Engl J Med,2021,384(16):1529-1541
RUGO H S, BARDIA A, MARMÉ F,et al. Overall survival with sacituzumab govitecan in hormone receptor-positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative metastatic breast cancer(TROPiCS-02):a randomised,open-label,multicentre,phase 3 trial[J]. Lancet,2023,402(10411):1423-1433
BARDIA A, JHAVERI K, IM S A,et al. LBA11 datopota-mab deruxtecan(dato-DXd)vs chemotherapy in previously-treated inoperable or metastatic hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative(HR+/HER2-)breast cancer(BC):primary results from the randomised phase Ⅲ TROPION-Breast01 trial[J]. Ann Oncol,2023,34: S1264-S1265
OUYANG Q, YIN Y, SONG L,et al.380MO SKB264(MK-2870)in previously treated hormone receptor-positive(HR+)/HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer(mBC):results from a phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ,single-arm,basket trial[J]. Ann Oncol,2023,34: S337
LOGANZO F, TAN X Z, SUNG M,et al. Tumor cells chronically treated with a trastuzumab-maytansinoid antibody-drug conjugate develop varied resistance mechanisms but respond to alternate treatments[J]. Mol Cancer Ther,2015,14(4):952-963
MOSELE F, DELUCHE E, LUSQUE A,et al. Trastuzum-ab deruxtecan in metastatic breast cancer with variable HER2 expression:the phase 2 DAISY trial[J]. Nat Med,2023,29(8):2110-2120
COATES J T, SUN S, LESHCHINER I,et al. Parallel genomic alterations of antigen and payload targets mediate polyclonal acquired clinical resistance to sacituzumab go-vitecan in triple-negative breast cancer[J]. Cancer Discov,2021,11(10):2436-2445
BEENKEN A, CERUTTI G, BRASCH J,et al. Structures of LRP2 reveal a molecular machine for endocytosis[J]. Cell,2023,186(4):821-836
KARCINI A, MERCIER N R, LAZAR I M. Proteomic assessment of SKBR3/HER2+ breast cancer cellular response to lapatinib and investigational ipatasertib kinase inhibitors[J]. Front Pharmacol,2024,15:1413818
WANG H B, WANG W Q, XU Y P,et al. Aberrant intracellular metabolism of T-DM1 confers T-DM1 resistance in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive gastric cancer cells[J]. Cancer Sci,2017,108(7):1458-1468
TOMABECHI R, KISHIMOTO H, SATO T,et al. SLC46A3 is a lysosomal proton-coupled steroid conjugate and bile acid transporter involved in transport of active catabolites of T-DM1[J]. PNAS Nexus,2022,1(3):pgac063
TOMABECHI R, MIYASATO M, SATO T,et al. Identification of 5-carboxyfluorescein as a probe substrate of SLC46A3 and its application in a fluorescence-based in vitro assay evaluating the interaction with SLC46A3[J]. Mol Pharm,2023,20(1):491-499
DIROIO A, HUBERT M, BESSON L,et al. MDR1-expressing CD4 + T cells with Th1.17 features resist to neoadju-vant chemotherapy and are associated with breast cancer clinical response[J]. J Immunother Cancer,2023,11(11):e007733
LI G M, GUO J, SHEN B Q,et al. Mechanisms of acquired resistance to trastuzumab emtansine in breast cancer cells[J]. Mol Cancer Ther,2018,17(7):1441-1453
ENDO Y, LYON S, SHEN Y,et al. Cell proliferation and invasion are regulated differently by EGFR and MRP1 in T-DM1-resistant breast cancer cells[J]. Sci Rep,2019,9(1):16383
CHANG C H, WANG Y, ZALATH M,et al. Combining ABCG2 inhibitors with IMMU-132,an anti-trop-2 antibody conjugate of SN-38,overcomes resistance to SN-38 in breast and gastric cancers[J]. Mol Cancer Ther,2016,15(8):1910-1919
JACKMAN M, MARCOZZI C, BARBIERO M,et al. Cyclin B1-Cdk1 facilitates MAD1 release from the nuclear pore to ensure a robust spindle checkpoint[J]. J Cell Biol,2020,219(6):e201907082
ZHANG J H, FAN J J, ZENG X,et al. Targeting the autophagy promoted antitumor effect of T-DM1 on HER2-positive gastric cancer[J]. Cell Death Dis,2021,12(4):288
SABBAGHI M, GIL-GÓMEZ G, GUARDIA C,et al. Defective cyclin B1 induction in trastuzumab-emtansine(T-DM1)acquired resistance in HER2-positive breast cancer[J]. Clin Cancer Res,2017,23(22):7006-7019
MARTIN M, FUMOLEAU P, DEWAR J A,et al. Trastu-zumab emtansine(T-DM1)plus docetaxel with or without pertuzumab in patients with HER2-positive locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer:results from a phase ib/IIa study[J]. Ann Oncol,2016,27(7):1249-1256
KROP I E, MODI S, LORUSSO P M,et al. Phase 1b/2a study of trastuzumab emtansine(T-DM1),paclitaxel,and pertuzumab in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer[J]. Breast Cancer Res,2016,18(1):34
CORTÉS J, DIÉRAS V, LORENZEN S,et al. Efficacy and safety of trastuzumab emtansine plus capecitabine vs trastuzumab emtansine alone in patients with previously treated ERBB2(HER2)-positive metastatic breast cancer:a phase 1 and randomized phase 2 trial[J]. JAMA Oncol,2020,6(8):1203-1209
ZHANG J, LI J Y, ZHU C J,et al. Safety and efficacy of the addition of pertuzumab to T-DM1 ± taxane in patients with HER2-positive,locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer:a pooled analysis[J]. Drug Des Devel Ther,2017,11:3235-3244
ANDRE F, HAMILTON E P, LOI S,et al. DESTINY-Breast07:dose-expansion interim analysis of T-DXd monotherapy and T-DXd+pertuzumab in patients with previously untreated HER2+ mBC[J]. J Clin Oncol,2024,42(Suppl 16):1009
PATEL T A, ENSOR J E, CREAMER S L,et al. A randomized,controlled phase Ⅱ trial of neoadjuvant ado-trastuzumab emtansine,lapatinib,and nab-paclitaxel versus trastuzumab,pertuzumab,and paclitaxel in HER2-positive breast cancer(TEAL study)[J]. Breast Cancer Res,2019,21(1):100
FREEDMAN R A, HEILING H M, LI T,et al. Neratinib and ado-trastuzumab emtansine for pretreated and untreated human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-positive breast cancer brain metastases:translational breast cancer research consortium trial 022[J]. Ann Oncol,2024,35(11):993-1002
JACOBS S A, WANG Y, ABRAHAM J,et al. NSABP FB-10:a phase Ⅰb/Ⅱ trial evaluating ado-trastuzumab emtansine(T-DM1)with neratinib in women with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer[J]. Breast Cancer Res,2024,26(1):69
HURVITZ S, LOI S, O’SHAUGHNESSY J,et al. Abstract GS01-10: HER2CLIMB-02:randomized,double-blind phase 3 trial of tucatinib and trastuzumab emtansine for previously treated HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer[J]. Cancer Res,2024,84(Suppl 9): GS01-10-GS01-10
EMENS L A, ESTEVA F J, BERESFORD M,et al. Trastu-zumab emtansine plus atezolizumab versus trastuzumab emtansine plus placebo in previously treated, HER2-positive advanced breast cancer(KATE2):a phase 2,multicentre,randomised,double-blind trial[J]. Lancet Oncol,2020,21(10):1283-1295
SCHMID P, WYSOCKI P, MA C,et al. Abstract PD11-09: PD11-09 datopotamab deruxtecan(dato-DXd)+ dur-valumab(D)as first-line(1L)treatment for unresectable locally advanced/metastatic triple-negative breast cancer(a/mTNBC):updated results from BEGONIA,a phase 1b/2 study[J]. Cancer Res,2023,83(Suppl 5): PD11-9-PD11-09
SCHMID P, WYSOCKI P J, MA C X,et al.379MO dato-potamab deruxtecan(dato-DXd)+ durvalumab(D)as first-line(1L)treatment for unresectable locally advanced/metastatic triple-negative breast cancer(a/mTNBC):updated results from BEGONIA,a phase Ⅰb/Ⅱ study[J]. Ann Oncol,2023,34: S337
GARRIDO-CASTRO A C, KIM S E, DESROSIERS J,et al. SACI-IO HR+:a randomized phase Ⅱ trial of sacitu-zumab govitecan with or without pembrolizumab in patients with metastatic hormone receptor-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer[J]. J Clin Oncol,2024,42(Suppl 17): LBA1004
FLYNN P, SURYAPRAKASH S, GROSSMAN D,et al. The antibody-drug conjugate landscape[J]. Nat Rev Drug Discov,2024,23(8):577-578
KROP I E, MASUDA N, MUKOHARA T,et al. Results from the phase 1/2 study of patritumab deruxtecan,a HER3-directed antibody-drug conjugate(ADC),in patients with HER3-expressing metastatic breast cancer(MBC)[J]. J Clin Oncol,2022,40(Suppl 16):1002
YIN Y M, WU X H, OUYANG Q C,et al. Abstract PS08-08: Updated efficacy and safety of SKB264(MK-2870)for previously treated metastatic triple negative breast cancer(mTNBC)in phase 2 study[J]. Cancer Res,2024,84(Suppl 9): PS08-8-PS08-08
WILKS S, CARNEIRO B, COTE G,et al.762 A first-inhuman phase 1 clinical study evaluating safety,tolerability,pharmacokinetics,pharmacodynamics and efficacy of the EDB + FN targeting ADC PYX-201 in participants with advanced solid tumors[J]. J ImmunoThera Cancer,2023,11(Suppl 1): A857
GUAN J, ZHANG X, WU W W,et al. Abstract LB055: IBI3001:a potentially first-in-class site-specifically conjugated B7-H3/EGFR bispecific ADC for multiple solid tumors[J]. Cancer Res,2024,84(Suppl 7): LB055
BONI V, FIDLER M J, ARKENAU H T,et al. Praluzatam-ab ravtansine,a CD166-targeting antibody-drug conjugate,in patients with advanced solid tumors:an open-label phase Ⅰ/Ⅱ trial[J]. Clin Cancer Res,2022,28(10):2020-2029
PALACINO J, BAI C, YI Y,et al. Abstract 3933: ORM-5029:a first-in-class targeted protein degradation therapy using antibody neodegrader conjugate(AnDC)for HER2-expressing breast cancer[J]. Cancer Res,2022,82(Suppl 12):3933
ADHIKARI P, ZACHARIAS N, OHRI R,et al. Site-specific conjugation to cys-engineered THIOMABTM antibodies[J]. Methods Mol Biol,2020,2078:51-69
ZHANG J, JI D M, SHEN W N,et al. Phase I trial of a novel anti-HER2 antibody-drug conjugate, ARX788,for the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer[J/OL]. Clin Cancer Res,2022[2022-07-29]. DOI:10.1158/1078-0432. CCR-22-0456