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通讯作者:

田薇,E⁃mail:tianweiw@163.com

中图分类号:R739.41

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)01-016-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210104

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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探讨Geminin 基因沉默对人脑胶质瘤细胞恶性生物学行为的影响及可能的发生机制。方法:选取南通大学附属医院脑外科2018—2019年手术切除的20例神经胶质瘤患者的新鲜标本,qRT⁃PCR结合基因表达谱数据动态分析(gene expression profilling interactive analysis,GEPIA)数据库分析胶质瘤组织中Geminin基因的表达;设计有效靶向沉默Geminin基因的siRNA序列和阴性对照序列,分别转染胶质瘤细胞U251,作为si⁃Geminin组和si⁃NC组,48 h 后,qRT⁃PCR检测各组中Gemi⁃ nin mRNA的表达情况;分别采用CCK⁃8法、Transwell实验、Western blot法检测各组细胞的增殖情况、迁移和侵袭能力及Gemi⁃ nin、HBO1、Cdt1的蛋白表达水平。结果:qRT⁃PCR及GEPIA数据库分析结果显示脑胶质瘤组织中Geminin的表达明显高于瘤旁组织;siRNA干扰Geminin基因能显著抑制其在U251细胞中的表达;与control组及si⁃NC组相比,si⁃Geminin 组细胞的增殖能力、细胞迁移和细胞侵袭的数量均显著降低,Geminin、HBO1及Cdt1蛋白表达水平显著降低。结论:Geminin在脑胶质瘤中高表达,敲除其表达可能通过下调HBO1及Cdt1抑制U251细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,Geminin有望成为人脑胶质瘤治疗新的分子靶点。

    Abstract

    Objective:To explore the effects of Geminin gene silencing on the biological behavior of human gliomas and the possible mechanism. Methods:Totally 20 pairs of fresh glioma specimens collected from patients who received a surgical resection in the Department of Brain Surgery in the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from 2018 to 2019 were analyzed by qRT⁃PCR combining GEPIA database to study the expression of Geminin gene in glioma tissues. The siRNA sequences that effectively targeted Geminin gene and the negative control sequences were designed and transfected into glioma U251 cells using Lipofectamine™ 2000 reagent. The two groups were defined as siRNA⁃Geminin group and siRNA⁃NC group,respectively. In 48 h after transfection,qRT⁃PCR was used to detect the expressions of Geminin mRNA in each group. Then CCK8 method,Transwell assay,and Western blot were used to detect the cell proliferation,migration and invasion ability and the levels of Geminin,HBO1 and Cdt1 protein expression respectively. Results: Results of both qRT ⁃ PCR and GEPIA database analyses showed that the expression of Geminin mRNA in glioma tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissue. The siRNA interference in Geminin gene could significantly inhibit its expression in U251 cells. Compared with siRNA ⁃ NC group,the cell proliferation ability,cell migrationand cell invasion quantity of the siRNA ⁃ Geminin group were significantly reduced,and the expression levels of Geminin,HBO1,and Cdt1 proteins were significantly lowered. Conclusion:Geminin is highly expressed in glioma. Knockdown of Geminin could inhibit the proliferation,migration,and invasion of U251 cells,possibly by down⁃regulating HBO1 and Cdt1. Thus,Geminin may be expected to be a new molecular target for the treatment of human glioma.

    关键词

    Geminin胶质瘤siRNAHBO1细胞增殖

    Keywords

    GeminingliomasiRNAHBO1cell proliferation

  • 胶质瘤是目前最常见的恶性原发性脑肿瘤[1],尽管近年来针对胶质瘤的传统治疗方法取得了一定程度的进展,但患者的预后仍然不理想[2]。Gemi⁃ nin作为一种小分子蛋白,在细胞周期调控中发挥关键作用,可高表达于多种恶性肿瘤,发挥调节肿瘤细胞增殖分化的作用[3],但其在脑胶质瘤发生、发展中所扮演的角色以及具体的作用机制目前还不清楚。本研究旨在通过基因沉默技术利用siRNA敲除Geminin在人胶质瘤细胞U251中的表达,探究其对胶质瘤细胞凋亡、增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响,初步探索可能的发生机制,为明确其是否可以作为胶质瘤治疗的新作用靶点提供依据。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 收集2018—2019年南通大学附属医院20例患者(男12例,女8例;年龄27~74岁,平均年龄51.5岁,中位年龄48岁)术后新鲜脑胶质瘤组织和瘤旁正常脑组织的标本,所有参与实验的患者术前均未接受任何放化疗等抗肿瘤治疗,其临床病理资料和随访记录均完整。本实验经南通大学附属医院伦理委员会批准,知情同意书齐全,均由患者或其家属签署。人胶质瘤U251细胞株购自中国科学院上海细胞研究所。胎牛血清(FBS)购自美国Gibco公司;LipofectamineTM 2000脂质体转染试剂购自美国Invitrogen公司;qRT⁃PCR试剂盒购自美国Promega公司;Cell Counting Kit⁃8(CCK⁃8)试剂盒购自上海BestBio公司;抗HBO1、Cdt1、GAPDH抗体及二抗均购自美国Abcam公司;siRNA片段购自上海晶赛公司;其余试剂为国产分析纯。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 GEPIA数据库及qRT⁃PCR分析Geminin在脑胶质瘤中的表达

  • 为了获得Geminin在神经胶质瘤中的表达模式,我们利用来自基因表达谱数据动态分析(gene expression profilling interactive analysis,GEPIA)数据库(http://gepia.cancer⁃pku.cn/)的数据进行分析。另外使用qRT⁃PCR方法检测20例人新鲜胶质瘤组织中Geminin的表达情况,具体方法如下:TRIzol提取胶质瘤组织中的总RNA,然后按逆转录试剂盒及qRT⁃PCR试剂盒说明操作,Geminin特异性引物序列:(上游)5′ ⁃AGAAAATGAGCTGTCCGCAGG ⁃ 3′; (下游)5′⁃TACAGCGCCTTTCTCCGTTT⁃3′,产物大小213bp;以GAPDH作为内对照,其特异性引物序列: (上游)5′⁃GAAGGTCGGAGTCAACGGAT⁃3′;(下游) 5′ ⁃ TCCCGTTCTCAGCCATGTAGTT ⁃ 3′,产物大小131bp。PCR扩增通过以下条件进行,95℃ 5min,然后95℃ 30s,60℃ 20s,72℃ 30s,40个循环。最终结果用2-ΔΔCt法进行计算。所有实验独立重复3次。

  • 1.2.2 细胞培养和转染

  • 人脑胶质瘤U251细胞在37℃、5%CO2、95%饱和湿度的培养箱中用含有10%FBS、链霉素 (100 μg/mL)和青霉素(100U/mL)的RPMI1640细胞培养基传代培养。后续的实验研究取处于对数生长期的细胞。Geminin特异性siRNA序列为:(上游)5′⁃GGUCCUGAAGCCAAUGAAA⁃3′,(下游)5′⁃ UUUCAUUGGUTTUAGGAUU ⁃ 3′;阴性siRNA序列为:(上游)5′⁃CGGCT⁃TCGCGGGCGACGGA⁃3′,(下游)5′⁃GAGGAGCTGGAAGCAGCCG⁃3′;后续实验共设置有3组:空白对照组(Control)、阴性对照组(si⁃ NC)和干扰组(si⁃Geminin)。当U251细胞生长至融合度达约50%时,利用脂质体转染法(参照说明书),将Geminin特异性siRNA序列及阴性序列分别转染至U251细胞,然后用qPCR法检测细胞转染的效率。

  • 1.2.3 CCK⁃8法检测细胞增殖情况

  • siRNA转染24h后,将细胞消化,然后在96孔板中以1×104 个/孔的密度在CO2培养箱中培养。每隔24h通过CCK⁃8试剂盒测量细胞活性,每次检测之前,将CCK⁃8试剂加入板中后在培养箱中培养1.5h。最后测定450nm波长下分析光密度,并绘制细胞增殖曲线。所有实验独立重复3次。

  • 1.2.4 Transwell实验检测细胞侵袭和迁移情况

  • 利用Transwell小室测定U251细胞的侵袭与迁移能力。将熔融过夜的100 μL Matrigel添加到24孔板的Transwell小室上室中,均匀摇晃,并置于37℃的CO2培养箱中4~6h,以形成凝胶。然后将500 μL无血清培养液加入到下室中,并且将底物膜水合30min。将转染后48h的U251细胞以1×105 个/孔的密度转接至涂有基质的Transwell上室中,将500 μL全培养液加入下腔室中,过夜后,移开小腔室,并用棉签擦拭上腔室中剩余的细胞。PBS清洗后,4%多聚甲醛固定30min;0.1%的结晶紫染色20min,PBS清洗,在显微镜下随机选择5个视野进行观察和计数。迁移实验类似,采用Transwell腔室代替基质涂层腔室,进行细胞迁移能力测定。所有实验独立重复3次。

  • 1.2.5 蛋白质印迹法检测干扰后Geminin、HBO1、 Cdt1的蛋白表达水平

  • 转染48h后,分别收集3组细胞,按试剂盒说明操作,裂解细胞,提取蛋白质,测定蛋白浓度;然后将总蛋白20 μg样品加到12%分离凝胶上并转膜; TBST洗涤5min,室温下5%脱脂奶粉溶液中封闭2h; TBST洗涤后,4℃下孵抗Geminin(1∶200)、抗HBO1 (1∶200)和抗Cdt1(1∶200)一抗过夜;TBST洗涤后,室温下将膜孵HRP标记的二抗(1∶5 000)2h。最后ECL显色,LabWorks灰度图像分析软件分析。所有实验独立重复3次。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用SPSS 22.0和Graphpad 5.0软件对数据进行统计学处理。其中计量资料以均数±标准差(x- ± s) 表示,实验数据的两组间比较行t检验,多组均数比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用SNK检验。 P< 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 Geminin在胶质瘤组织的表达情况

  • 从GEPIA数据库获得的结果表明,无论是低级别胶质瘤还是胶质母细胞瘤组织中Geminin的表达均明显高于瘤旁正常脑组织(图1A、B,P< 0.05)。同时本课题组利用qRT⁃PCR实验方法得出的结果显示,20例新鲜胶质瘤组织中Geminin mRNA的表达(1.30 ±0.22)明显高于瘤旁正常脑组织(0.88±0.19),差异具有统计学意义(P< 0.05,图1C)。

  • 图1 胶质瘤组织中Geminin的表达水平增高

  • Fig.1 High expression of Geminin in glioma tissues

  • 2.2 Geminin基因沉默

  • qRT⁃PCR检测基因沉默对U251细胞内Gemi⁃ nin基因表达的影响,结果显示,与Control组(1.01± 0.18)及si ⁃ NC组(0.96 ± 0.08)相比,si ⁃ Geminin组 (0.18±0.05)中Geminin mRNA表达水平显著降低 (P< 0.05,图2)。

  • 2.3 Geminin基因沉默对U251细胞增殖的影响

  • CCK⁃8法检测Geminin基因沉默对U251细胞的增殖的影响,结果显示,与Control组及si⁃NC组相比,si ⁃ Geminin组细胞存活率显著降低(P< 0.05,图3)。

  • 2.4 Geminin基因沉默对U251 细胞迁移和侵袭的影响

  • Transwell实验结果显示,si⁃Geminin组U251细胞迁移数量[(70.33±5.51)个/视野]和侵袭数量 [(29.00±3.61)个/视野]与Control组[迁移(146.33± 13.20)个/视野;侵袭(81.67±5.13)个/视野]及si⁃NC组[迁移(144.00±5.57)个/视野;侵袭(86.67±7.68) 个/视野]相比均显著降低(均P< 0.05,图4)。

  • 图2 Geminin基因沉默对U251细胞Geminin mRNA表达水平的影响

  • Fig.2 Effect of Geminin gene silencing on Geminin mRNA expression in U251cells

  • 2.5 Geminin基因沉默对U251 细胞内HBO1、Cdt1 蛋白表达的影响

  • Western blot实验检测Geminin基因沉默对U251细胞内Geminin、HBO1、Cdt1蛋白表达的影响。结果显示,与Control组及si⁃NC组相比,si⁃Gem⁃ inin组U251细胞内Geminin(0.36 ± 0.03)、HBO1 (0.39±0.02)、Cdt1蛋白(0.31±0.04)表达水平均显著降低(P< 0.05,图5)。

  • 图3 Geminin基因沉默对U251细胞增殖的影响

  • Fig.3 Effect of Geminin gene silencing on U251cell proliferation

  • 3 讨论

  • 胶质瘤是起源于神经外胚层最常见的原发性脑肿瘤,占成人恶性脑肿瘤的70%以上[1],具有高度恶性及高病死率的特点,患者预后不良[4]。目前对该肿瘤患者的治疗临床上仍然采用外科手术治疗与术后放疗化疗相结合的方法,此方法对于胶质瘤的治疗存在一定的缺陷[5]:首先,因胶质瘤肿瘤本身的特点及生长部位的特殊性外科手术不能完全切除;其次,因为血脑屏障的存在,该肿瘤细胞对放疗和化疗不敏感。因此不能完全根治,而且容易复发。有研究表明,脑胶质瘤的发生、发展可能与基因突变引起神经干细胞分化失调存在一定的相关性[6],鉴于此,用于胶质瘤早期发现与治疗的一系列生物标志物正在深入研究中[7]。目前虽然用于胶质瘤治疗的靶点[8⁃9] (如血管生成拟态、肾母细胞瘤Ⅰ 基因产物、miR⁃128)及新兴的靶向性药物[10]、抗PD⁃ 1/PD⁃L1 [11] 及CAR⁃T治疗[12] 等已初见成效,但并未获得突破性进展。因此寻找新的、行之有效的分子靶点势在必行。

  • 图4 Geminin基因沉默对U251细胞迁移和侵袭的影响(×400)

  • Fig.4 Effect of Geminin gene silencing on U251cell migration and invasion(×400)

  • 图5 Geminin基因沉默对U251细胞内HBO1、Cdt1蛋白表达的影响

  • Fig.5 Effect of Geminin gene silencing on protein expressions of HBO1,Cdt1in U251cells

  • Geminin由McGarry和Kirschner[13] 首次发现,是一种小分子多功能的核蛋白,主要在细胞增殖中发挥作用[14]。Geminin在许多不同类型的肿瘤中高表达,如消化系统肿瘤(胃癌、肠癌等)、口腔恶性黑色素瘤、乳腺癌及肺癌等[15],其高表达常预示肿瘤细胞侵袭性高,提示肿瘤患者不良预后[16-17]。除了在保持基因组保真度方面发挥作用外,Geminin对于胚胎发育的多个方面也是必需的,并且可以通过与染色质调节复合物的相互作用来控制胚胎基因的表达[18-19],可促进胚胎干细胞向神经组织的生成[20]。研究发现,Geminin作为DNA复制的拮抗剂和调节剂,可以调整神经干细胞和室管膜细胞的比例进而可能对胶质瘤的发生及发展产生影响[21]。因此,本课题组通过基因沉默技术研究其在胶质瘤组织的表达模式以及对人胶质瘤细胞生物学行为产生的影响和可能发生的分子机制。结果显示,Geminin在胶质瘤中表达增高,转染siRNA后胶质瘤U251细胞中Geminin mRNA及蛋白表达水平显著下降,细胞的增殖能力降低,细胞的迁移和侵袭的数量减少,由此可以推断,Geminin的高表达与胶质瘤的发生、发展及恶性程度密切相关。

  • Cdt1是重要的细胞周期调控因子,且与肿瘤的发生发展有着密切的关系[22]。在细胞周期中,Cdt1对于将DNA解旋酶加载到DNA复制起点上至关重要,并受Geminin的调节,有研究发现,Geminin通过控制细胞周期内DNA复制的重新启动来维持基因组保真度[14],Geminin可双重调控Cdt1,在细胞周期中特异性结合Cdt1构成了控制Cdt1活性的第3个系统,既可以防止Cdt1重新启动DNA复制(S/G2阶段,负向调控),又可以保护Cdt1免受蛋白水解降解 (G2/M阶段,正向调控)[23-24]。而HBO1可直接与Cdt1相互作用,作为Cdt1的募集辅助因子直接参与了RC前的形成,增强Cdt1依赖的DNA复制,促进细胞的增殖。HBO1最初被鉴定为起源识别复合物 (ORC)的伴侣,其中包含1个保守的MYST域,该域可乙酰化组蛋白并调节染色体结构,在细胞周期中,HBO1通过两种方式调节DNA复制,其一是乙酰化H4K5/8/12,促进复制前复合物(Pre⁃RC)的形成; 其二是乙酰化H3K14,促进CDC45的加载,激活S期DNA的复制[25]。有研究显示,HBO1、MOZ和ORF HAT复合物的靶向亚基ING5的异位表达可增加Oct4、Olig2和Nestin等神经干细胞标志物的表达,促进肿瘤的自我更新,防止谱系分化[26]。近期研究结果显示,HBO1在膀胱癌中的高表达可通过增强β⁃ catenin在膀胱癌细胞中的核易位以及上调β⁃catenin下游靶基因如c⁃myc、c⁃Jun、CCND1、CTLA4、LEF1、 TCF1和Axin2等的表达,影响膀胱癌细胞的增殖、侵袭和转移[27]。而Geminin在细胞周期中对HBO1、 Cdt1不平衡的调节作用可能导致DNA复制缺陷和基因组的不稳定,从而影响细胞的正常增殖、侵袭和转移能力,最终导致肿瘤的发生[28]。但在胶质瘤细胞中,Geminin对HBO1、Cdt1的作用尚未有研究。

  • 本实验通过基因沉默技术敲除Geminin后检测U251细胞中HBO1、Cdt1的表达情况,结果显示, Geminin沉默后Geminin、HBO1及Cdt1蛋白的表达水平均降低,由此我们推测在胶质瘤细胞中,Gemi⁃ nin的高表达可能影响HBO1、Cdt1的表达及相互作用,促进DNA复制,进而增强胶质瘤细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力。有研究报道,Geminin蛋白可通过影响Wnt信号通路和上皮型钙黏蛋白的表达对上皮细胞间质化进行影响[29]。在脑胶质瘤中,Geminin对HBO1、Cdt1二者的影响是否与此通路相关,其中是否还有其他的作用机制尚不清楚,有待于今后进一步的研究和探索。

  • 参考文献

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    • [2] 傅松,龙卫国,张爱霞.HDGF 过表达促进胶质瘤细胞体外迁移与侵袭及β⁃catenin磷酸化[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(4):505-512

    • [3] CHAMPERIS T S,GJ D,PETROPOULOS M,et al.DNA replication inhibitor geminin and retinoic acid signaling participate in complex interactions associated with pluri⁃ potency[J].Cancer Genomics Proteomics,2019,16(6):593-601

    • [4] TONG L,LI J B,CHOI J,et al.CLEC5A expressed on my⁃ eloid cells as a M2 biomarker relates to immunosuppres⁃ sion and decreased survival in patients with glioma[J].Cancer Gene Ther,2020,27(9):669-679

    • [5] 李元元,朱淑霞,张园园,等.沉默FOXC1基因调控Notch通路对脑胶质瘤细胞增殖和凋亡影响[J].中华肿瘤防治杂志,2019,26(14):997-1002

    • [6] LU J,LI Q,CAI L,et al.RBM17 controls apoptosis and proliferation to promote Glioma progression[J].Biochem⁃ Biophys Res Commun,2018,505(1):20-28

    • [7] FENG Y,WANG J,TAN D,et al.Relationship between circulating inflammatory factors and glioma risk and prog⁃ nosis:A meta ⁃ analysis[J].Cancer Med,2019,8(17):7454-7468

    • [8] 赵志鑫.胶质瘤的治疗进展[J].继续医学教育,2019,33(8):87-89

    • [9] 刘臣,李根华,李想.脑胶质瘤综合治疗的研究进展[J].中国微侵袭神经外科杂志,2019,24(4):182-185

    • [10] DIAZ R J,ALI S,QADIR M G,et al.The role of bevaci⁃ zumab in the treatment of glioblastoma[J].J Neurooncol,2017,133(3):455-467

    • [11] CACCESE M,INDRACCOLO S,ZAGONEL V,et al.PD⁃ 1/PD⁃L1 immune⁃checkpoint inhibitors in glioblastoma:a concise review[J].Crit Rev Oncol Hematol,2019,135:128-134

    • [12] BAGLEY S J,DESAI A S,LINETTE G P,et al.CAR T⁃ cell therapy for glioblastoma:recent clinical advances and future challenges[J].Neuro Oncol,2018,20(11):1429-1438

    • [13] MCGARRY T J,KIRSCHNER M W.Geminin,an inhibi⁃ tor of DNA replication,is degraded during mitosis[J].Cell,1998,93(6):1043-1053

    • [14] ZHANG L,CAI M Z,GONG Z C,et al.Geminin facili⁃ tates FoxO3 deacetylation to promote breast cancer cell metastasis[J].J Clin Invest,2017,127(6):2159-2175

    • [15] SIRIL Y J,KOUKETSU A,OIKAWA M,et al.Immuno⁃ histochemical assessment of chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1,geminin,and γ⁃H2A.X in oral epithelial precursor lesions and squamous cell carcinoma [J].J Oral Pathol Med,2019,48(10):888-896

    • [16] HERNÁNDEZ ⁃ PÉREZ S,CABRERA E,SALIDO E,et al.DUB3 and USP7 de ⁃ ubiquitinating enzymes control replication inhibitor Geminin:molecular characterization and associations with breast cancer[J].Oncogene,2017,36(33):4817

    • [17] AL⁃HAZMI N,ALHAZZAZI T,WILLIAMS G,et al.DNA replication licensing factor MCM2,geminin,and Ki67 de⁃ fine proliferative state and are linked with survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma[J].Eur J Oral Sci,2018,126(3):186-196

    • [18] SANKAR S,YELLAJOSHYULA D,ZHANG B,et al.Gene regulatory networks in neural cell fate acquisition from genome ⁃wide chromatin association of Geminin and Zic1[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:37412

    • [19] PATMANIDI A L,CHAMPERIS TSANIRAS S,KARAMI⁃ TROS D,et al.Concise review:Geminin ⁃ a tale of two tails:DNA replication and transcriptional/epigenetic regu⁃ lation in stem cells[J].Stem Cells,2017,35(2):299-310

    • [20] MASSIMINO M,BIASSONI V,GANDOLA L,et al.Child⁃ hood medulloblastoma[J].Crit Rev Oncol Hematol,2016,105:35-51

    • [21] ORTIZ⁃ÁLVAREZ G,DACLIN M,SHIHAVUDDIN A,et al.Adult neural stem cells and multiciliated ependymal cells share a common lineage regulated by the geminin family members[J].Neuron,2019,102(1):159.e7-172.e7

    • [22] KARAVIAS D,MAROULIS I,PAPADAKI H,et al.Over⁃ expression of CDT1 is a predictor of poor survival in pa⁃ tients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Gastrointest Surg,2016,20(3):568-579

    • [23] SENGA T,SIVAPRASAD U,ZHU W,et al.PCNA is a co⁃ factor for Cdt1 degradation by CUL4/DDB1⁃mediated N ⁃ terminal ubiquitination[J].J Biol Chem,2006,281(10):6246-6252

    • [24] SANKAR S,PATTERSON E,EMILY M L,et al.Geminin deficiency enhances survival in a murine medulloblasto⁃ ma model by inducing apoptosis of preneoplastic granule neuron precursors[J].Genes Cancer,2017,8(9/10):725-744

    • [25] WANG Y,CHEN S,TIAN W,et al.High ⁃ expression HBO1 predicts poor prognosis in gastric cancer[J].Am J Clin Pathol,2019,152(4):517-526

    • [26] WANG F,WANG A Y,CHESNELONG C,et al.ING5 ac⁃ tivity in self⁃renewal of glioblastoma stem cells via calci⁃ um and follicle stimulating hormone pathways[J].Onco⁃ gene,2018,37(3):286-301

    • [27] CHEN Z,ZHOU L J,WANG L W,et al.HBO1 promotes cell proliferation in bladder cancer via activation of Wnt/β ⁃catenin signaling[J].Mol Carcinog,2018,57(1):12-21

    • [28] SUCHYTA M,MIOTTO B,MCGARRY T J.An inactive geminin mutant that binds cdt1[J].Genes(Basel),2015,6(2):252-266

    • [29] SLAWNY N,O’SHEA K S.Geminin promotes an epithe⁃ lial⁃to⁃mesenchymal transition in an embryonic stem cell model of gastrulation[J].Stem Cells Dev,2013,22(8):1177-1189

  • 参考文献

    • [1] GUSYATINER O,HEGI M E.Glioma epigenetics:From subclassification to novel treatment options[J].Semin Cancer Biol,2018,51:50-58

    • [2] 傅松,龙卫国,张爱霞.HDGF 过表达促进胶质瘤细胞体外迁移与侵袭及β⁃catenin磷酸化[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(4):505-512

    • [3] CHAMPERIS T S,GJ D,PETROPOULOS M,et al.DNA replication inhibitor geminin and retinoic acid signaling participate in complex interactions associated with pluri⁃ potency[J].Cancer Genomics Proteomics,2019,16(6):593-601

    • [4] TONG L,LI J B,CHOI J,et al.CLEC5A expressed on my⁃ eloid cells as a M2 biomarker relates to immunosuppres⁃ sion and decreased survival in patients with glioma[J].Cancer Gene Ther,2020,27(9):669-679

    • [5] 李元元,朱淑霞,张园园,等.沉默FOXC1基因调控Notch通路对脑胶质瘤细胞增殖和凋亡影响[J].中华肿瘤防治杂志,2019,26(14):997-1002

    • [6] LU J,LI Q,CAI L,et al.RBM17 controls apoptosis and proliferation to promote Glioma progression[J].Biochem⁃ Biophys Res Commun,2018,505(1):20-28

    • [7] FENG Y,WANG J,TAN D,et al.Relationship between circulating inflammatory factors and glioma risk and prog⁃ nosis:A meta ⁃ analysis[J].Cancer Med,2019,8(17):7454-7468

    • [8] 赵志鑫.胶质瘤的治疗进展[J].继续医学教育,2019,33(8):87-89

    • [9] 刘臣,李根华,李想.脑胶质瘤综合治疗的研究进展[J].中国微侵袭神经外科杂志,2019,24(4):182-185

    • [10] DIAZ R J,ALI S,QADIR M G,et al.The role of bevaci⁃ zumab in the treatment of glioblastoma[J].J Neurooncol,2017,133(3):455-467

    • [11] CACCESE M,INDRACCOLO S,ZAGONEL V,et al.PD⁃ 1/PD⁃L1 immune⁃checkpoint inhibitors in glioblastoma:a concise review[J].Crit Rev Oncol Hematol,2019,135:128-134

    • [12] BAGLEY S J,DESAI A S,LINETTE G P,et al.CAR T⁃ cell therapy for glioblastoma:recent clinical advances and future challenges[J].Neuro Oncol,2018,20(11):1429-1438

    • [13] MCGARRY T J,KIRSCHNER M W.Geminin,an inhibi⁃ tor of DNA replication,is degraded during mitosis[J].Cell,1998,93(6):1043-1053

    • [14] ZHANG L,CAI M Z,GONG Z C,et al.Geminin facili⁃ tates FoxO3 deacetylation to promote breast cancer cell metastasis[J].J Clin Invest,2017,127(6):2159-2175

    • [15] SIRIL Y J,KOUKETSU A,OIKAWA M,et al.Immuno⁃ histochemical assessment of chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor 1,geminin,and γ⁃H2A.X in oral epithelial precursor lesions and squamous cell carcinoma [J].J Oral Pathol Med,2019,48(10):888-896

    • [16] HERNÁNDEZ ⁃ PÉREZ S,CABRERA E,SALIDO E,et al.DUB3 and USP7 de ⁃ ubiquitinating enzymes control replication inhibitor Geminin:molecular characterization and associations with breast cancer[J].Oncogene,2017,36(33):4817

    • [17] AL⁃HAZMI N,ALHAZZAZI T,WILLIAMS G,et al.DNA replication licensing factor MCM2,geminin,and Ki67 de⁃ fine proliferative state and are linked with survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma[J].Eur J Oral Sci,2018,126(3):186-196

    • [18] SANKAR S,YELLAJOSHYULA D,ZHANG B,et al.Gene regulatory networks in neural cell fate acquisition from genome ⁃wide chromatin association of Geminin and Zic1[J].Sci Rep,2016,6:37412

    • [19] PATMANIDI A L,CHAMPERIS TSANIRAS S,KARAMI⁃ TROS D,et al.Concise review:Geminin ⁃ a tale of two tails:DNA replication and transcriptional/epigenetic regu⁃ lation in stem cells[J].Stem Cells,2017,35(2):299-310

    • [20] MASSIMINO M,BIASSONI V,GANDOLA L,et al.Child⁃ hood medulloblastoma[J].Crit Rev Oncol Hematol,2016,105:35-51

    • [21] ORTIZ⁃ÁLVAREZ G,DACLIN M,SHIHAVUDDIN A,et al.Adult neural stem cells and multiciliated ependymal cells share a common lineage regulated by the geminin family members[J].Neuron,2019,102(1):159.e7-172.e7

    • [22] KARAVIAS D,MAROULIS I,PAPADAKI H,et al.Over⁃ expression of CDT1 is a predictor of poor survival in pa⁃ tients with hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Gastrointest Surg,2016,20(3):568-579

    • [23] SENGA T,SIVAPRASAD U,ZHU W,et al.PCNA is a co⁃ factor for Cdt1 degradation by CUL4/DDB1⁃mediated N ⁃ terminal ubiquitination[J].J Biol Chem,2006,281(10):6246-6252

    • [24] SANKAR S,PATTERSON E,EMILY M L,et al.Geminin deficiency enhances survival in a murine medulloblasto⁃ ma model by inducing apoptosis of preneoplastic granule neuron precursors[J].Genes Cancer,2017,8(9/10):725-744

    • [25] WANG Y,CHEN S,TIAN W,et al.High ⁃ expression HBO1 predicts poor prognosis in gastric cancer[J].Am J Clin Pathol,2019,152(4):517-526

    • [26] WANG F,WANG A Y,CHESNELONG C,et al.ING5 ac⁃ tivity in self⁃renewal of glioblastoma stem cells via calci⁃ um and follicle stimulating hormone pathways[J].Onco⁃ gene,2018,37(3):286-301

    • [27] CHEN Z,ZHOU L J,WANG L W,et al.HBO1 promotes cell proliferation in bladder cancer via activation of Wnt/β ⁃catenin signaling[J].Mol Carcinog,2018,57(1):12-21

    • [28] SUCHYTA M,MIOTTO B,MCGARRY T J.An inactive geminin mutant that binds cdt1[J].Genes(Basel),2015,6(2):252-266

    • [29] SLAWNY N,O’SHEA K S.Geminin promotes an epithe⁃ lial⁃to⁃mesenchymal transition in an embryonic stem cell model of gastrulation[J].Stem Cells Dev,2013,22(8):1177-1189