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通讯作者:

黄茂,E⁃mail:hm6114@126.com

中图分类号:R563

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)02-203-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210209

参考文献 1
MANNINO D M,BUIST A S.Global burden of COPD:risk factors,prevalence,and future trends[J].Lancet,2007,370(9589):765-773
参考文献 2
CHEN W,XU J,LAN Y,et al.Prevalence and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China(the China Pulmonary Health[CPH]study):a national cross ⁃ sectional study[J].Lancet,2018,391(10131):1706-1717
参考文献 3
ZHONG N,WANG C,YAO W,et al.Prevalence of chron⁃ ic obstructive pulmonary disease in China:a large,popu⁃ lation ⁃ based survey[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2007,176(8):753-760
参考文献 4
MÜLLEROVA H,MASELLI D J,LOCANTORE N,et al.Hospitalized exacerbations of COPD:risk factors and out⁃ comes in the ECLIPSE cohort[J].Chest,2015,147(4):999-1007
参考文献 5
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参考文献 6
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
薛瑾,崔亚楠,陈平,等.血嗜酸粒细胞对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期激素治疗反应性和再入院的预测价值[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2019,42(6):426-431
参考文献 19
KANG H S,RHEE C K,KIM S K,et al.Comparison of the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of pa⁃ tients requiring hospital admission to treat eosinophilic and neutrophilic exacerbations of COPD[J].Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2016,11:2467-2473
参考文献 20
MEMON M A,FARYAL S,BROHI N,et al.Role of the DECAF score in predicting in ⁃hospital mortality in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [J].Cureus,2019,11(6):e4826
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:比较嗜酸性粒细胞炎症型慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重(eosinophilic⁃acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pul⁃ monary disease,EOS⁃AECOPD)和非EOS⁃AECOPD患者基本临床情况和住院结局,指导早期精准治疗。方法:回顾性收集2017 年因慢性阻塞性肺病重度急性加重(acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,AECOPD)入住南京医科大学第一附属医院患者的基本临床资料,比较EOS⁃AECOPD和非EOS⁃AECOPD两组患者的差异,分析影响患者病情的危险因素。结果:EOS⁃AECOPD患者63例(25.6%),非EOS⁃AECOPD患者183例(74.4%),住院期间病情危重比例分别为17.5%和35.5%,死亡比例分别为0和8.2%,(P<0.05)。多元回归分析提示嗜酸性粒细胞(eosinophil,EOS)≥2%是患者病情严重程度的保护性因素,肺心病、呼吸衰竭、中性粒淋巴细胞比值是患者病情严重程度的独立危险性因素(P<0.05)。结论:非EOS ⁃AECOPD患者 (EOS<2%)病情较重、病死率高,临床上可根据EOS水平初步评估患者病情,指导危重患者的早期积极治疗。

    Abstract

    Objective:The study compared the basic clinical information and hospitalization outcome of patients with eosinophil and non⁃eosinophilic inflammation type of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)in order to guide early and accurate treatment. Methods:The basic clinical data of patients with severe acute exacerbation of COPD(AECOPD)admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University during 2017 were collected to analyze the differences between EOS⁃AECOPD and non ⁃EOS ⁃AECOPD groups as well as risk factors related to the condition. Results:There were 63 patients with EOS ⁃AECOPD (25.6%)and 183 patients with non ⁃ EOS ⁃ AECOPD(74.4%). The proportion of critically ill patients was 17.5% and 35.5% , respectively. The mortality during hospitalization were 0 and 8.2%,respectively. Multi⁃regression analysis revealed that EOS ≥ 2% was a protective factor for the severity of the disease,while pulmonary heart disease,respiratory failure and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio were independent risk factors. Conclusion:Patients with non ⁃ EOS AECOPD(PBE<2%)are more severe,and mortality of hospitalization is higher. The level of eosinophils may help to evaluate the severity of patients with AECOPD in clinical practice so as to guide early and active treatment for critically ill patients.

  • 慢性阻塞性肺病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)简称慢阻肺,是全球常见慢性病及致死的主要原因之一,产生巨大的经济负担[1]。2007年钟南山等研究发现我国40岁以上COPD患病率为8.2%,2018年王辰等进行中国成人肺健康研究表明我国40岁以上成人COPD患病率为13.7%,患病总人数近1亿人[2],患病率及患病人数较前有所上升[3]。 COPD以呼吸道症状和持续气流受限为特征,因急性加重而住院的COPD患者死亡风险更高[4]。目前慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重(acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,AECOPD)诊断基于患者主观症状,缺乏客观指标判别患者入院时病情,因此,探索简便的生物标志物以早期识别AE⁃ COPD人群,对评估病情、制定治疗方案至关重要。

  • 目前多项研究发现部分AECOPD为嗜酸性粒细胞(eosinophil,EOS)表型即气道EOS聚集的炎症反应,证实血EOS可预测慢阻肺患者未来急性加重风险,但关于血EOS与AECOPD的严重程度及转归的关系尚缺乏了解。

  • 关于EOS型AECOPD的定义尚无统一意见,参考国内外研究结果,AECOPD外周血EOS≥2%的界值和痰液EOS≥3%相关性最敏感(敏感性90%)[5-6]。本文采用EOS作为标志物,定义外周血EOS≥2%为EOS⁃AECOPD,将研究对象分为EOS⁃AECOPD(外围血EOS≥2%)和非EOS⁃AECOPD(外围血EOS<2%) 两组,比较两组患者基本临床信息、住院期间病情、细菌感染情况和住院结局等指标。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 回顾性收集2017年1月1日—12月31日期间因AECOPD入住南京医科大学第一附属医院的患者。纳入标准:符合重度AECOPD诊断,年龄≥40岁,入院24h内有血常规结果,多次入院患者取第1次数据。排除标准:①合并变应性疾病,如支气管哮喘者;② 合并活动性肺结核、支气管扩张伴感染、间质性肺病者;③合并其他风湿性疾病累及肺脏;④精神疾病患者,不能准确判断是否加重者。本研究共收集352例患者信息,排除106例,纳入246例。本研究经院伦理委员会批准,并知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 根据纳排标准,收集重度AECOPD住院患者的基本临床情况及住院结局等指标。主要研究事件:住院期间病情,将住院期间告病危患者的病情定义为病危,余为非病危。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 22.0分析软件处理数据,符合方差齐性、正态分布的定量资料用均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示,两组间比较用t检验;不符合正态分布的定量资料或有序变量用中位数(四分位间距)表示,两组间比较用Mann⁃Whitney U 非参数检验,3组以上比较用Kruskal⁃Wallis检验;对于二分类资料,用频数、百分比描述,组间比较用卡方检验。对有统计学意义的指标行二元多因素Logistic回归分析探索与住院病情相关的变量。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 两组基本临床资料比较

  • 本研究共纳入246例患者资料,其中EOS⁃AE⁃ COPD患者63例(25.6%),非EOS⁃AECOPD患者183例(74.4%),两组性别、住院天数、病程长短、吸烟状态和吸烟指数、白蛋白(albumin,ALB)、肌酐、肾小球滤过率估计值(estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR)、D⁃二聚体差异无统计学意义(P >0.05)。非EOS⁃COPD患者年龄较大,白细胞(white blood cell, WBC)、中性粒细胞(neutrophil,NE)、中性粒淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio,NLR)、尿素氮均较高,淋巴细胞(lymphocyte,LYM)、钙离子较低。两组患者基本信息比较具体见表1。

  • 2.2 两组合并症及治疗转归情况

  • 表2 分析了EOS ⁃AECOPD和非EOS ⁃AECOPD两组患者并发症、静脉使用激素、住院期间病情严重程度、住院结局的情况。两组患者心脑血管事件、心律失常、肺心病比例及合并症个数差异无统计学意义,EOS⁃AECOPD组患者合并呼吸衰竭比例是28.6%,非EOS⁃AECOPD组为51.4%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.002)。两组患者住院期间全身静脉使用糖皮质激素占比分别为31.7%和59.0%,组间差异有统计学意义(P <0.001)。EOS⁃AECOPD患者较非EOS⁃AECOPD患者住院期间病情危重患者比例低 (17.5 vs.35.5%,P=0.007)、住院期间死亡比例低(0 vs.8.2%,P=0.041),两组间差异有统计学意义。

  • 2.3 AECOPD患者病情的多因素分析

  • 首先对影响AECOPD患者住院期间病情的因素行单因素回归分析,得出对住院期间病情严重 (是否病危)有意义的指标为:年龄、病程、WBC、NE、 LYM%、EOS、EOS%、NLR、ALB、尿素氮、肌酐;行二元多因素Logistic分析,结果显示EOS≥2%是患者病情危重的保护性因素[OR(95%CI)=0.271(0.105~0.700),P <0.05],肺心病、呼吸衰竭、高NLR是患者病情危重的独立危险性因素(P <0.05,表3)。

  • 3 讨论

  • AECOPD指呼吸困难加重、痰量增加、咳黄痰等症状,需要改变当前治疗方案[7],急性加重导致患者肺功能下降、并发症增多、病死率增加[8-9]。目前其诊断依赖患者临床表现,然而其病理特点和临床特征各异,需要有效的生物标志物互相区分。为了客观鉴别COPD加重表型,指导治疗,Bafadhel等[6] 将COPD分为4种表型,其中以EOS作为生物标志物的EOS⁃COPD患者急性加重期气道EOS升高,且未来急性加重风险更大,对吸入型糖皮质激素治疗反应更好[10],最新指南也推荐EOS作为指导吸入性糖皮质激素使用的标志物[7]。目前研究多探讨EOS⁃COPD与急性加重率和糖皮质激素治疗反应性之间的关系,对于重度EOS⁃AECOPD患者的住院转归研究较少。本文通过比较EOS ⁃AECOPD和非EOS⁃AECOPD两组住院患者的基本临床资料、病情和转归,旨在探究重度急性加重人群的血EOS和急性加重病情严重程度的相关性,识别病情严重的AECOPD患者,指导早期精准治疗。

  • 表1 两组基本临床资料比较

  • Table1 Comparison of baseline characteristics between two groups

  • 表2 两组合并症及治疗措施和出入院病情的对比

  • Table2 Comparison of complications,treatment and con⁃ ditions

  • 表3 AECOPD患者病情⁃病危的多因素分析

  • Table3 Multi ⁃ factor analysis of critical AECOPD pa⁃ tients

  • 本研究共纳入重度AECOPD患者246例,其中EOS⁃AECOPD患者63例(25.6%),与以往报道的EOS⁃ AECOPD约占总AECOPD的10%~66%相近[10-11]。本研究发现,与EOS⁃AECOPD组相比,非EOS⁃AECO⁃ PD组患者年龄大、NLR高、淋巴细胞比例低、钙离子低、合并呼吸衰竭比例和病情危重比例高、全身静脉使用激素多,病死率高,EOS⁃AECOPD组患者病情更轻,呼吸衰竭比例更少,住院结局更好。多因素回归分析提示,高NLR、合并肺心病、呼吸衰竭的患者病情更严重,低EOS(EOS<2%)是患者病情危重的独立危险因素,EOS≥2%的急性加重患者病情严重程度相对较轻。关于NLR和AECOPD的关系,有研究发现NLR和AECOPD病情严重程度正相关[12]。根据指南,对于病情严重患者,可以短期全身静脉应用糖皮质激素,本研究表明非EOS⁃AECOPD患者病危比例高,EOS⁃AECOPD患者病危比例低,可能因为非EOS⁃AECOPD患者住院期间病情较重,临床医生经过评估后,倾向于全身使用糖皮质激素。关于EOS水平和AECOPD的关系,研究发现EOS较高的COPD患者肺功能较好、生活质量更高、感染更少、生存时间更长,存活结局可能更好[513]。外围血EOS降低与急性加重程度有关,有研究发现非EOS⁃AE⁃ COPD患者需要无创通气的比例大、无创通气失败率高,感染败血症及病原体耐药的比例都更高,患者病情更重,入住重症监护病房(intensive care unit, ICU)比例、住院时间和病死率增加[14-15]。EOS可发挥固有免疫作用,还可放大Th1型免疫反应,非EOS ⁃COPD和EOS⁃COPD患者急性加重具有异质性,急性加重时气道炎症反应类型不完全相同,鼻病毒感染引起COPD急性加重时,通过核因子⁃kappa B(nucle⁃ ar factor⁃kappa B,NF⁃κB)诱导黏附分子⁃1的表达,释放趋化因子,激活趋化因子受体3,募集EOS浸润气道,促进组织局部EOS增加,可能导致COPD的急性加重。使用糖皮质激素时,激素与细胞质内的糖皮质激素受体结合后,影响NF⁃κB转录速度,抑制趋化因子基因表达,拮抗促炎基因表达,减少EOS的趋化和激活,发挥抗炎作用[16-17]。两组间的病情和结局的差异可能是糖皮质激素治疗后,与低EOS⁃ AECOPD患者相比,EOS⁃AECOPD患者对糖皮质激素治疗反应更好,糖皮质激素可以改善肺功能和氧合情况,减轻AECOPD急性加重的症状,好转更加迅速[610]。本研究为回顾性研究,根据EOS高低分组,无法完全匹配研究对象信息,结果表明非EOS⁃ AECOPD组患者年龄更大,差异存在统计学意义,在分析结局指标时,将年龄纳入多因素回归模型,结果表明年龄不是患者病情严重程度的独立影响因素,低EOS是患者病情严重的独立危险因素。

  • 本回顾性研究客观、多次审核患者的住院结局,发现住院期间15例(8.2%)的死亡AECOPD患者均来自非EOS⁃AECOPD组,死亡第一诊断均为“慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重”,其中6例第二诊断为“2型呼吸衰竭”,3例为“1型呼吸衰竭”,3例为“肺部感染”,2例为“冠状动脉粥样硬化心脏病”,1例为“慢性肺源性心脏病”。EOS⁃AECOPD组中住院期间无人死亡(P=0.014),提示低EOS型AECOPD患者医院病死率较高,高EOS型AECOPD患者治疗后存活率更高。以往有多项研究支持这一观点,使用糖皮质激素的EOS⁃COPD患者住院时间和病死率更低、住院结局更好[18]。EOS较低的非EOS⁃AECOPD患者医院败血症概率大、容易出现抗生素耐药、病情更重、预后更差、死亡风险更高[1419]。DECAF评分能较好地评估COPD患者死亡概率,其中将低EOS列为预测COPD高病死率的因子[20],减少痰液或血液中EOS可降低死亡风险[15],这一问题仍需进行更多的大样本、前瞻性、双盲、平行对照研究。

  • 本研究将重度AECOPD患者分为EOS ⁃COPD组和非EOS ⁃AECOPD组,发现非EOS ⁃COPD组患者入院病情较重、并发呼吸衰竭比例大、静脉使用糖皮质激素多、病死率高;血EOS可指导判别COPD急性加重表型、评估急性加重程度、预测治疗结局,从而在入院早期针对高危人群积极治疗,对临床实践有一定价值。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] MANNINO D M,BUIST A S.Global burden of COPD:risk factors,prevalence,and future trends[J].Lancet,2007,370(9589):765-773

    • [2] CHEN W,XU J,LAN Y,et al.Prevalence and risk factors of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in China(the China Pulmonary Health[CPH]study):a national cross ⁃ sectional study[J].Lancet,2018,391(10131):1706-1717

    • [3] ZHONG N,WANG C,YAO W,et al.Prevalence of chron⁃ ic obstructive pulmonary disease in China:a large,popu⁃ lation ⁃ based survey[J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2007,176(8):753-760

    • [4] MÜLLEROVA H,MASELLI D J,LOCANTORE N,et al.Hospitalized exacerbations of COPD:risk factors and out⁃ comes in the ECLIPSE cohort[J].Chest,2015,147(4):999-1007

    • [5] VESTBO J,ANDERSON W,COXSON H O,et al.Evalua⁃ tion of COPD longitudinally to identify predictive surro⁃ gate end ⁃ points(ECLIPSE)[J].Eur Respir J,2008,31(4):869-873

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    • [7] SINGH D,AGUSTI A,ANZUETO A,et al.Global strate⁃ gy for the diagnosis,management,and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease:the GOLD science com⁃ mittee report 2019[J].Eur Respir J,2019,53(5):1900164

    • [8] OUSSEDIK F,KHELAFI R,SKANDER F.The impact of acute exacerbations of COPD on mortality][J].Rev Mal Respir,2019,36(1):7-14

    • [9] FLATTET Y,GARIN N,SERRATRICE J,et al.Determin⁃ ing prognosis in acute exacerbation of COPD[J].Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2017,12:467-475

    • [10] VEDEL⁃KROGH S,NIELSEN S F,LANGE P,et al.Blood eosinophils and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pul⁃ monary disease.the copenhagen general population study [J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2016,193(9):965-974

    • [11] BAFADHEL M,GREENING N J,HARVEY ⁃DUNSTAN T C,et al.Blood eosinophils and outcomes in severe hos⁃ pitalized exacerbations of COPD[J].Chest,2016,150(2):320-328

    • [12] 段榆琳,王宋平.探讨AECOPD患者血清ACE2和NLR 水平与CAT评分的相关性[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(7):997-999

    • [13] KIM V L,COOMBS N A,STAPLES K J,et al.Impact and associations of eosinophilic inflammation in COPD:analy⁃ sis of the AERIS cohort[J].Eur Respir J,2017,50(4)

    • [14] SALTURK C,KARAKURT Z,ADIGUZEL N,et al.Does eosinophilic COPD exacerbation have a better patient out⁃ come than non⁃eosinophilic in the intensive care unit?[J].Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2015,10:1837-1846

    • [15] DUMAN D,AKSOY E,AGCA M C,et al.The utility of in⁃ flammatory markers to predict readmissions and mortality in COPD cases with or without eosinophilia[J].Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2015,10:2469-2478

    • [16] BARNES P J.Glucocorticosteroids[J].Handb Exp Phar⁃ macol,2017,237:93-115

    • [17] LEIGH R,MOSTAFA M M,KING E M,et al.An inhaled dose of budesonide induces genes involved in transcrip⁃ tion and signaling in the human airways:enhancement of anti ⁃ and proinflammatory effector genes[J].Pharmacol Res Perspect,2016,4(4):e00243

    • [18] 薛瑾,崔亚楠,陈平,等.血嗜酸粒细胞对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期激素治疗反应性和再入院的预测价值[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2019,42(6):426-431

    • [19] KANG H S,RHEE C K,KIM S K,et al.Comparison of the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of pa⁃ tients requiring hospital admission to treat eosinophilic and neutrophilic exacerbations of COPD[J].Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2016,11:2467-2473

    • [20] MEMON M A,FARYAL S,BROHI N,et al.Role of the DECAF score in predicting in ⁃hospital mortality in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [J].Cureus,2019,11(6):e4826

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    • [7] SINGH D,AGUSTI A,ANZUETO A,et al.Global strate⁃ gy for the diagnosis,management,and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease:the GOLD science com⁃ mittee report 2019[J].Eur Respir J,2019,53(5):1900164

    • [8] OUSSEDIK F,KHELAFI R,SKANDER F.The impact of acute exacerbations of COPD on mortality][J].Rev Mal Respir,2019,36(1):7-14

    • [9] FLATTET Y,GARIN N,SERRATRICE J,et al.Determin⁃ ing prognosis in acute exacerbation of COPD[J].Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2017,12:467-475

    • [10] VEDEL⁃KROGH S,NIELSEN S F,LANGE P,et al.Blood eosinophils and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pul⁃ monary disease.the copenhagen general population study [J].Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2016,193(9):965-974

    • [11] BAFADHEL M,GREENING N J,HARVEY ⁃DUNSTAN T C,et al.Blood eosinophils and outcomes in severe hos⁃ pitalized exacerbations of COPD[J].Chest,2016,150(2):320-328

    • [12] 段榆琳,王宋平.探讨AECOPD患者血清ACE2和NLR 水平与CAT评分的相关性[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(7):997-999

    • [13] KIM V L,COOMBS N A,STAPLES K J,et al.Impact and associations of eosinophilic inflammation in COPD:analy⁃ sis of the AERIS cohort[J].Eur Respir J,2017,50(4)

    • [14] SALTURK C,KARAKURT Z,ADIGUZEL N,et al.Does eosinophilic COPD exacerbation have a better patient out⁃ come than non⁃eosinophilic in the intensive care unit?[J].Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2015,10:1837-1846

    • [15] DUMAN D,AKSOY E,AGCA M C,et al.The utility of in⁃ flammatory markers to predict readmissions and mortality in COPD cases with or without eosinophilia[J].Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2015,10:2469-2478

    • [16] BARNES P J.Glucocorticosteroids[J].Handb Exp Phar⁃ macol,2017,237:93-115

    • [17] LEIGH R,MOSTAFA M M,KING E M,et al.An inhaled dose of budesonide induces genes involved in transcrip⁃ tion and signaling in the human airways:enhancement of anti ⁃ and proinflammatory effector genes[J].Pharmacol Res Perspect,2016,4(4):e00243

    • [18] 薛瑾,崔亚楠,陈平,等.血嗜酸粒细胞对慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期激素治疗反应性和再入院的预测价值[J].中华结核和呼吸杂志,2019,42(6):426-431

    • [19] KANG H S,RHEE C K,KIM S K,et al.Comparison of the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of pa⁃ tients requiring hospital admission to treat eosinophilic and neutrophilic exacerbations of COPD[J].Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis,2016,11:2467-2473

    • [20] MEMON M A,FARYAL S,BROHI N,et al.Role of the DECAF score in predicting in ⁃hospital mortality in acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [J].Cureus,2019,11(6):e4826