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通讯作者:

汤根兄,E⁃mail:13813808983@139.com

中图分类号:R739.81

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)03-339-05

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210305

参考文献 1
袁毅,韩筱,薛明飞,等.毛蕊花苷通过上调Max蛋白抑制口腔鳞癌细胞的迁移和侵袭[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(1):32-36,93
参考文献 2
LI Y,LOUIS H,GAOL J,et al.Role of TGF⁃β co⁃receptor CD109 in extracellular matrix production of smooth mus⁃ cle cells[J].Arc Car Dis Sup,2018,10(2):247-248
参考文献 3
EMORI M,TSUKAHARA T,MURATA K,et al.Prognos⁃ tic impact of CD109 expression in myxofibrosarcoma[J].J Surg Oncol,2015,111(8):975-979
参考文献 4
ZHANG H,CARNEVALE G,POLESE B,et al.CD109 re⁃ strains activation of cutaneous IL⁃17⁃producing γδ T cells by commensal microbiota[J].Cell Rep,2019,29(2):391-405.e5
参考文献 5
SONG G,FENG T,ZHAO R,et al.CD109 regulates the inflammatory response and is required for the pathogene⁃ sis of rheumatoid arthritis[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2019,78(12):1632-1641
参考文献 6
MII S,HOSHINO A,ENOMOTO A,et al.CD109 deficien⁃ cy induces osteopenia with an osteoporosis ⁃ like pheno⁃ type in vivo[J].Genes Cells,2018,23(7):590-598
参考文献 7
HATSUZAWA Y,YAMAGUCHI K,TAKANASHI T,et al.CD109 promotes the tumorigenic ability and metastatic motility of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells[J].Pancreatology,2020,20(3):493-500
参考文献 8
CHUANG C H,GREENSIDE P G,ROGERS Z N,et al.Molecular definition of a metastatic lung cancer state re⁃ veals a targetable CD109⁃Janus kinase ⁃stat axis[J].Nat Med,2017,23(3):291-300
参考文献 9
HAGIKURA M,MURAKUMO Y,HASEGAWA M,et al.Correlation of pathological grade and tumor stage of uro⁃ thelial carcinomas with CD109 expression[J].Pathol Int,2010,60(11):735-743
参考文献 10
HAUN R,FAN C,MACKINTOSH S,et al.CD109 overex⁃ pression in pancreatic cancer identified by cell ⁃ surface glycoprotein capture[J].J Pro Bio,2014(suppl 10):1-6
参考文献 11
OHSHIMA Y,YAJIMA I,KUMASAKA M Y,et al.CD109 expression levels in malignant melanoma[J].J Dermatol Sci,2010,57(2):140-142
参考文献 12
DONG F,LIU F,YAN S,et al.Elevated expression of CD109 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Pathol Oncol Res,2015,21(4):1273-1275
参考文献 13
HAGIWARA S,MURAKUMO Y,SATO T,et al.Up⁃regu⁃ lation of CD109 expression is associated with carcinogen⁃ esis of the squamous epithelium of the oral cavity[J].Cancer Sci,2008,99(10):1916-1923
参考文献 14
DONG F,LU C,CHEN X,et al.CD109 is a novel marker for squamous cell/adenosquamous carcinomas of the gall⁃ bladder[J].Diagn Pathol,2015,10(1):137
参考文献 15
TAKI T,SHIRAKI Y,ENOMOTO A,et al.CD109 regu⁃ lates in vivo tumor invasion in lung adenocarcinoma through TGF⁃β signaling[J].Cancer Sci,2020,111(12):4616-4628
参考文献 16
TAO J,LI H,LI Q,et al.CD109 is a potential target for triple ⁃ negative breast cancer[J].Tumour Biol,2014,35(12):12083-12090
参考文献 17
ZONG G J,XU Z W,ZHANG S S,et al.CD109 mediates cell survival in hepatocellular carcinoma cells[J].Dig Dis Sci,2016,61(8):2303-2314
参考文献 18
YOKOYAMA M,ICHINOE M,OKINA S,et al.CD109,a negative regulator of TGF ⁃β signaling,is a putative risk marker in diffuse large B⁃cell lymphoma[J].Int J Hema⁃ tol,2017,105(5):614-622
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:研究白细胞分化抗原109(cluster of differentiation 109,CD109)在口腔鳞状细胞癌(oral squamous cell carcino⁃ ma,OSCC)中的表达并探讨其与患者临床特征及预后的关系。方法:采用实时定量PCR和免疫组织化学法检测OSCC组织中 CD109 mRNA 和蛋白的表达;结合临床病理资料分析 CD109 表达与临床特征及患者预后的关系。结果:在 OSCC 组织中, CD109的mRNA和蛋白表达水平明显高于癌旁组织(P<0.05);CD109表达与淋巴结转移(P =0.019)、远处转移(P =0.007)和美国癌症联合委员会癌症分期(P =0.031)相关;多因素分析证实CD109表达水平是OSCC 患者的独立预后因素(P<0.001);与 CD109低或无表达的OSCC患者相比,CD109高表达的OSCC患者总生存期更短(P =0.004)。结论:CD109是影响患者预后的独立危险因素,可能成为判断OSCC预后的肿瘤标志物。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to investigate the expression of CD109 in oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)and its influence on clinical characteristics and prognosis. Methods:The expression of CD109 mRNA and protein in OSCC tissues were detected by real ⁃ time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry respectively. The relationships between CD109 expression and clinical characteristics and prognosis were analyzed according to clinicopathological data. Results:The mRNA and protein expression levels of CD109 in OSCC tissues were significantly higher than those in paracancerous oral tissues. CD109 expression was associated with lymph node metastasis(P =0.019),distant metastasis(P =0.007)and cancer stage according to American Joint Committee(P = 0.031). Multivariate analysis confirmed that CD109 expression was an independent prognostic factor for OSCC patients(P < 0.001). OSCC patients with high CD109 expression had a poor overall survival compared with patients with low or none CD109 expression(P = 0.004). Conclusion:CD109 is an independent risk factor affecting the prognosis of OSCC patients,and may be an important marker to predict the prognosis of OSCC.

  • 口腔鳞状细胞癌(oral squamous cell carcinoma, OSCC)是世界上最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,约60%的患者发生局部复发,5年生存率较差[1]。临床亟需可用于OSCC诊断和治疗的特异性预后标志物。白细胞分化抗原109(cluster of differentiation 109, CD109)是一种糖基磷脂酰肌醇锚定蛋白,属于α2⁃ 巨球蛋白/补体家族的成员。CD109是转化生长因子⁃β(transforming growth factor⁃β,TGF⁃β)的协同受体,可调节TGF⁃β受体的内吞和降解,从而抑制TGF⁃β信号通路[2]。CD109对TGF⁃β信号通路的调节很可能影响肿瘤的发生发展[3]。本研究通过检测口腔组织中CD109的表达,探究CD109表达对OS⁃ CC患者临床病理特征和预后的关系,为OSCC预后提供新的生物标志物。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 口腔组织取自2014年1月—2017年12月在江南大学附属医院口腔科接受手术或活检的118例患者。口腔组织标本包括OSCC组织118例,癌旁组织32例。样本采集前患者均未接受放化疗。男76例,女42例,中位年龄34.5岁(范围39~74岁)。临床资料来源于患者病历,根据第8期美国癌症联合委员会(Alternate Joint Communications Center,AJCC)癌症分期手册确定OSCC的疾病临床分期。本研究通过江南大学附属医院伦理委员会的批准,并获得所有患者的书面同意。

  • TRIzol试剂、SuperScript Ⅳ First⁃Strand试剂盒、 SYBR荧光定量PCR试剂盒(Thermo公司,美国),兔抗人CD109多克隆抗体(Abcam公司,英国),His⁃ tostain链霉菌抗生物素蛋白⁃过氧化物酶(streptavi⁃ din⁃perosidase,SP)免疫组化染色试剂盒和苏木素染料(北京中杉金桥生物科技有限公司),二氨基联苯胺(武汉纯度生物科技有限公司)。引物由南京金斯瑞生物有限公司合成。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 实时定量聚合酶链反应(quantitative real ⁃ time polymerase chain reaction,qRT⁃PCR)

  • 使用TRIzol试剂提取冷冻组织中的总RNA,使用SuperScript Ⅳ First⁃Strand试剂盒将RNA逆转录为cDNA。使用SYBR荧光定量PCR试剂盒和ABI Prism 7500HT序列检测系统进行定量扩增。引物序列如下:CD109上游5′⁃AAGCCAGTGAAAGGAGAC⁃ GTA ⁃ 3′,下游5′ ⁃ CCAGGGGAAGATAGATCCAGG ⁃ 3′,GAPDH上游5′⁃CTGGGCTACACTGAGCACC⁃3′,下游5′ ⁃ AAGTGGTCGTTGAGGGCAATG ⁃ 3′。以GAPDH为参照基因,计算CD109mRNA相对表达量2-ΔΔCt。以上实验重复3次。

  • 1.2.2 免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry,IHC) 染色

  • 组织芯片(tissue microarrays,TMA)由江南大学附属口腔医院病理科制作。所有组织标本均采用10%中性缓冲福尔马林溶液固定,常规石蜡包埋。从供体蜡块中收取组织芯柱(直径2mm),并将其置于石蜡中,制成新的组织包埋块,4 μm切片。采用SP法对口腔TMA样本进行IHC染色,一抗使用兔抗人CD109多克隆抗体(1∶200),详细步骤参见His⁃ tostain SP免疫组化染色试剂盒说明书。IHC染色结果由两名病理医生在双盲情况下评估。根据CD109染色强度对样本组织中的细胞染色进行评分,分别为0分(阴性)、1分(弱阳性)、2分(中阳性)、3(强阳性)。最终染色评分=[3×强染色百分比+ 2×中度染色百分比+1×弱染色百分比]×100。最终染色评分范围从0(无染色)到300(100%细胞染色强阳性)。根据OSCC患者的生存预后情况,使用Xtile软件(http://www.tissuearray.org)将CD109表达情况分为高表达和低或无表达,计算出cutoff值为115。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 所有数据均采用SPSS 18.0统计软件包进行分析。计量资料以均值±标准差(x- ± s)表示,两独立研究组间均数的比较采用成组t检验。对例数和率的比较采用Pearson卡方检验计算CD109与临床病理特征的相关性。采用Kaplan Meier法分析累计生存率。建立Cox比例风险回归模型,进行单因素和多因素分析,先进行单因素分析,对P< 0.01的因素再进行多因素分析,确定预后因素。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 CD109 mRNA在OSCC组织中高表达

  • 采用qRT⁃PCR检测25例OSCC组织及对应癌旁组织中CD109mRNA的表达水平。结果显示, OSCC组织中CD109mRNA的表达量显著高于癌旁组织(P <0.05,图1)。

  • 2.2 CD109蛋白在OSCC组织中高表达

  • IHC检测CD109蛋白在OSCC组织和口腔癌旁组织中的表达。结果显示,定位于细胞膜的CD109在OSCC组织中高表达(图2),OSCC组织中CD109的高表达率为59.32%(70/118),高于癌旁组织 (18.75%,6/32)(表1)。

  • 2.3 OSCC中CD109表达与临床特征的相关性

  • 分析OSCC组织中CD109表达与病理参数的相关性。CD109表达水平与淋巴结转移(χ2=7.968,P=0.019)、远处转移(χ2=6.681,P=0.007)和AJCC分期 (χ2=4.189,P=0.031)显著相关,而与性别、年龄、吸烟、分化程度或肿瘤大小无相关性(表2)。

  • 图1 CD109mRNA在OSCC组织及癌旁组织中的表达

  • Fig.1 Expression of CD109mRNA in OSCC tissues and paracancerous tissues

  • 图2 OSCC组织及癌旁组织中CD109蛋白的表达(IHC)

  • Fig.2 CD109protein expression in OSCC tissues and paracancerous tissues(IHC)

  • 表1 CD109在OSCC组织及癌旁组织中的表达

  • Table1 CD109expressions in OSCC tissues and paracan⁃ cerous tissues

  • 2.4 OSCC中CD109表达与患者预后的关系

  • 进行单因素和多因素分析以确定OSCC患者的预后因素。单因素分析显示,CD109表达(P < 0.001)、肿瘤大小(P=0.041)、淋巴结转移(P < 0.001)、远处转移(P=0.018)和AJCC分期(P < 0.001)与OSCC患者的总生存期显著相关。多因素分析显示CD109高表达(HR:1.182,95%CI:1.325~2.57 4,P <0.001)、淋巴结转移(HR:1.308,95%CI: 1.147~1.718,P=0.015)和AJCC分期(HR:1.136, 95%CI:1.028~1.360,P=0.032)是OSCC患者的独立预后因素(表3)。 Kaplan ⁃ Meier生存曲线证实CD109高表达与较短的总生存期相关(图3)。

  • 表2 CD109表达与OSCC患者临床病理特征的关系

  • Table2 Relationships between CD109expression level and clinicopathological characteristics of OSCC patients

  • 3 讨论

  • CD109是一种锚定糖基磷脂酰肌醇的细胞表面糖蛋白,最初是通过针对原始淋巴/髓系KG1a的单克隆抗体检测到的细胞表面抗原[4]。研究表明, CD109表达于CD34+ 骨髓单核细胞、间充质干细胞、 T淋巴母细胞、凝血酶激活的血小板、白血病原巨核细胞和内皮细胞,但在新鲜外周血白细胞和正常骨髓白细胞中不表达[5-6]。研究还显示,CD109携带双等位基因血小板特异性同种异体抗原Gov,与血小板输注困难、输注后紫癜和新生儿同种免疫性血小板减少有关[5]

  • 表3 单变量和多变量分析检测OSCC患者总生存期的预后因素

  • Table3 Univariate and multivariable analysis of prognostic factors for overall survival in OSCC patients

  • 图3 CD109表达与OSCC患者总体生存率的关系

  • Fig.3 The relationship between CD109expression and overall survival rate of OSCC patients

  • 癌变是一个多阶段过程,基因、蛋白质及其他分子在该过程中发生了一系列变化,可作为有临床价值的肿瘤分子标志。癌细胞特异性膜蛋白被认为是最合适的生物标志物,有助于了解肿瘤进展、开发诊断工具和确定新治疗靶点。除乳腺、泪腺、唾液腺的肌上皮细胞、前列腺基底细胞和支气管上皮外,CD109在大多数正常的人体组织低表达或不表达[7],而在许多类型的肿瘤中高表达,如肺癌[8]、移行细胞癌[9]、胰腺癌[10]、恶性黑色素瘤[11]、食管鳞状细胞癌[12] 等。因此,CD109是具有潜在研究价值的肿瘤分子标志物。

  • 本研究结果表明,OSCC组织中CD109mRNA和蛋白表达水平均显著高于癌旁组织,差异具有统计学意义(P <0.05)。Hagiwara等[13] 在OSCC和癌前病变中观察到CD109的高表达,提示CD109在预测癌前病变向口腔癌转变中的作用,但并未分析CD109表达与其他病理特征和患者预后的关系。同样,Dong等[14] 发现CD109在膀胱鳞状细胞癌和腺鳞癌中表达,但在腺癌或正常胆囊组织中不表达。与腺癌、大细胞癌和小细胞癌相比,CD109在肺鳞状细胞癌中表达更为频繁[15]。CD109在体外正向调控乳腺癌细胞的增殖,三阴性乳腺癌中CD109蛋白表达明显高于非三阴性乳腺癌[16]。以上证据表明CD109在肿瘤癌变过程中发挥了重要作用,但在肿瘤进展过程中发挥的作用及机制仍需进一步探究。本研究分析了118例OSCC组织及其相关临床资料,以探讨CD109表达与临床病理特征之间的关系。研究结果显示CD109的表达与淋巴结转移、远处转移和AJCC分期显著相关,CD109高表达在发生淋巴结转移、远处转移或AJCC(Ⅲ+Ⅳ)期患者中更为常见。这些结果表明CD109可能参与了OSCC的转移。

  • 目前关于CD109表达对癌症患者预后影响的研究结果存在矛盾。在黏液纤维肉瘤、软组织肉瘤和肝细胞癌中,CD109高表达与较差的预后相关[317]。此外,在弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤患者中,CD109高表达与1年生存率低显著相关[18],而CD109在移行细胞癌患者中的表达与较好的预后相关[10]。本研究中单因素Cox回归分析显示CD109表达、肿瘤大小、淋巴结状态、远处转移、AJCC分期与OSCC患者生存期相关。多因素分析进一步证实CD109表达、淋巴结转移、AJCC分期是影响OSCC患者预后的独立因素。Kaplan⁃Meier生存曲线证明了CD109水平高预示着较短的总生存期。以上结果表明,CD109表达水平与OSCC患者预后密切相关。

  • 综上所述,本研究证明了CD109在OSCC组织中高表达,且CD109高表达的OSCC患者预后较差,证实了CD109与OSCC的发生发展及预后有一定相关性。CD109有望成为新的OSCC预后标志物,但其在OSCC中的作用机制仍需进一步研究。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] 袁毅,韩筱,薛明飞,等.毛蕊花苷通过上调Max蛋白抑制口腔鳞癌细胞的迁移和侵袭[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(1):32-36,93

    • [2] LI Y,LOUIS H,GAOL J,et al.Role of TGF⁃β co⁃receptor CD109 in extracellular matrix production of smooth mus⁃ cle cells[J].Arc Car Dis Sup,2018,10(2):247-248

    • [3] EMORI M,TSUKAHARA T,MURATA K,et al.Prognos⁃ tic impact of CD109 expression in myxofibrosarcoma[J].J Surg Oncol,2015,111(8):975-979

    • [4] ZHANG H,CARNEVALE G,POLESE B,et al.CD109 re⁃ strains activation of cutaneous IL⁃17⁃producing γδ T cells by commensal microbiota[J].Cell Rep,2019,29(2):391-405.e5

    • [5] SONG G,FENG T,ZHAO R,et al.CD109 regulates the inflammatory response and is required for the pathogene⁃ sis of rheumatoid arthritis[J].Ann Rheum Dis,2019,78(12):1632-1641

    • [6] MII S,HOSHINO A,ENOMOTO A,et al.CD109 deficien⁃ cy induces osteopenia with an osteoporosis ⁃ like pheno⁃ type in vivo[J].Genes Cells,2018,23(7):590-598

    • [7] HATSUZAWA Y,YAMAGUCHI K,TAKANASHI T,et al.CD109 promotes the tumorigenic ability and metastatic motility of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells[J].Pancreatology,2020,20(3):493-500

    • [8] CHUANG C H,GREENSIDE P G,ROGERS Z N,et al.Molecular definition of a metastatic lung cancer state re⁃ veals a targetable CD109⁃Janus kinase ⁃stat axis[J].Nat Med,2017,23(3):291-300

    • [9] HAGIKURA M,MURAKUMO Y,HASEGAWA M,et al.Correlation of pathological grade and tumor stage of uro⁃ thelial carcinomas with CD109 expression[J].Pathol Int,2010,60(11):735-743

    • [10] HAUN R,FAN C,MACKINTOSH S,et al.CD109 overex⁃ pression in pancreatic cancer identified by cell ⁃ surface glycoprotein capture[J].J Pro Bio,2014(suppl 10):1-6

    • [11] OHSHIMA Y,YAJIMA I,KUMASAKA M Y,et al.CD109 expression levels in malignant melanoma[J].J Dermatol Sci,2010,57(2):140-142

    • [12] DONG F,LIU F,YAN S,et al.Elevated expression of CD109 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma[J].Pathol Oncol Res,2015,21(4):1273-1275

    • [13] HAGIWARA S,MURAKUMO Y,SATO T,et al.Up⁃regu⁃ lation of CD109 expression is associated with carcinogen⁃ esis of the squamous epithelium of the oral cavity[J].Cancer Sci,2008,99(10):1916-1923

    • [14] DONG F,LU C,CHEN X,et al.CD109 is a novel marker for squamous cell/adenosquamous carcinomas of the gall⁃ bladder[J].Diagn Pathol,2015,10(1):137

    • [15] TAKI T,SHIRAKI Y,ENOMOTO A,et al.CD109 regu⁃ lates in vivo tumor invasion in lung adenocarcinoma through TGF⁃β signaling[J].Cancer Sci,2020,111(12):4616-4628

    • [16] TAO J,LI H,LI Q,et al.CD109 is a potential target for triple ⁃ negative breast cancer[J].Tumour Biol,2014,35(12):12083-12090

    • [17] ZONG G J,XU Z W,ZHANG S S,et al.CD109 mediates cell survival in hepatocellular carcinoma cells[J].Dig Dis Sci,2016,61(8):2303-2314

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