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中图分类号:R735.7

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)03-349-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210307

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GAO H,LI K,TU H,et al.Development of T cells redi⁃ rected to glypican ⁃ 3 for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Clin Cancer Res,2014,20(24):6418-6428
参考文献 14
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:探究肝癌标志物磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3(glypican⁃3,GPC3)与miR⁃202相互调控的分子机制。方法:取126例临床肝癌组织标本及血清样本,免疫组化检测GPC3表达,qRT⁃PCR检测循环miR⁃202的水平;培养肝癌HepG2细胞,转染miR ⁃202 mimics,qRT⁃PCR检测miR⁃202表达,Western blot检测GPC3表达;CCK8实验检测miR⁃202 mimics对HepG2细胞增殖活性的影响;Luciferase报告基因实验检测miR⁃202对GPC3的调控。结果:临床126例肝癌GPC3总阳性率为77.78%,其表达水平与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、临床分期无关,但与细胞组织学分化类型以及微血管侵犯高度相关。肝癌患者循环miR⁃202呈低水平状态,且与癌组织GPC3表达水平呈负相关关系。上调HepG2细胞中miR⁃202表达,GPC3表达随之下调,且癌细胞增殖受抑制。Luciferase实验证实miR⁃202可直接负调控GPC3的表达。结论:GPC3受miR⁃202的直接调控,GPC3高表达与肝癌恶性生物学表征密切相关。靶向GPC3的治疗策略如能辅助提高miR⁃202的功能,将可能产生协同抗肝癌的效果。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to explore the molecular mechanism of the interaction between hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)markers of glypican⁃3(GPC3)and miR⁃202. Methods:Total 126 cases of clinical HCC tissue samples and serum samples were collected. The expression of GPC3 was detected by immunohistochemistry,and the level of circulating miR⁃202 was detected by qRT⁃ PCR. The HepG2 cells were cultured and transfected with miR⁃202 mimics,the expression of miR⁃202 was detected by qRT⁃PCR,and the expression of GPC3 protein was detected by Western blot. The effect of miR⁃202 mimics on the proliferation activity of HepG2 cells was detected by CCK8 assay. Luciferase reporter gene was used to determine the regulation of miR⁃202 on GPC3. Results:The total positive rate of GPC3 in 126 cases of HCC was 77.78%. Its expression level was not related to the patient’s gender,age,tumor size and clinical stage,but was highly correlated with the type of histological differentiation and microvascular invasion. The circulating miR⁃ 202 in HCC patients was at a low level,and was inversely correlated with the expression level of GPC3 in cancer tissues. The expression of miR ⁃ 202 was up ⁃ regulated in HepG2 cells,and the expression of GPC3 was down ⁃ regulated accordingly,and the proliferation activity of cancer cells was thus inhibited. Luciferase experiment confirmed that miR ⁃ 202 could directly and negatively regulate the expression of GPC3. Conclusion:This study demonstrates that GPC3 is directly regulated by miR ⁃ 202,and high expression of GPC3 is a sign of malignant biological feature of HCC. Any targeted GPC3 therapeutic strategy,if it can assist to improve the function of miR⁃202,may produce a synergistic anti⁃tumor effect for HCC.

  • 肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是我国最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,其死亡率位居恶性肿瘤的前列。肝癌呈快速进展、早期转移、化疗抵抗的特点,很多患者确诊时已失去手术机会,预后很差。因此,研究HCC发生发展分子机制,探寻HCC诊断治疗的分子靶标,对改善患者的预后有十分积极的意义。磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3(glypican ⁃ 3, GPC3)蛋白是一种细胞膜表面的硫酸乙酰肝素糖蛋白,通过糖基化磷脂酰肌醇锚定蛋白(glycosyl⁃phos⁃ phatidylinositol anchor,GPI)连接到细胞膜表面[1]。锚定到细胞表面的GPC3是细胞与细胞、细胞与细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)成分相互作用的关键糖蛋白,具有强大的与蛋白质、糖类等功能性生物大分子结合的潜力,尤其是结合多种细胞生长因子,包括血管内皮生长因子、表皮细胞生长因子、肝细胞生长因子、纤维细胞生长因子、转化生长因子⁃β等。GPC3与多种生长因子结合形成受体信号转导复合物,激活生长因子受体的酪氨酸激酶活性,从而调节细胞的生长、分化、黏附、增殖和迁移[2-3]。本课题组近期研究发现,HCC患者循环miR⁃202与GPC3的表达存在负相关关系,但作用机制不明,需要进一步深入研究以阐明其相互调控关系,为HCC的临床早期诊断和治疗提供有效的生物学靶标。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 收集南京医科大学附属无锡人民医院2016年1月—2018年12月手术的原发性HCC患者126例,术前未接受化疗、放疗及其他方式治疗,其中男97例,女29例,男∶女=1∶0.30,年龄42~81岁,中位年龄56岁。所有病例的手术标本均经病理组织学检查确诊,其诊断、分型及分期依据美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC)与国际抗癌联盟(UICC)的标准。从临床检验中心获取其中64例患者的术前血清冻存样本,另取20例体检的健康人血清作为对照。本研究经医院伦理委员会批准,所有受试者知情同意。

  • 人肝癌HepG2细胞系购于中国科学院上海生物细胞研究所,在含有10%胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS)的DMEM培养液、37℃ 5%CO2的培养箱中培养,待细胞生长至80%融合度时,加入0.2%胰酶消化,添加含10%FBS的DMEM培养基进行传代培养。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 临床标本的GPC3 免疫组化及miR ⁃202 的qRT⁃PCR检测

  • 手术标本在癌组织、距癌组织边缘3cm以外的癌旁组织取材,经甲醛固定,石蜡包埋,连续切片,用于免疫组织化学检测。鼠抗人GPC3单抗及SP试剂盒购自福州迈新生物技术开发有限公司。GPC3单抗工作浓度1∶100,每张切片放大200倍计数5个视野的阳性细胞数,根据阳性细胞在全部癌细胞中所占比例以及阳性细胞染色强度来计分。按阳性细胞数计分,无阳性细胞为0分,阳性细胞数<1/3、 1/3~<2/3、≥2/3分别计为1、2、3分;按细胞染色强度计分,无染色为0分,浅黄色、棕黄色、棕褐色分别计为1、2、3分。两项分值相加,积分0分判断为(-), 1~2分为(+/-),3~4分为(+),5~6分为(++)。积分≥ 3分的患者为阳性病例。

  • 64例HCC患者术前血清样本及20例健康人对照血清样本,经TRIzolTM LS试剂盒(Thermo Fisher公司,美国)裂解提取总RNA,采用qRT⁃PCR检测miR⁃ 202的含量。所用逆转录引物为5′ ⁃GTCGTATC⁃ CAGTGCAGGGTCCGAGGTATTCGCACTGGATACG ⁃ ACAAAGAGG⁃3′;PCR上游引物5′⁃GCTGGAGAGG⁃ TATAGGGCA⁃3′,下游引物5′⁃GTGCAGGGTCCGAG GT⁃3′;所用内参U6基因上游引物5′⁃CTCGCTTCG⁃ GCAGCACATATACT⁃3′,下游引物5′⁃ACGCTTCAC⁃ GAATTTGCGTGTC⁃3′。所有引物由上海捷瑞生物工程有限公司合成。PCR总反应体系包括上、下游引物各0.8 μL,SYBR@Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ 10 μL,ROX Ref⁃ erence Dye Ⅱ0.4 μL,模板cDNA 2 μL,无菌ddH2O补足体积至20 μL。反应参数为95℃预变性30s; 95℃ 3s、60℃ 30s,共40个循环。

  • 1.2.2 肝癌细胞系miR⁃202过表达实验

  • 设计miR⁃202mimics并由广州锐博生物科技公司合成。培养HepG2细胞系,按1×104 个/孔接种96孔板,24h后细胞贴壁,换培养液,加入miR⁃202mimics (终浓度20nmol/L),继续培养72h。设置miCtrl阴性对照组。收集细胞,经TRIzol试剂盒裂解细胞提取总RNA,采用qRT⁃PCR检测miR⁃202的表达水平。抽提总蛋白,Western blot检测GPC3的表达。

  • 1.2.3 细胞增殖活性的CCK8检测

  • 通过CCK8实验,检测miR⁃202mimics对HepG2细胞增殖活性的影响。5型野生型病毒(WAd5)作为对照。收集HepG2细胞,100 μL/孔传至96孔板,每孔1×104 个细胞,24h后细胞贴壁,换培养液,加入miR⁃202mimics,终浓度20nmol/L,继续培养24、48、 72h,每个时间点设8个复孔;弃培养液,加入0.1mol/L PBS溶液100 μL/孔,按试剂盒说明加CCK8试剂,置孵箱内过夜;采用Model550Microplate Reader(BIO⁃ RAD公司,美国)测定570nm波长吸光度值,校正波长为655nm,绘制细胞存活曲线。

  • 1.2.4 miR⁃202靶基因的Luciferase报告基因测定

  • 合成GPC3基因的3′ ⁃ UTR野生序列(5′ ⁃ TTATCCTGTATACCTCC ⁃ 3′)与突变序列(5′ ⁃ TTATCCTGCGCGTTATC⁃3′),插入到Luciferase载体 (pGL3⁃Control,Promega公司,美国)中,构建pGL3⁃ GPC3和pGL3⁃mGPC3质粒。收集培养的HepG2细胞,常规铺24孔板,每孔1×105 个细胞。培养24h后换培养液,加入终浓度20nmol/L的miR⁃202mimics (设置miCtrl为阴性对照),继续培养24h。然后取pGL3 ⁃ Control和pGL3 ⁃ GPC3(或pGL3 ⁃ mGPC3)各200ng,通过Effectene Transfection Reagent(Qiagen公司,美国)分别与pRL⁃TK 20ng共转染,再继续培养48h。参考Dual⁃Luciferase Reporter Assay System试剂盒说明,进行细胞的裂解回收,以LB⁃9506型Luminometer(Berthold Technologies公司,美国)测定Luciferase活性,实验重复3次。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用统计学软件SPSS 18.0进行数据分析。计量资料以均值±标准差(x- ± s)描述,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用q检验;计数资料采用卡方检验。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 HCC患者肝组织GPC3表达与临床病理学特征之间的关系

  • HCC患者126例中,GPC3总阳性率为77.78%(98/126),阳性物质分布于胞核和胞浆(图1),而癌旁组织阳性率仅为8.73%(11/126),癌组织GPC表达水平明显高于癌旁组织(χ2=122.370,P< 0.001)。分析GPC3与HCC临床病理学特征的关系,结果显示,GPC3表达水平与HCC细胞组织学分化类型有关,低分化类型HCC的GPC3阳性率较高; GPC3水平与HCC肝内微血管侵犯相关,但与性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、临床分期无关(表1)。

  • 2.2 肝癌患者循环miR⁃202水平及其与GPC3之间的关系

  • 64例HCC患者术前血清样本及20例健康人对照血清样本,经qRT⁃PCR检测miR⁃202的含量,结果发现,HCC患者血清miR⁃202含量明显低于健康人 (图2A)。进一步分析血清miR⁃202含量与癌组织GPC3的关系,发现GPC3阳性患者具有更低的循环miR⁃202水平(图2B)。

  • 图1 HCC组织及癌旁组织GPC3免疫组化(×200)

  • Fig.1 Immunohistochemistry of GPC3in HCC and adjacent tissues(×200)

  • 表1 HCC患者GPC3表达与临床病理学特征之间的关系

  • Table1 Relationship between GPC3expression and clini⁃ copathological features of HCC

  • a:56岁为所有患者的中位年龄;b:最大径和最小径的平均值为5.0cm。

  • 2.3 肝癌细胞过表达miR⁃202能下调GPC3含量

  • HepG2细胞转染miR⁃202mimics后,qRT⁃PCR检测miR⁃202表达发现,细胞miR⁃202水平升高(图3A)。Western blot检测GPC3的表达,发现随miR⁃ 202水平升高,癌细胞GPC3水平下降(图3B、C)。

  • 图2 HCC患者血清中循环miR⁃202的含量及其与GPC3的关系

  • Fig.2 Serum circulating miR⁃202content and its rela⁃ tionship with GPC3in HCC patients

  • 2.4 肝癌细胞过表达miR⁃202能抑制细胞增殖

  • HepG2细胞转染miR⁃202mimics后,CCK8实验检测细胞存活率,结果发现,转染miR⁃202mimics后,癌细胞存活率下降,24h、48h、72h的细胞存活率分别为(81.16±13.33)%、(68.73±8.67)%、(53.14± 6.67)%(图4)。

  • 2.5 荧光素酶报告基因实验证实GPC3是miR⁃202 的靶基因

  • Luciferase报告基因质粒pGL3⁃Control和pGL3⁃ GPC3转染HepG2细胞,测定Luciferase活性,结果发现,pGL3⁃Control组转染miCtrl和miR ⁃202mimics后,Luciferase活性无明显变化;pGL3⁃GPC3组转染miCtrl和miR⁃202mimics后,Luciferase活性差异明显,miR ⁃ 202mimics明显下调Luciferase活性(图5)。带有突变序列的pGL3⁃mGPC3组转染miCtrl和miR⁃202mimics后,Luciferase活性无明显变化。

  • 3 讨论

  • GPC3在调控细胞生长和分化方面起重要作用,与HCC的发生、发展密切相关。已有很多研究表明,GPC3在HCC中特异性高表达,并赋予HCC细胞高度的侵袭转移潜能,提示GPC3在调控HCC细胞生长分化和恶性进展方面起重要作用[4-5]。因此, GPC3已用于肝癌的诊断和治疗,是具有高灵敏性、高特异性和治疗高效性的生物靶点。

  • 图3 HepG2细胞过表达miR⁃202对GPC3表达的影响

  • Fig.3 Effects of miR⁃202overexpression on GPC3expression in HepG2cells

  • 图4 过表达miR⁃202抑制HepG2细胞增殖

  • Fig.4 Overexpressed miR ⁃ 202inhibited proliferation of HepG2cells

  • 在诊断方面,GPC3对肝癌诊断具有较好的灵敏度和特异度。一项Meta分析显示,GPC3单一指标用于HCC诊断的灵敏度可达59.2%(95%CI: 55.0%~63.0%),高于AFP单一指标诊断HCC的灵敏度51.9%(95%CI:47.0%~56.0%);两者诊断的特异度分别为84.8%(95%CI:82.0%~87.3%)和94.0%(95%CI:92.1%~95.6%),AFP诊断特异度略高。因此,GPC3和AFP诊断性OR(DOR)分别为18.0(95%CI:5.4~60.4)和23.4(95%CI:10.3~53.2),而联合两个标志物(SROC)的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.81(95%CI:0.77~0.84),提示GPC3对HCC的诊断可与AFP媲美,且可与AFP协同用于肝癌的早期诊断,大幅提高肝癌诊断的正确率[6-7]。在治疗方面,由于GPC3在HCC中表达的特异性很高,在正常肝组织中几乎不表达,因此理所当然成为肝癌靶向治疗的理想分子靶标,而研究较多的就是GPC3全长抗体治疗策略[8]。针对GPC3研发的人鼠嵌合型抗体GC33,在体内能介导抗体依赖细胞介导的细胞毒作用和补体依赖的细胞毒性,明显抑制GPC3阳性的肝癌细胞HepG2和Huh⁃7的小鼠移植瘤的生长,而对GPC3阴性的肝癌细胞移植瘤则无效[9]。近来,人们又研发了靶向GPC3的嵌合抗原受体T细胞免疫疗法(chimeric antigen receptor T⁃cell immunotherapy, CAR⁃T),为晚期HCC患者带来了希望[10]。目前国内已有多个GPC3的CAR⁃T细胞进入临床试验[11-12]。基于上述GC33单抗的scFv融合了CD28、CD137和CD3ζ的第3代CAR⁃T,已证明具有诱导IFN⁃γ和IL⁃2产生的功能,能抑制GPC3阳性的HCC裸鼠移植瘤的生长[13]

  • 图5 荧光素酶报告基因实验结果

  • Fig.5 Results of luciferase reporter gene assay

  • 虽然人们对GPC3在肝癌中的作用和意义已经有了充分了解,但其分子调控机制还有很多未明之处。现已发现,GPC3可影响多种信号途径来促进肝癌发展[14]。GPC3能够与Wnt结合形成复合物,激活经典的Wnt/β⁃Catenin信号分子通路,实现刺激肝癌生长的目的[15]。GPC3还可激活ERK信号途径,诱导肝癌细胞发生上皮间质转化,而促进肝癌细胞的生长、侵袭、迁移[16]。本研究对临床126例HCC标本进行检测,发现GPC3的总阳性率为77.78%,其表达水平与患者性别、年龄、肿瘤大小、临床分期无关,但与细胞组织学分化类型以及微血管侵犯高度相关,提示GPC3高表达是肝癌恶性生物学的表征,可能预示预后不良。本研究检测了HCC患者血清中循环miR⁃202含量,发现HCC患者普遍为miR⁃ 202低水平状态,且高表达GPC3的患者具有更低水平的循环miR⁃202,提示两者存在一定的相互调控关系。在肝癌HepG2细胞中上调miR ⁃202表达, GPC3表达随之下调,且癌细胞增殖活性受到抑制,证实GPC3是miR⁃202调控的靶基因。为进一步验证GPC3和miR⁃202之间的关系,本研究进行了Lu⁃ ciferase报告基因实验,证实miR⁃202可直接负调控GPC3的表达。本研究阐明了GPC3受miR⁃202的直接调控,为设计肝癌靶向治疗策略提供了参考依据,靶向GPC3的治疗策略如能辅助提高miR⁃202的功能,将可能产生协同抗肝癌的效果。

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    • [11] 曹风华,汪顺才,马洁,等.血清中磷酯酰肌醇蛋白聚糖⁃3及高尔基体蛋白⁃73异常表达对肝癌的诊断价值 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2015,35(3):393-397

    • [12] DAN L,NAN L,ZHANG Y F,et al.Persistent polyfunc⁃ tional chimeric antigen receptor T cells that target glypi⁃ can 3 eliminate orthotopic hepatocellular carcinomas in mice[J].Gastroenterology,2020,158(8):2250-2265.e20

    • [13] GAO H,LI K,TU H,et al.Development of T cells redi⁃ rected to glypican ⁃ 3 for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Clin Cancer Res,2014,20(24):6418-6428

    • [14] LI N,WEI L,LIU X,et al.A Frizzled⁃like cysteine⁃rich domain in glypican⁃3 mediates Wnt binding and regulates hepatocellular carcinoma tumor growth in mice[J].Hepa⁃ tology,2019,70(4):1231-1245

    • [15] HU P,KE C,GUO X,et al.Both glypican ⁃ 3/Wnt/β ⁃ catenin signaling pathway and autophagy contributed to the inhibitory effect of curcumin on hepatocellular carci⁃ noma[J].Dig Liver Dis,2019,51(1):120-126

    • [16] WU Y,LIU H,WENG H,et al.Glypican⁃3 promotes epi⁃ thelial ⁃mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcino⁃ ma cells through ERK signaling pathway[J].Int J Oncol,2015,46(3):1275-1285

  • 参考文献

    • [1] GUO M,ZHANG H,ZHENG J,et al.Glypican ⁃3:a new target for diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carci⁃ noma[J].J Cancer,2020,11(8):2008-2021

    • [2] MYTHREYE K,BLOBE G C.Proteoglycan signaling co ⁃ receptors:roles in cell adhesion,migration and invasion [J].Cell Signal,2009,21(11):1548-1558

    • [3] KAMIMURA K,MAEDA N.Heparan sulfate proteogly⁃ cans in Drosophila neuromuscular development[J].Bio⁃ chim Biophys Acta Gen Subj,2017,1861(10):2442-2446

    • [4] ZHU J,WANG Y,YANG P et al.GPC3⁃targeted and cur⁃ cumin⁃loaded phospholipid microbubbles for sono⁃photo⁃ dynamic therapy in liver cancer cells[J].Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces,2020,197:111358

    • [5] LIU X,GAO F,JIANG L,et al.32A9,a novel human anti⁃ body for designing an immunotoxin and CAR ⁃ T cells against glypican ⁃ 3 in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].J Transl Med,2020,18(1):295

    • [6] XU C,YAN Z,ZHOU L,et al.A comparison of glypican⁃ 3 with alpha⁃fetoprotein as a serum marker for hepatocel⁃ lular carcinoma:a meta ⁃ analysis[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,2013,139(8):1417-1424

    • [7] LIU S,WANG M,ZHENG C,et al.Diagnostic value of se⁃ rum glypican⁃3 alone and in combination with AFP as an aid in the diagnosis of liver cancer[J].Clin Biochem,2020,79(19):54-60

    • [8] NISHIDA T,KATAOKA H.Glypican 3⁃targeted therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Cancers(Basel),2019,11(9):1339

    • [9] ZHOU A,AMIN M,FOWLER K J,et al.Complete response to erlotinib and bevacizumab in a patient with biphenotypic(hepatobiliary)primary liver carcinoma[J].J Natl Compr Canc Netw,2015,13(12):1468-1473

    • [10] SHI D,SHI Y,KASEB A O,et al.Chimeric antigen recep⁃ tor⁃glypican⁃3 T⁃cell therapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma:results of phase I trials[J].Clin Cancer Res,2020,26(15):3979-3989

    • [11] 曹风华,汪顺才,马洁,等.血清中磷酯酰肌醇蛋白聚糖⁃3及高尔基体蛋白⁃73异常表达对肝癌的诊断价值 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2015,35(3):393-397

    • [12] DAN L,NAN L,ZHANG Y F,et al.Persistent polyfunc⁃ tional chimeric antigen receptor T cells that target glypi⁃ can 3 eliminate orthotopic hepatocellular carcinomas in mice[J].Gastroenterology,2020,158(8):2250-2265.e20

    • [13] GAO H,LI K,TU H,et al.Development of T cells redi⁃ rected to glypican ⁃ 3 for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma[J].Clin Cancer Res,2014,20(24):6418-6428

    • [14] LI N,WEI L,LIU X,et al.A Frizzled⁃like cysteine⁃rich domain in glypican⁃3 mediates Wnt binding and regulates hepatocellular carcinoma tumor growth in mice[J].Hepa⁃ tology,2019,70(4):1231-1245

    • [15] HU P,KE C,GUO X,et al.Both glypican ⁃ 3/Wnt/β ⁃ catenin signaling pathway and autophagy contributed to the inhibitory effect of curcumin on hepatocellular carci⁃ noma[J].Dig Liver Dis,2019,51(1):120-126

    • [16] WU Y,LIU H,WENG H,et al.Glypican⁃3 promotes epi⁃ thelial ⁃mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcino⁃ ma cells through ERK signaling pathway[J].Int J Oncol,2015,46(3):1275-1285