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通讯作者:

张学森,E⁃mail:zhang_xuesen@163.com

中图分类号:R321.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)04-477-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210401

参考文献 1
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参考文献 7
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参考文献 8
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参考文献 10
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 17
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参考文献 18
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参考文献 19
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参考文献 20
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参考文献 21
IFERGAN I,KEBIR H,TEROUZ S,et al.Role of ninjurin ⁃1 in the migration of myeloid cells to central nervous sys⁃ tem inflammatory lesions[J].Ann Neurol,2011,70(5):751-763
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:通过基因敲除模型研究神经损伤诱导蛋白 2(Ninjurin2,Ninj2)在小鼠卵巢发育过程的作用。方法:利用 CRISPR/Cas9技术构建Ninj2基因敲除小鼠,通过HE染色、免疫荧光染色、体外受精(in vitro fertilization,IVF)以及脂多糖(lipo⁃ polysaccharide,LPS)暴露对敲除小鼠表型进行分析,研究Ninj2在小鼠卵巢发育中的作用。结果:成功构建Ninj2基因敲除小鼠模型;小鼠体重及相关生化指标检测结果显示,Ninj2纯合敲除鼠与野生型小鼠相比无显著差异;HE染色显示,Ninj2敲除小鼠在新生和成年卵巢中各级卵泡发育情况与野生型小鼠相比均无明显差别;IVF结果表明,Ninj2敲除小鼠早期胚胎发育正常; LPS对Ninj2敲除小鼠卵巢发育没有影响。结论:在正常生理或炎性条件下,敲除Ninj2不影响小鼠卵巢发育。

    Abstract

    Objective:To construct nerve injury⁃inducing protein 2(Ninj2)knockout mice and study its role during mouse ovarian development. Methods:We generated Ninj2 knockout mice by CRISPR/Cas9 technology,and detected the role of Ninj2 in mouse ovarian development by HE staining,immunofluorescence,in vitro fertilization(IVF)and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)exposure. Results: Ninj2 knockout mouse model was successfully constructed. Body weight and detection of related biochemical indicators showed that there was no significant difference between Ninj2 homozygous knockout mice and wild⁃type mice;HE staining showed that there was no significant difference in follicular development between Ninj2 knockout mice and wild ⁃type controls at all levels in newborn and adult ovaries;IVF results showed that the early embryos of Ninj2 knockout mice developed normally;LPS had no effect on ovarian development in Ninj2 knockout mice. Conclusion:Depletion of Ninj2 does not affect the mouse ovarian development in normal physiological or inflammatory condition.

    关键词

    CRISPR/Cas9Ninj2卵巢发育

  • 下丘脑⁃垂体⁃卵巢轴(hypothalamic ⁃ pituitary ⁃ ovarian axis,HPOA)是影响雌性生殖能力的重要调控因素,在生殖功能中发挥主要的调节作用。卵巢作为雌性性腺器官,主要功能在于产生卵子和性激素,接受下丘脑和垂体激素的调节,同时反馈性调节下丘脑及垂体的功能[1]。促性腺激素释放激素 (gonadotropin⁃releasing hormone,GNRH)神经元分泌GNRH,调节垂体中促性腺细胞分泌卵泡刺激素 (follicle stimulating hormone,FSH)和促黄体生成素 (luteinizing hormone,LH),GNRH的脉冲式释放是促性腺激素呈周期变化的必需条件,可以确保卵泡的正常发育和生殖功能[2]。许多文章也报道了下丘脑和垂体激素对排卵和卵巢激素分泌等卵巢功能的调节[3-4]。然而,尽管一些研究描述了迷走副交感神经和交感神经对卵巢的支配[5-6],但是这些自主神经在卵巢功能中的参与尚不清楚。

  • Ninjurins家族蛋白分子量为16~27kDa,在哺乳动物中有Ninjurin1(Ninj1)和Ninjurin2(Ninj2)两个成员,两者共享保守的疏水区跨膜结构域,均可促进施万细胞和背根神经节神经元轴突生长[7-9]。 Ninj1广泛存在于成年和胚胎组织中,特别是具有上皮起源的组织,并在其他组织的形成和功能中发挥作用,例如神经元发育以及神经再生[9-14]。Ninj2在所有感觉神经节神经元和肠神经元中均表达丰富,并且神经损伤后Ninj2在施万细胞中表达上调[7]。通过查询PubMed数据库发现Ninj2基因在卵巢中高表达,我们猜测Ninj2可能参与神经系统对卵巢功能的调控。因此,本研究拟通过CRISPR/Cas9技术构建敲除小鼠模型,研究Ninj2在小鼠卵巢发育中的调控作用。

  • 1 材料和方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • C56BL/6J小鼠饲养于南京医科大学实验动物中心(批准编号IACUC⁃1705008),按照无特定病原体(SPF)条件,室温保持在(23 ± 2)℃,室内相对湿度在(50 ± 5)%,小鼠饲养于12h光照和12h黑暗交替环境。所有动物实验经南京医科大学实验动物福利伦理审查委员会批准。

  • TRIzol、SuperScript Ⅲ反转录酶(Invitrogen公司,美国);SYBR Green Master Mix(南京Vazyme公司);琼脂糖(南京擎科公司);DDX4抗体(1∶200, Abcam公司,英国);荧光二抗Alexa Fluor 488⁃conju⁃ gated AffiniPure Goat Anti⁃Mouse IgG(H+L)(Jackson ImmunoResearch,美国);人输卵管液(human tubal fluid,HTF)、Embryo Max Advanced KSOM Embryo Medium(KSOM)(Sigma公司,美国);牛血清白蛋白 (bovine serum albumin,BSA)(上海翊圣公司);绒毛膜促性腺激素(pregnant mare serum gonadotropin, PMSG)、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic go⁃ nadotropin,HCG)(宁波第二激素厂);EDTA抗原修复液(上海碧云天);DAPI(Invitrogen公司,美国); LPS(北京索莱宝公司)。PCR引物及sgRNA序列均由安徽通用公司合成。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 构建敲除小鼠模型

  • 取成年C57BL/6J小鼠6只(雄性2只,雌性4只) 构建Ninj2敲除小鼠模型。设计sgRNA序列,sgRNA ⁃F:5′⁃CCAAGAAGAGTGTGGCAGAGAGC⁃3′,sgRNA⁃R:5′⁃GCTGCAGCAAGGGCCATTCGCGG⁃3′。CRIS⁃ PR/Cas9在体外转录和显微注射根据文章所述[15-16],将Cas9mRNA和sgRNA同时注射到合子期受精卵中,然后移植到假孕小鼠子宫,最终通过杂合突变雌雄小鼠之间的交配得到纯合敲除小鼠。

  • 1.2.2 基因型鉴定

  • 剪取小鼠脚趾1~2mm进行基因型鉴定,Ninj2基因型鉴定引物如下,msNinj2⁃F:5′⁃GCTGTCACT⁃ GTCACCCAAGA ⁃ 3′,msNinj2 ⁃ R:5′ ⁃ CACCCAT⁃ GGGATATGAGGAG⁃3′。PCR反应条件:95℃ 5min预变性;95℃ 30s变性,56℃ 30s退火,72℃ 30s延伸,重复40个循环;72℃ 10min终延伸;4℃保存。

  • 1.2.3 实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)

  • 用TRIzol提取小鼠卵巢总RNA,利用Super⁃ Script Ⅲ反转录酶将500ng总RNA反向转录成cDNA;使用SYBR Green Master Mix进行实时荧光定量PCR检测基因表达情况。Ninj2上游引物:5′ ⁃ GCAAAGTCCTGAAGGATGCAC ⁃ 3′,下游引物:5′ ⁃ TAAAGAGCGCCACGTCTAGC ⁃ 3′;GAPDH上游引物:5′ ⁃ AGGTTGTCTCCTGCGACTTCA ⁃ 3′,下游引物:5′ ⁃ GGGTGGTCCAGGGTTTCTTACT ⁃ 3′。使用ABI 7500仪器进行PCR反应:95℃ 2min;95℃ 30s, 60℃ 60s,40个循环;4℃保存。每个样品均重复3个反应。根据公式2-ΔΔCT计算Ninj2mRNA表达量。

  • 1.2.4 体外受精(in vitro fertilization,IVF)

  • 3~4周龄雌鼠注射马PMSG;46h后注射HCG,提前备好获能、受精、清洗以及KSOM培养液滴; HCG注射后12h先将精子获能,从附睾及输精管挤出精子放入获能液滴,放入培养箱获能1.5h;显微镜下将雌鼠输卵管放入石蜡油中,用针尖戳破输卵管膨大部,使卵丘团溢出,移至受精液滴;将获能后的精子取5~10 μL精液放入受精液滴,记下时间,受精3~5h后,观察受精情况,将受精卵在洗液清洗后转入KSOM培养液滴,放入培养箱中进行培养。

  • 获能及受精液滴:按照HTF1mL+0.01g BSA的比例进行称量溶解,涡旋混匀,0.22 μm滤器过滤。

  • 1.2.5 HE染色

  • 组织切片脱蜡水化后用双蒸水清洗3次,每次5min,然后在苏木素中浸染2~3min,伊红染色4min,梯度酒精脱水后树脂封片。

  • 1.2.6 免疫荧光染色

  • 培养后的卵巢组织在10%中性福尔马林溶液中室温固定过夜。石蜡包埋后5 μm厚度连续切片。切片组织进行脱蜡、水化;EDTA抗原修复液95℃水浴修复20min,自然冷却至室温;PBS洗3次,每次5min;然后用10%山羊血清室温封闭2h;轻轻甩掉片子上多余水分,滴加10%山羊血清配制的一抗DDX4置于湿盒内,4℃孵育过夜;次日,用PBS彻底冲洗切片后用免疫荧光二抗室温孵育2h,PBS洗3次,每次5min。DAPI染细胞核15min,PBS清洗后加防淬灭剂进行封片。用激光共聚焦显微镜采集图像。

  • 1.2.7 小鼠脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)暴露

  • 6周龄的雌性野生型小鼠和纯合敲除小鼠各5只,腹膜内注入100 μg血清型超纯LPS(溶解于100 μL生理盐水),处理以5d为1个周期,共处理4次,在最后一次处理结束的第5天收样进行检测相关指标。通过摘眼球取血的方法采集小鼠全血,室温静置后,离心分离血清,使用血液生化仪检测相关生化指标,包括丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase, ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotrans⁃ ferase,AST)、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)、总胆固醇(total choles⁃terol,TC)、肌酐(creatinine,CREA)、谷酰转氨酶(γ⁃ glutamyl transpeptidase,GGT)、葡萄糖(glucose, GLU)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipopro⁃ tein cholesterol,HDL⁃C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low⁃ density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL⁃C)、乳酸脱氢酶 (lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(su⁃ peroxide dismutase,SOD)、甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、尿酸(uric acid,UA),共14项指标。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 应用SPSS19.0对数据进行统计分析,定量数据用均数±标准差(x- ± s),两组间比较采用 t 检验,多组间比较用单因素方差分析,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 构建Ninj2基因敲除小鼠

  • 通过qPCR对不同组织来源的Ninj2mRNA水平进行了验证,结果与数据库一致,Ninj2在卵巢中高表达(图1A)。随后,借助CRISPR/Cas9技术构建了Ninj2基因敲除小鼠(图1B)。对4只子代新生小鼠(编号为1~4)进行基因型鉴定,并结合qPCR检测Ninj2敲除效率(图1C、D),结果均证明Ninj2敲除鼠构建成功。

  • 图1 Ninj2基因表达情况与敲除小鼠构建

  • Fig.1 Ninj2gene expression and construction of knock out mice

  • 2.2 Ninj2敲除小鼠全身表型分析

  • 首先,我们取6周龄野生型和Ninj2纯合敲除雌鼠各5只,纯合敲除鼠卵巢体重比与野生型小鼠无明显差异(表1),通过对Ninj2敲除小鼠的生化指标进行测定,结果表明,与野生型相比,6周龄Ninj2纯合敲除雌鼠血清中ALT、GLU、BUN、TC、UA等指标无明显差异,说明纯合敲除小鼠健康状况良好。

  • 2.3 Ninj2敲除小鼠生育信息分析

  • 对Ninj2缺失的小鼠出生比例进行统计,发现敲除小鼠出生比例符合孟德尔遗传定律(图2A);通过对3种基因型小鼠体重的连续称量,发现与野生型和杂合型相比,敲除小鼠体重无显著性差异(图2B);经过统计分析配繁21周Ninj2敲除小鼠的子代累计出生数量,发现Ninj2敲除小鼠累计产仔数与野生型与杂合小鼠相比没有差异(图2C)。由此可以说明,Ninj2敲除不影响小鼠生育力及仔鼠发育。

  • 表1 Ninj2敲除小鼠全身表型分析

  • Table1 Analysis of whole body phenotype of Ninj2knock⁃ out mice

  • 2.4 Ninj2敲除小鼠表型分析

  • 首先,我们从形态学角度对卵巢发育情况进行了分析。通过免疫荧光染色与卵泡计数,我们发现Ninj2敲除小鼠新生卵巢中卵泡激活情况与野生型对照组相比没有明显差别(图3A、B)。通过对成年6周龄敲除小鼠卵巢进行HE染色和卵泡计数,发现Ninj2敲除小鼠成年卵巢中卵泡数量和对照组相比没有异常(图3C、D),以上数据均表明敲除Ninj2不影响雌性小鼠的生殖发育。为进一步排除Ninj2是否在胚胎发育过程中存在异常现象,我们对Ninj2纯合敲除小鼠进行了IVF实验,结果显示,Ninj2敲除对小鼠早期胚胎发育过程没有影响(图3E)。以上数据说明敲除Ninj2不影响小鼠的卵巢发育过程。

  • 图2 Ninj2敲除小鼠生育信息分析

  • Fig.2 Analysis of fertility information of Ninj2knockout mice

  • 2.5 LPS处理Ninj2敲除小鼠表型分析

  • 已有文献报道,Ninj2在LPS刺激的人血管内皮细胞(HUVEC)和小鼠主动脉中的表达上调[17],我们猜测Ninj2可能参与LPS引发的炎症反应。因此,我们对成年6周龄敲除小鼠进行为期20d的LPS处理,观察炎症条件下Ninj2敲除是否影响小鼠卵巢发育。通过小鼠LPS定量检测试剂盒(ELISA)对处理的小鼠血液中LPS表达含量进行检测,结果表明LPS含量显著升高,表明LPS诱导炎症模型成功(图4A)。通过卵巢HE染色和卵泡计数,我们发现LPS处理后Ninj2敲除小鼠成年卵巢中卵泡数量和野生型对照组相比基本一致(图4B、C),以上数据表明LPS处理对Ninj2敲除小鼠的卵巢发育过程没有影响。

  • 3 讨论

  • 通过数据库查询以及实验验证,我们证明了Ninj2在小鼠卵巢中特异性高表达。为了研究Ninj2在雌性小鼠生殖发育中的作用,借助CRISPR/Cas9技术,我们成功构建了Ninj2基因敲除小鼠模型。通过分析小鼠生育信息,我们发现敲除Ninj2不影响纯合小鼠的出生比例、体重和小鼠生育力,进一步分析发现Ninj2敲除小鼠的卵巢功能正常,并且胚胎发育正常,受精卵可以正常发育。综上所述,在正常生理条件下,敲除Ninj2不影响雌性小鼠生殖发育。

  • 在有丝分裂分化后的神经元中Ninj2的表达显著升高,在中枢神经系统中,Ninj2被观察到在放射状神经胶质细胞中表达。周围神经损伤后,Ninj2在远端神经节段的Schwann中上调,并且通过Ninj2介导的同源细胞相互作用促进背根神经节神经元的神经突生长[7]。Ninj2可以调节LPS诱导的内皮激活和单核细胞与内皮细胞之间的黏附,Ninj2可直接与Toll样受体4(Toll⁃like receptors 4,TLR4)相互作用,对TLR4介导的内皮细胞激活通路至关重要[17]。在小鼠中LPS增加了卵泡闭锁,这一过程是TLR4依赖性的,这些TLR4在包括卵巢囊在内的多种组织中广泛表达[18-19]。环境风险因素可能引发或加剧卵巢病变[20]。因此,为了确定Ninj2敲除小鼠是否会受炎症的影响,我们对Ninj2敲除小鼠进行了LPS处理,结果显示LPS处理对Ninj2敲除小鼠卵巢发育没有明显影响。另外,我们注意到Ninjurins家族蛋白在哺乳动物中有Ninj1和Ninj2两个成员,文献报道Ninj1在卵巢中没有表达,而在内皮细胞、髓样细胞和各种器官(肾脏、肝脏、胸腺、脾脏和肾上腺)中基本有表达[111321]。因此,我们排除了Ninj1在Ninj2敲除后起代偿作用的可能性。后续我们将继续寻找其他环境刺激,通过具体的实验研究,明确Ninj2在小鼠卵巢发育中的功能。

  • 图3 Ninj2敲除小鼠表型分析

  • Fig.3 Phenotypic analysis of Ninj2KO mice

  • 图4 LPS处理Ninj2敲除小鼠表型分析

  • Fig.4 Phenotype analysis of Ninj2knockout mice treated with LPS

  • 参考文献

    • [1] ROZOVSKY I,WEI M,STONE D J,et al.Estradiol(E2)enhances neurite outgrowth by repressing glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and reorganizing laminin[J].Endocrinology,2002,143(2):636-646

    • [2] MARSHALL J C,GRIFFIN M L.The role of changing pulse frequency in the regulation of ovulation[J].Hum Reprod,1993,8(Suppl 2):57-61

    • [3] BERGA S,NAFTOLIN F.Neuroendocrine control of ovu⁃ lation[J].Gynecol Endocrinol,2012,28(1):9-13

    • [4] CHRISTENSEN A,BENTLEY G,CABRERA R,et al.Hormonal regulation of female reproduction[J].Horm Metab Res,2012,44(8):587-591

    • [5] GERENDAI I,TÓTH I E,BOLDOGKOI Z,et al.Neuro⁃ nal labeling in the rat brain and spinal cord from the ova⁃ ry using viral transneuronal tracing technique[J].Neuro⁃ endocrinology,1998,68(4):244-256

    • [6] BURDEN H W,LEONARD M,SMITH C P,et al.The sen⁃ sory innervation of the ovary:a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat[J].Anat Rec,1983,207(4):623-627

    • [7] ARAKI T,MILBRANDT J.Ninjurin2,a novel homophilic adhesion molecule,is expressed in mature sensory and en⁃ teric neurons and promotes neurite outgrowth[J].J Neuro⁃ sci,2000,20(1):187-195

    • [8] KUBO T,YAMASHITA T,YAMAGUCHI A,et al.Analy⁃ sis of genes induced in peripheral nerve after axotomy us⁃ ing cDNA microarrays[J].J Neurochem,2002,82(5):1129-1136

    • [9] ARAKI T,MILBRANDT J.Ninjurin,a novel adhesion molecule,is induced by nerve injury and promotes axonal growth[J].Neuron,1996,17(2):353-361

    • [10] ZHANG S,DAILEY G M,KWAN E,et al.An MMP liber⁃ ates the Ninjurin A ectodomain to signal a loss of cell ad⁃ hesion[J].Genes Dev,2006,20(14):1899-1910

    • [11] ARAKI T,ZIMONJIC D B,POPESCU N C,et al.Mecha⁃ nism of homophilic binding mediated by ninjurin,a novel widely expressed adhesion molecule[J].J Biol Chem,1997,272(34):21373-21380

    • [12] LEE H J,AHN B J,SHIN M W,et al.Ninjurin1 mediates macrophage ⁃induced programmed cell death during early ocular development[J].Cell Death Differ,2009,16(10):1395-1407

    • [13] AHN B J,LEE H J,SHIN M W,et al.Ninjurin1 is ex⁃ pressed in myeloid cells and mediates endothelium adhe⁃ sion in the brains of EAE rats[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2009,387(2):321-325

    • [14] SCHLOSSHAUER B,SCHWARZ U,RUTISHAUSER U.Topological distribution of different forms of neural cell adhesion molecule in the developing chick visual system [J].Nature,1984,310(5973):141-143

    • [15] SHEN B,ZHANG W,ZHANG J,et al.Efficient genome modification by CRISPR ⁃Cas9 nickase with minimal off ⁃ target effects[J].Nat Methods,2014,11(4):399-402

    • [16] 王仿竹,陈红全,王建瑛,等.应用CRISPR/Cas9和Cas9 ⁃D10A建立Nsun5基因敲除小鼠模型并分析脱靶效应 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(9):1275-1280

    • [17] WANG J,FA J,WANG P,et al.NINJ2⁃ A novel regulator of endothelial inflammation and activation[J].Cell Sig⁃ nal,2017,35:231-241

    • [18] BROMFIELD J J,SHELDON I M.Lipopolysaccharide re⁃ duces the primordial follicle pool in the bovine ovarian cortex ex vivo and in the murine ovary in vivo[J].Biol Re⁃ prod,2013,88(4):98

    • [19] LIU Z,SHIMADA M,RICHARDS J S.The involvement of the Toll ⁃like receptor family in ovulation[J].J Assist Reprod Genet,2008,25(6):223-228

    • [20] MERKIN S S,PHY J L,SITES C K,et al.Environmental determinants of polycystic ovary syndrome[J].Fertil Ster⁃ il,2016,106(1):16-24

    • [21] IFERGAN I,KEBIR H,TEROUZ S,et al.Role of ninjurin ⁃1 in the migration of myeloid cells to central nervous sys⁃ tem inflammatory lesions[J].Ann Neurol,2011,70(5):751-763

  • 参考文献

    • [1] ROZOVSKY I,WEI M,STONE D J,et al.Estradiol(E2)enhances neurite outgrowth by repressing glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and reorganizing laminin[J].Endocrinology,2002,143(2):636-646

    • [2] MARSHALL J C,GRIFFIN M L.The role of changing pulse frequency in the regulation of ovulation[J].Hum Reprod,1993,8(Suppl 2):57-61

    • [3] BERGA S,NAFTOLIN F.Neuroendocrine control of ovu⁃ lation[J].Gynecol Endocrinol,2012,28(1):9-13

    • [4] CHRISTENSEN A,BENTLEY G,CABRERA R,et al.Hormonal regulation of female reproduction[J].Horm Metab Res,2012,44(8):587-591

    • [5] GERENDAI I,TÓTH I E,BOLDOGKOI Z,et al.Neuro⁃ nal labeling in the rat brain and spinal cord from the ova⁃ ry using viral transneuronal tracing technique[J].Neuro⁃ endocrinology,1998,68(4):244-256

    • [6] BURDEN H W,LEONARD M,SMITH C P,et al.The sen⁃ sory innervation of the ovary:a horseradish peroxidase study in the rat[J].Anat Rec,1983,207(4):623-627

    • [7] ARAKI T,MILBRANDT J.Ninjurin2,a novel homophilic adhesion molecule,is expressed in mature sensory and en⁃ teric neurons and promotes neurite outgrowth[J].J Neuro⁃ sci,2000,20(1):187-195

    • [8] KUBO T,YAMASHITA T,YAMAGUCHI A,et al.Analy⁃ sis of genes induced in peripheral nerve after axotomy us⁃ ing cDNA microarrays[J].J Neurochem,2002,82(5):1129-1136

    • [9] ARAKI T,MILBRANDT J.Ninjurin,a novel adhesion molecule,is induced by nerve injury and promotes axonal growth[J].Neuron,1996,17(2):353-361

    • [10] ZHANG S,DAILEY G M,KWAN E,et al.An MMP liber⁃ ates the Ninjurin A ectodomain to signal a loss of cell ad⁃ hesion[J].Genes Dev,2006,20(14):1899-1910

    • [11] ARAKI T,ZIMONJIC D B,POPESCU N C,et al.Mecha⁃ nism of homophilic binding mediated by ninjurin,a novel widely expressed adhesion molecule[J].J Biol Chem,1997,272(34):21373-21380

    • [12] LEE H J,AHN B J,SHIN M W,et al.Ninjurin1 mediates macrophage ⁃induced programmed cell death during early ocular development[J].Cell Death Differ,2009,16(10):1395-1407

    • [13] AHN B J,LEE H J,SHIN M W,et al.Ninjurin1 is ex⁃ pressed in myeloid cells and mediates endothelium adhe⁃ sion in the brains of EAE rats[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2009,387(2):321-325

    • [14] SCHLOSSHAUER B,SCHWARZ U,RUTISHAUSER U.Topological distribution of different forms of neural cell adhesion molecule in the developing chick visual system [J].Nature,1984,310(5973):141-143

    • [15] SHEN B,ZHANG W,ZHANG J,et al.Efficient genome modification by CRISPR ⁃Cas9 nickase with minimal off ⁃ target effects[J].Nat Methods,2014,11(4):399-402

    • [16] 王仿竹,陈红全,王建瑛,等.应用CRISPR/Cas9和Cas9 ⁃D10A建立Nsun5基因敲除小鼠模型并分析脱靶效应 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(9):1275-1280

    • [17] WANG J,FA J,WANG P,et al.NINJ2⁃ A novel regulator of endothelial inflammation and activation[J].Cell Sig⁃ nal,2017,35:231-241

    • [18] BROMFIELD J J,SHELDON I M.Lipopolysaccharide re⁃ duces the primordial follicle pool in the bovine ovarian cortex ex vivo and in the murine ovary in vivo[J].Biol Re⁃ prod,2013,88(4):98

    • [19] LIU Z,SHIMADA M,RICHARDS J S.The involvement of the Toll ⁃like receptor family in ovulation[J].J Assist Reprod Genet,2008,25(6):223-228

    • [20] MERKIN S S,PHY J L,SITES C K,et al.Environmental determinants of polycystic ovary syndrome[J].Fertil Ster⁃ il,2016,106(1):16-24

    • [21] IFERGAN I,KEBIR H,TEROUZ S,et al.Role of ninjurin ⁃1 in the migration of myeloid cells to central nervous sys⁃ tem inflammatory lesions[J].Ann Neurol,2011,70(5):751-763