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通讯作者:

王连生,E⁃mail:drlswang@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R541.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)04-540-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210411

参考文献 1
ZHANG H B,MU L,HU S,et al.Comparison of physician visual assessment with quantitative coronary angiography in assessment of stenosis severity in China[J].JAMA Intern Med,2018,178(2):239-247
参考文献 2
KNUUTI J,WIJNS W,SARASTE A,et al.2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes[J].Eur Heart J,2020,41(3):407-477
参考文献 3
PIJLS N H,FEARON W F,TONINO P A,et al.Fraction⁃ al flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutane⁃ ous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel cor⁃ onary artery disease:2⁃year follow⁃up of the FAME(Frac⁃ tional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation)study[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2010,56(3):177-184
参考文献 4
孙婧煜,李勋,钱雪松,等.冠脉血流储备分数的可能影响因素及对冠脉支架置入的指导作用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2016,36(11):1351-1355,1367
参考文献 5
汤成春,李拥军,罗丹,等.心肌血流储备分数在临界病变的非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征患者中的应用 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2013,33(1):83-85
参考文献 6
TEARNEY G J,REGAR E,AKASAKA T A,et al.Con⁃ sensus standards for acquisition,measurement,and re⁃ porting of intravascular optical coherence tomography studies a report from the international working group for intravascular optical coherence tomography standardiza⁃ tion and validation[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2012,59(12):1058-1072
参考文献 7
ALI Z A,MAEHARA A,GENEREUX P,et al.Optical co⁃ herence tomography compared with intravascular ultra⁃ sound and with angiography to guide coronary stent im⁃ plantation(ILUMIEN Ⅲ:OPTIMIZE PCI):a randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2016,388(160):2618-2628
参考文献 8
TU S,WESTRA J,YANG J,et al.Diagnostic accuracy of fast computational approaches to derive fractional flow re⁃ serve from diagnostic coronary angiography:the interna⁃ tional multicenter FAVOR pilot study[J].JACC Cardio⁃ vasc Interv,2016,9(19):2024-2035
参考文献 9
XU B,TU S,QIAO S,et al.Diagnostic accuracy of Angi⁃ ography ⁃ Based quantitative flow ratio measurements for online assessment of coronary stenosis[J].J Am Coll Car⁃ diol,2017,70(25):3077-3087
参考文献 10
WESTRA J,ANDERSEN B K,CAMPO G A,et al.Diag⁃ nostic performance of in ⁃ procedure angiography ⁃ derived quantitative flow reserve compared to pressure ⁃ derived fractional flow reserve:the FAVOR II Europe⁃Japan study [J].J Am Heart Assoc,2018,7(14):e009603
参考文献 11
WESTRA J,TU S,WINTHER S,et al.Evaluation of coro⁃ nary artery stenosis by quantitative flow ratio during inva⁃ sive coronary angiography:the WIFI Ⅱ study(Wire⁃Free functional imaging Ⅱ)[J].Circ Cardiovasc Imaging,2018,11(3):e007107
参考文献 12
SMIT J M,KONING G,VAN ROSENDAEL A R,et al.Relationship between coronary contrast ⁃flow quantitative flow ratio and myocardial ischemia assessed by SPECT MPI[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2017,44(11):1888-1896
参考文献 13
STRÄHL M,SCHINDLER M,KELLER L S,et al.Diag⁃ nostic performance of angiography ⁃ based quantitative flow ratio for the identification of myocardial ischemia as assessed by 13N ⁃ ammonia myocardial perfusion imaging positron emission tomography[J].Int J Cardiol,2020,314:13-19
参考文献 14
BURZOTTA F,LEONE A M,AURIGEMMA C,et al.Frac⁃ tional flow reserve or optical coherence tomography to guide management of angiographically intermediate coro⁃ nary stenosis:a single ⁃ center trial[J].JACC Cardiovasc Interv,2020,13(1):49-58
参考文献 15
SONG L,TU S,SUN Z,et al.Quantitative flow ratio⁃guid⁃ ed strategy versus angiography ⁃guided strategy for percu⁃ taneous coronary intervention:rationale and design of the FAVOR Ⅲ China trial[J].Am Heart J,2020,223:72-80
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:在冠状动脉临界病变中,结合光学相干断层成像(optical coherence tomography,OCT)评估血管狭窄的相关参数,探究应用定量血流分数(quantitative flow ratio,QFR)在其中的诊断价值。方法:共纳入2016年10月—2020年2月于南京医科大学第一附属医院入院行冠脉造影患者89例,冠状动脉临界病变109处(目测病变血管狭窄程度50%~90%),并于术中行 OCT评估病变血管。收集患者基线资料、定量冠状动脉造影(quantitative coronary angiography,QCA)数据及相关冠状动脉病变特征,运用QFR回顾性分析相关病变。以OCT下最小管腔面积(minimal lumen area,MLA)<2.5 mm2 或面积狭窄率(area steno⁃ sis,AS)≥75% 作为诊断标准将病例分为明显狭窄组和非明显狭窄组,引入QFR并评估其在此类病变中的诊断价值。结果:与非明显狭窄组相比,明显狭窄组的QFR值显著降低(P <0.001)。与OCT及QFR评估的3D⁃QCA 相比,2D⁃QCA 下AS值更大 (P =0.007,P <0.001)。3D⁃QCA及OCT评估的AS值之间差异无统计学意义(P =0.356)。线性回归显示,OCT⁃MLA与QFR正相关(r =0.56,P <0.001),OCT⁃AS与QFR负相关(r =-0.60,P <0.001)。受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析显示,QFR诊断血管明显狭窄的截断值为0.81,曲线下面积为0.837(95%CI:0.754~0.901,P <0.001),灵敏度为83.3%,特异度为80.0%。结论:在冠状动脉临界病变中应用QFR结合OCT,可在精确测量血管狭窄程度的同时,评估冠脉的功能学参数,共同指导临界病变的介入诊疗。

    Abstract

    Objective:To investigate the diagnostic value of quantitative flow ratio(QFR)combined with coronary stenosis assessed by related optical coherence tomography(OCT)parameters in intermediate coronary lesions. Methods:From October 2016 to February 2020,a total of 89 patients with 109 lesions were enrolled in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. All patients underwent coronary angiography suggesting intermediate lesions(stenosis between 50% and 90% by visual estimation)and lesions were evaluated by OCT. Baseline data,quantitative coronary angiography data(QCA)and coronary lesions characteristics were collected and lesions were retrospectively analyzed by QFR. The diagnostic value of QFR in intermediate coronary lesions was evaluated when coronary significant stenosis defined as minimal lumen area(MLA)<2.5 mm2 or area stenosis(AS)≥75% by OCT. Results:Compared with the non⁃significant stenosis group,QFR in the significant stenosis group was significantly lower(P < 0.001). AS assessed by 2D⁃QCA was significantly higher than that assessed by OCT(P =0.007)and 3D⁃QCA(P < 0.001)derived from QFR. AS evaluated by 3D ⁃QCA and OCT had no significant difference(P =0.356). According to linear regression,OCT ⁃MLA was correlated positively with QFR significantly(r =0.56,P < 0.001). OCT⁃AS was correlated negatively with QFR significantly(r =-0.60,P < 0.001). ROC⁃analysis revealed that 0.81 is the ideal QFR cut⁃off to identify coronary lesions with significant stenosis(AUC:0.837,95% CI:0.754~0.901,P <0.001,sensitivity 83.3% and accuracy 80.0%). Conclusion:The application of QFR combined with OCT can accurately predict the coronary stenosis and evaluate the coronary functional parameters,which can guide the diagnosis and treatment in intermediate coronary lesions.

  • 冠状动脉临界病变的治疗策略及管理一直以来是困扰心血管医师的一大难题,尽管二维定量冠状动脉造影(quantitative coronary angiography,QCA) 评估方法一定程度上减少了视觉评估上的误差[1],但如何识别高危缺血病变及避免过度治疗仍是亟待解决的问题。2019年欧洲心脏病学会指南建议对所有慢性冠脉综合征患者冠脉造影提示血管狭窄不超过90%的病变进行全面评估[2]。目前有多种方法用于冠状动脉临界病变的评估,冠脉血流储备分数(fractional flow reserve,FFR)作为评估冠脉功能性心肌缺血的金标准,已有多项研究证实利用FFR指导经皮冠脉介入(percutaneous coronary interven⁃ tion,PCI)可有效指导支架置入,显著降低不良心血管事件[3-5]。光学相干断层成像(optical coherence tomography,OCT)是目前分辨率最高的腔内影像技术,使用近红外光波对血管腔进行扫描获取血管横截面图像,在鉴别斑块成分、识别易损斑块、评估血管狭窄、指导支架植入等均具有重要意义[6-7]。但上述方法侵入性的操作、导丝及药物的风险、额外的费用及手术时长均限制了其临床应用。定量血流分数(quantitative flow ratio,QFR)利用冠脉造影三维重建技术和血液动力学系统,无需导丝辅助,使用人工智能血流定量,快速、无创评估冠状动脉血管的生理功能,并且已有多项研究表明其与FFR具有良好的一致性[8-11]。本研究旨在结合OCT评估的冠脉形态学狭窄参数指标,探究QFR在冠脉临界病变中的诊断价值。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 纳入2016年10月—2020年2月于南京医科大学第一附属医院入院行冠脉造影提示冠状动脉临界病变(目测病变血管狭窄程度50%~90%),并于术中行OCT评估病变血管的患者,以最小管腔面积 (minimal lumen area,MLA)<2.5mm2、面积狭窄率 (area stenosis,AS)≥75%将血管病变分为明显狭窄组(n=54)和非明显狭窄组(n=55)。排除标准:各种原因引起QFR系统无法自动分析病变血管;糖尿病病程大于10年,严重微血管病变;左主干病变;急性心肌梗死罪犯血管病变。本研究获得南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准,患者均知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 基线资料收集

  • 回顾性搜集住院患者电子病历系统记录中年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、吸烟史、饮酒史、既往PCI史、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、尿酸、临床类型(稳定性心绞痛、不稳定型心绞痛、急性心肌梗死)等信息。

  • 1.2.2 QCA分析方法

  • 使用二维QCA(2D⁃QCA)自动分析软件评估纳入的冠状动脉临界病变。利用病变血管的二维图像定量分析得出该血管的MLA及参考管腔面积 (reference lumen area,RLA)。MLA定义为最小管腔面积水平的横截面积,RLA定义为最小管腔面积近端及远端10mm范围内最大管腔面积的平均值。并计算AS=(RLA-MLA)/RLA×100%。记录2D⁃ QCA下的AS结果。

  • 1.2.3 OCT操作及测量方法

  • 所有OCT影像均通过美国FD⁃OCT C7⁃XR血管成像系统获取。将6F指引导管到达冠状动脉开口后,工作导丝穿过病变处送至靶血管远端,FD⁃OCT光纤导管(Dragonfly)经过工作导丝定位至靶病变远端,利用高压注射器持续冲洗指引导管后,以15mm/s的缓慢速度回撤导管,并记录至血管成像系统进行分析(图1)。利用血管成像系统自动获取选定的病变血管的MLA及RLA,并同理计算AS,记录RLA、 MLA、AS。

  • 1.2.4 QFR分析方法

  • 所有纳入的病变冠脉血管均采用QFR测量平台[版本AngioPlus1.0.1.1,博动医学影像科技(上海) 有限公司]进行离线分析,QFR分析人员已通过QFR操作专业培训。首先分析人员选取2个角度> 25°的最佳造影投影,通过选定患者病变的血管位置系统描绘出血管轮廓,并自动重建病变血管的三维结构,并利用三维重建技术和血液动力学系统,计算出病变的QFR值(图2),同时记录三维QCA(3D⁃ QCA)下系统得出的AS。

  • 图1 OCT下冠状动脉非明显狭窄组及明显狭窄组

  • Fig.1 Coronary non⁃significant stenosis group and significant stenosis group according to OCT measurements

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 23.0软件进行统计学分析。采用均数±标准差(x- ± s)表示符合正态分布的计量资料, Student t 检验进行两组间比较;不符合正态分布的计量资料采用中位数(四分位数)[MP25P75)]表示,Mann⁃Whitney U检验进行两组间比较。通过单因素方差分析进行多组间比较,并利用Games⁃How⁃ ell检验对方差不齐的数据进行两组间比较。计数资料采用例数及百分比表示,用卡方检验或Fisher检验进行两组间比较。运用线性回归分析相关变量间的关系。利用受试者工作特征(receiver operat⁃ ing characteristic,ROC)曲线评估QFR对OCT下提示血管明显狭窄的诊断价值。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 图2 1例右冠状动脉病变QFR分析及OCT图像

  • Fig.2 Representative example of QFR analysis and OCT image for the right coronary artery

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 两组间基线资料及冠状动脉病变特征比较

  • 以OCT⁃MLA<2.5mm2 或OCT⁃AS≥75%作为诊断血管明显狭窄的标准,血管明显狭窄组及非明显狭窄组基线资料及冠脉病变特征比较见表1、2。两组间在基线资料及病变血管分布上差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05)。与非明显狭窄组(n=55)相比,明显狭窄组(n=54)的QFR值显著降低(0.76±0.10 vs.0.87±0.07,P< 0.001),通过3D⁃QCA分析,病变血管AS(71.0%±6.2%vs.63.8%±5.8%,P< 0.001)高于非明显狭窄组。

  • 2.2 QCA、OCT及QFR评估冠状动脉血管狭窄程度比较

  • 单因素方差分析显示,3种评估血管狭窄程度的方法之间差异存在统计学意义(P <0.001)。组间比较显示,与OCT(P=0.007)及3D⁃QCA(P <0.001) 相比,2D⁃QCA下AS值更大。QFR采用的3D⁃QCA及OCT评估的AS值之间差异无统计学意义(P=0.356)。

  • 表1 两组基线资料比较

  • Table1 Comparison of baseline data between two groups

  • *:其中4例患者同时存在明显狭窄及非明显狭窄病变,故重复统计4例患者。

  • 表2 两组间冠状动脉病变特征比较

  • Table2 Comparison of coronary lesions characteristics between two groups

  • 与2D⁃AS比较,# P=0.007,* P <0.001。

  • 2.3 OCT参数与QFR的相关性

  • 线性回归分析显示(图3),OCT⁃MLA与QFR值呈明显正相关(r=0.56,P< 0.001),OCT⁃AS与QFR值呈明显负相关(r=-0.60,P <0.001)。

  • 2.4 QFR对血管明显狭窄的诊断价值

  • 以OCT⁃MLA<2.5mm2 或OCT⁃AS≥75%作为诊断血管明显狭窄的标准时,QFR诊断的ROC曲线分析结果显示(图4)。QFR值预测血管明显狭窄的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.837(95%CI:0.754~0.901,P< 0.001),灵敏度为83.3%,特异度为80.0%。

  • 3 讨论

  • 目前临床上OCT和FFR都是作为指导冠状动脉临界病变介入治疗的推荐手段[2],两者均有其独特的优势,但都存在有创、耗时、高费用等相关局限性。现仍以目测或2D⁃QCA评估血管狭窄为主,但易受投射角度、偏心病变、血管走行等影响[1]。本研究中,QFR采用的3D⁃QCA方法及OCT评估的AS在统计学上无明显差异,提示QFR利用三维成像评估血管狭窄程度,能够有效无创、快捷、准确地评估管腔狭窄程度。通过线性回归分析,QFR对临界病变中OCT参数(MLA及AS)均有良好的预测价值。而目前已有多项研究表明,以冠脉功能学评估指标 (FFR及核素心肌灌注显像)为标准,QFR具有很高的诊断一致性[8-912-13]。QFR在临界病变的功能学及形态学上均具有优化诊疗的重大意义。

  • 图3 OCT相关参数与QFR的关系

  • Fig.3 Relationship between OCT parameters and QFR

  • 图4 QFR诊断血管明显狭窄的ROC曲线

  • Fig.4 ROC curve of QFR in the diagnosis of signifi⁃ cant coronary stenosis

  • 以往对于腔内影像学技术指导冠脉介入的诊断截点的研究甚少。Burzotta等[14] 将350例患者临界病变分为OCT指导组(n=176)及FFR指导组(n=174)。OCT指导组满足下列条件中至少一项行PCI术:①AS≥75%;②50%≤AS ≤75%并且MLA< 2.5mm2;③50%≤AS ≤75%并且OCT提示斑块破裂。FFR指导组如FFR≤0.8行PCI术。对比两组间主要不良心血管事件,随访13个月结果表明,OCT指导冠脉介入的患者远期不良心血管事件及心绞痛发生率显著低于FFR指导组。本研究以OCT下AS≥75%或MLA≤2.5mm2 作为冠脉血管形态学狭窄的标准,结果表明QFR对血管明显狭窄的诊断价值较高。这提示QFR作为一项无创的冠脉功能学评估方法,不仅能快速评估冠状动脉的供血情况,其与冠状动脉的管腔形态也存在良好的相关性,有良好的诊断价值。

  • 本研究得出的QFR诊断截点为0.81,非常接近目前公认的QFR提示生理缺血的标准(QFR≤ 0.8)。但本研究的灵敏度及特异度有限,提示OCT在冠状动脉临界病变中的作用仍不可或缺,目前临床上仍推荐对冠状动脉临界病变进行全面综合的评估,以了解斑块性质及稳定性、血管功能、管腔狭窄程度等多方面影响患者预后的因素。但如患者同时完善OCT及FFR检查,不仅极大增加了患者的费用负担,同时也存在一定的操作风险。通过本研究结果,我们更建议应用QFR对患者靶病变进行血管功能及管腔狭窄程度的初步评估,或者利用OCT结合QFR的方法对病变进行相对综合的评估,为指导临床决策提供参考,以期提高患者的临床获益。目前,国内一项关于QFR指导PCI的前瞻性随机对照研究正在进行[15]。本研究为单中心回顾性研究,病例数有限,所得结果尚需大样本量进一步证实。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] ZHANG H B,MU L,HU S,et al.Comparison of physician visual assessment with quantitative coronary angiography in assessment of stenosis severity in China[J].JAMA Intern Med,2018,178(2):239-247

    • [2] KNUUTI J,WIJNS W,SARASTE A,et al.2019 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes[J].Eur Heart J,2020,41(3):407-477

    • [3] PIJLS N H,FEARON W F,TONINO P A,et al.Fraction⁃ al flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutane⁃ ous coronary intervention in patients with multivessel cor⁃ onary artery disease:2⁃year follow⁃up of the FAME(Frac⁃ tional Flow Reserve Versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation)study[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2010,56(3):177-184

    • [4] 孙婧煜,李勋,钱雪松,等.冠脉血流储备分数的可能影响因素及对冠脉支架置入的指导作用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2016,36(11):1351-1355,1367

    • [5] 汤成春,李拥军,罗丹,等.心肌血流储备分数在临界病变的非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征患者中的应用 [J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2013,33(1):83-85

    • [6] TEARNEY G J,REGAR E,AKASAKA T A,et al.Con⁃ sensus standards for acquisition,measurement,and re⁃ porting of intravascular optical coherence tomography studies a report from the international working group for intravascular optical coherence tomography standardiza⁃ tion and validation[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2012,59(12):1058-1072

    • [7] ALI Z A,MAEHARA A,GENEREUX P,et al.Optical co⁃ herence tomography compared with intravascular ultra⁃ sound and with angiography to guide coronary stent im⁃ plantation(ILUMIEN Ⅲ:OPTIMIZE PCI):a randomised controlled trial[J].Lancet,2016,388(160):2618-2628

    • [8] TU S,WESTRA J,YANG J,et al.Diagnostic accuracy of fast computational approaches to derive fractional flow re⁃ serve from diagnostic coronary angiography:the interna⁃ tional multicenter FAVOR pilot study[J].JACC Cardio⁃ vasc Interv,2016,9(19):2024-2035

    • [9] XU B,TU S,QIAO S,et al.Diagnostic accuracy of Angi⁃ ography ⁃ Based quantitative flow ratio measurements for online assessment of coronary stenosis[J].J Am Coll Car⁃ diol,2017,70(25):3077-3087

    • [10] WESTRA J,ANDERSEN B K,CAMPO G A,et al.Diag⁃ nostic performance of in ⁃ procedure angiography ⁃ derived quantitative flow reserve compared to pressure ⁃ derived fractional flow reserve:the FAVOR II Europe⁃Japan study [J].J Am Heart Assoc,2018,7(14):e009603

    • [11] WESTRA J,TU S,WINTHER S,et al.Evaluation of coro⁃ nary artery stenosis by quantitative flow ratio during inva⁃ sive coronary angiography:the WIFI Ⅱ study(Wire⁃Free functional imaging Ⅱ)[J].Circ Cardiovasc Imaging,2018,11(3):e007107

    • [12] SMIT J M,KONING G,VAN ROSENDAEL A R,et al.Relationship between coronary contrast ⁃flow quantitative flow ratio and myocardial ischemia assessed by SPECT MPI[J].Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging,2017,44(11):1888-1896

    • [13] STRÄHL M,SCHINDLER M,KELLER L S,et al.Diag⁃ nostic performance of angiography ⁃ based quantitative flow ratio for the identification of myocardial ischemia as assessed by 13N ⁃ ammonia myocardial perfusion imaging positron emission tomography[J].Int J Cardiol,2020,314:13-19

    • [14] BURZOTTA F,LEONE A M,AURIGEMMA C,et al.Frac⁃ tional flow reserve or optical coherence tomography to guide management of angiographically intermediate coro⁃ nary stenosis:a single ⁃ center trial[J].JACC Cardiovasc Interv,2020,13(1):49-58

    • [15] SONG L,TU S,SUN Z,et al.Quantitative flow ratio⁃guid⁃ ed strategy versus angiography ⁃guided strategy for percu⁃ taneous coronary intervention:rationale and design of the FAVOR Ⅲ China trial[J].Am Heart J,2020,223:72-80

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