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通讯作者:

李宏卫,E⁃mail:lhwqhxa@sina.com

中图分类号:R782.13

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)04-569-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210416

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参考文献 9
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参考文献 16
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参考文献 19
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曹畅,王菲,王恩博,等.β⁃磷酸三钙用于下颌第三磨牙拔除术后骨缺损修复的自身对照研究[J].北京大学学报(医学版),2020,52(1):97-102
参考文献 23
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参考文献 24
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:评价新型胶原型人工骨粉应用于单颗牙拔除后牙槽骨缺损的修复效果。方法:选取就诊于南京医科大学附属口腔医院口腔颌面外科的89例单颗磨牙需拔除患者,随机分为2组,实验组在拔牙后即刻植入新型胶原型人工骨粉,对照组植入Bio⁃Oss Collagen,应用可吸收生物膜严密关创。术后当天和术后6个月拍摄锥形束CT(cone beam CT,CBCT),测量相应的牙槽骨高度、宽度及密度值,进行统计分析;期间3次随访观察创口愈合情况。结果:CBCT测量显示,实验组与对照组牙槽骨高度和宽度的变化量差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);术后6个月与术后当天比较,实验组颊侧骨高度及宽度无明显变化,舌 (腭)侧骨高度降低(0.75 ± 0.95)mm,对照组颊侧骨高度降低(0.54 ± 1.47)mm,舌(腭)侧骨高度降低(1.20 ± 1.18)mm,宽度无明显变化;术后当天实验组骨密度大于对照组(P < 0.01),术后6个月时两组骨密度无明显差异(P > 0.05)。临床检查显示,两组在创口愈合评分上无明显差异。结论:对于单颗磨牙拔除患者,新型胶原型骨粉在拔牙后牙槽骨缺损修复上与Bio⁃Oss Colla⁃ gen具有相似的作用,并且在颊侧骨高度保存上的效果略优于Bio⁃Oss Collagen。

    Abstract

    Objective:To evaluate the effect of a new collagen ⁃type artificial bone graft on the repair of alveolar bone defect after single tooth extraction. Methods:A total of 89 patients with a single molar planned to be extracted at our institution were included and randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group was implanted with the new collagen⁃type bone graft while the control group was implanted with Bio⁃Oss collagen immediately after tooth extraction. After then,all wounds were coated by the absorbable biological membrane. The height,width and density of alveolar bone were tested by CBCT immediately and 6 months after surgery,and clinical examinations were conducted three times during the period. Results:There was no significant difference in the change of alveolar bone height and width between the experimental group and the control group(P > 0.05). In the experimental group,the lingual bone height decreased by(0.75 ± 0.95)mm,while no significant change was found in the buccal bone height and the width. In the control group,the height decreased by(0.54 ± 1.47)mm in the buccal and decreased by(1.20 ± 1.18)mm in the lingual,whereas bone width did not change significantly. Bone density of the experimental group was higher than that of the control group immediately after surgery(P < 0.01),but no significant differences were found between the two groups 6 months after surgery(P > 0.05). Clinical examination showed that there was no significant difference in wound healing score between the two groups. Conclusion:The new collagen⁃type artificial bone graft has similar effects to Bio ⁃ Oss collagen on the repair of alveolar bone defect after extraction,and is slightly better in preservation of the buccal bone.

  • 牙槽骨缺损的修复一直都是临床中亟待解决的难题。外伤、肿瘤、炎症、拔牙等均可导致牙槽骨缺损,其中天然牙拔除后在短期内会造成40%~60%的牙槽骨缺损[1]。牙缺失后,牙槽骨缺乏功能性刺激,易出现进行性吸收与萎缩,再加上牙周炎或根尖周炎等对牙槽骨的破坏,造成牙槽嵴高度和宽度降低,给后期种植修复带来很多困难,有些甚至不能满足活动义齿修复的条件[2]。此外,大多数人的下颌第三磨牙处于近中或水平阻生位置,拔除后第二磨牙的远中牙槽骨缺损及附着丧失可能会长期存在,导致第二磨牙牙周炎或根尖周炎,严重者松动脱落[3]。为了减少牙拔除后牙槽骨的吸收,降低后期修复难度,临床上常采用自体骨移植或同种异体骨移植来修复骨缺损。作为骨缺损修复的金标准,自体骨移植具有理想的成骨和骨诱导性质,但是因其来源有限且会造成供区的手术创伤,无法进行广泛的临床应用[4]。而同种异体骨移植虽然骨源较易取得,但有传染疾病及排异的风险[5]。近年来人工骨替代材料在成骨能力、机械性能等方面都取得了较大的进步,并且其来源充足、可标准化生产,已经广泛应用于临床修复牙槽骨缺损。

  • 传统的人工骨粉可塑性较差,植入后难以获得良好的空间稳定性[6],胶原成分的加入大大改善了这一不足[7]。Bio⁃Oss Collagen是目前临床上最常使用的胶原型人工骨粉,是在牛骨中提取的无机盐中加入10%的猪胶原制成,其与人体骨成分相似,具有良好的骨诱导性、可塑性和生物相容性,拔牙后即刻植入可以有效恢复牙槽骨高度和宽度[8]。但因取材困难,价格昂贵,在临床上难以广泛应用。本研究选用一种新型的胶原型人工骨粉[主要成分是人工合成的羟基磷灰石(HA)和β⁃磷酸三钙(β⁃ TCP),在此基础上增加了Ⅰ型猪胶原蛋白的修饰],和Bio⁃Oss Collagen进行对照研究,应用于单颗牙拔除后行引导骨组织再生手术(guided bone regenera⁃ tion,GBR)的临床试验患者,对比手术当天及术后6个月时的牙槽骨高度、宽度及骨密度的改变,比较两种不同胶原型骨粉植入后牙槽骨改建的影像学变化及临床愈合情况,以期获得良好的骨缺损修复效果,为牙槽骨缺损的修复重建提供新的人工合成骨替代品。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 选取2018年4—8月就诊于南京医科大学附属口腔医院口腔颌面外科的89例单颗牙需拔除的患者,向其详细说明治疗计划以及研究过程等,患者知情同意后纳入本研究。本研究开始前已经医院伦理委员会批准,所有患者均签署了知情同意书。

  • 纳入标准:18~65周岁的单颗磨牙需拔除的患者;有邻牙参照且邻牙骨高度正常(如果选择第三磨牙,第二磨牙近中牙槽骨高度正常);植入骨粉前至少存在3面骨壁的患者。

  • 排除标准:恶性肿瘤所致的骨缺损;正进行或有头颈部放疗、化疗史的患者;近3个月内服用可能影响术创愈合或骨代谢的药物(如抗凝药和双磷酸盐类药物);有未控制的急性感染病变者;心、肝、肾功能严重受损者(心功能衰竭Ⅱ级及以上;血转氨酶或肌酐大于正常值上限的1.5倍);患有内分泌或免疫、血液系统疾病者;空腹血糖≥8.0mmol/L的糖尿病患者;精神性疾病无法配合临床操作者;酗酒、或吸烟超过每日10支者;对胶原或猪肉过敏、或不适合使用猪源产品者(如回族);孕妇、哺乳期或半年内计划怀孕的患者。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 研究设计

  • 本研究是一项随机、对照、前瞻性临床试验。病例用随机数表法分配到实验组和对照组。实验组采用OSTEON Ⅲ Collagen骨粉(Genoss公司,韩国),对照组采用Bio⁃Oss Collagen®骨粉(盖氏制药有限公司,瑞士)。

  • 1.2.2 手术过程

  • 局麻下微创拔除患牙,尽量减少牙槽骨及软组织损伤。确保拔牙窝存在至少3面骨壁,根据随机编号分组。抽取拔牙窝中少量自体血液与骨粉混匀,依据骨缺损的大小植入骨粉并轻压,后依据患者缺失创面形态与大小修剪可吸收生物膜,期间保持干燥,在放置时用拔牙窝内血液湿润,使生物膜与骨粉和周围骨面骑跨式贴合。“8”字缝合龈瓣以固定生物膜,并使用可吸收生物膜® (韩国Genoss公司提供)尽量保持无张力严密关创。术后即刻拍摄锥形束CT(cone beam CT,CBCT)(NewTom VG,SRL公司,意大利)。

  • 1.2.3 术后评价

  • 牙槽骨高度和宽度:将CBCT数据以DICOM格式保存后,导入SimPlant Pro 11.04软件。测量时在冠状位、矢状位及水平位调整截面,使之通过拔牙窝中心;以上颌窦空腔最低点、下颌骨下缘最低点或下牙槽神经管顶壁作为参考点P [9]。术后当天标记经过拔牙窝长轴的直线,并测量该直线与水平线的夹角∠1,再经过点P作该直线的垂线L,分别测量颊、舌(腭)侧牙槽嵴顶到L的距离,记录为HB0、 HL0,在此基础上测量颊、舌(腭)侧两平行线之间的距离为初始牙槽骨宽度,记录为W0;术后6个月取相同层面,同法测量颊、舌(腭)侧牙槽嵴顶到L的距离和牙槽骨宽度,记录为HB1、HL1、W1;计算牙槽骨高度和宽度的变化量:颊侧牙槽嵴高度变化量HB1-HB0,舌(腭)侧牙槽嵴高度变化量HL1⁃HL0,牙槽骨宽度变化量W1-W0,负值表示维度减少,正值表示维度增加(图1)。

  • 牙槽骨密度:选取上述同一CBCT层面,于拔牙窝中心选取一面积为13.63mm2(软件默认选中面积)的圆形区域,测定骨密度值,术后当天和术后6个月分别记录为D0、D1,以Hounsfield units(Hu)表示。计算骨密度变化量D1-D0。

  • 为减小误差,所有CBCT数据均由同一医师测量,3次测量后取平均值。

  • 1.2.4 随访观察

  • 术后2周、3个月、6个月复诊,由同一医师检查并记录创口愈合情况,以创面愈合指数(wound heal⁃ ing index,WHI)来表示,创口愈合良好,无牙龈红肿、术创裂开、患者不适及化脓计1分;创口愈合一般,有轻度的牙龈红肿、术创裂开、患者不适,但无化脓计2分;创口愈合较差,有严重的牙龈红肿、术创裂开、患者不适及化脓计3分[10];术后6个月再次行CBCT检查。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 使用SPSS 24.0软件对数据进行统计分析,采用卡方检验比较两组性别及拔牙部位的差异;所有定量资料均采用Shapiro⁃Wilk检验来验证正态性,若参数符合正态分布,则以均值±标准差(x- ± s)来表示,采用独立样本t检验比较组间的各参数;创口愈合评分资料采用Mann⁃Whitney U检验分析;采用配对t检验比较各组从术后当天到术后6个月相应参数的变化。将检验水准α设为0.05。

  • 图1 CBCT定点标记测量

  • Fig.1 Mark the fixed points and measure the lines on CBCT

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 患者基本资料

  • 共89例患者符合纳入标准,并定期完成了随访,女64例,男25例;平均年龄(26.8±4.2)岁。纳入的患牙均为磨牙:其中实验组44个,对照组45个。患者的基本资料见表1。两组性别、年龄及拔牙部位的差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05)。

  • 表1 89例患者基本资料

  • Table1 The basic conditions of 89patients

  • 2.2 影像学分析

  • 2.2.1 牙槽骨高度和宽度的变化

  • 术后6个月与术后当天相比,对照组的颊舌 (腭)侧牙槽骨高度均明显降低(P< 0.05),实验组的舌(腭)侧牙槽骨高度明显降低(P< 0.01),而颊侧骨高度降低不明显(P> 0.05),组间比较实验组骨高度的减小略低于对照组,但二者之间没有统计学差异;术后6个月两组的牙槽骨宽度都稍有增大(P> 0.05),实验组宽度的增加略高于对照组,差异无统计学意义(表2)。

  • 表2 牙槽骨高度和宽度的变化

  • Table2 Changes of bone height and width

  • 同组术后6个月与术后当天相比,* P< 0.05,**P< 0.01。

  • 2.2.2 牙槽骨密度的变化

  • 术后当天,实验组的牙槽骨密度明显大于对照组(P< 0.01),术后6个月时两组的骨密度值没有明显差异(P> 0.05)。术后6个月与术后当天相比,实验组骨密度降低(P< 0.01),而对照组的骨密度增加 (P< 0.01,表3)。

  • 表3 牙槽骨密度的变化

  • Table3 Changes of bone density

  • 2.3 临床评价

  • 术后2周随访,对照组有2例WHI为2分,实验组有3例患者WHI为2分,其余均为1分,两组评分差异无统计学意义(P=0.629);术后3个月随访,对照组仅1例为2分,实验组均为1分,两组评分差异亦无统计学意义(P=0.323)。术后6个月随访,所有患者WHI均为1分,术创愈合良好,无其他术后并发症。

  • 3 讨论

  • 天然牙拔除后的自然愈合常伴随牙槽骨高度和宽度的减少。Tan等[11] 通过系统性回顾发现,牙拔除后6个月,颊侧牙槽骨高度平均下降(1.24±0.11)mm,宽度平均减小(3.79±0.23)mm,且牙槽骨的改建大多发生于拔牙后的前3个月。牙槽骨水平向及垂直向的吸收给后期的修复带来了极大的困难,过窄、过于低平的牙槽嵴均不利于可摘义齿的固位或种植体的植入。许多研究发现,拔牙后颊侧骨板吸收比舌/腭侧严重[12],改建后的牙槽嵴顶偏向舌/腭侧,导致种植体植入后无法达到理想的咬合位置,或需行骨增量手术,造成二次手术创伤,增加了患者的痛苦[13]

  • 研究表明,通过对患牙周围牙槽骨进行影像学评估,骨量不足者(如患有牙周病的牙)在拔牙同期植入骨粉并覆盖生物膜,行GBR能够有效减少牙槽骨的吸收,维持骨高度及宽度,为后期的修复提供便利[14]。GBR的原理是应用屏障膜阻止上皮和结缔组织细胞进入骨缺损区,从而为成骨细胞的增殖和分化创造条件[15]。Bio⁃Oss Collagen属于异种胶原型骨粉,主要成分来源于牛骨,不仅保留了骨引导的特性,又加入胶原成分使其易于塑形,能够有效恢复牙槽骨高度和宽度,其临床效果已得到验证[16],因此将其作为对照组。在骨组织中,约85%的细胞外基质由Ⅰ型胶原组成,它可作为骨生长因子的良好载体,促进成骨细胞的黏附、增殖,从而促进新骨形成[17]。实验组为人工合成的胶原型骨粉,其主要成分羟基磷灰石(HA)和β⁃磷酸三钙(β⁃TCP)是生物相容性很好的无机材料,与人骨成分类似,有良好的孔隙结构,能够为新骨形成提供稳定的空间,再加上Ⅰ型胶原的修饰,增加其可塑性和成骨性能,是理想的支架材料[18-20]

  • 本研究的实验组术后6个月与术后当天比较,颊侧牙槽骨高度及宽度均无明显变化,对照组颊侧骨高度降低了(0.54±1.47)mm(P< 0.05),宽度无明显变化,这与Tan等[11] 的研究结果形成对比,说明拔牙同期植入胶原型骨粉并覆盖可吸收生物膜,减少了牙拔除后颊侧骨高度和宽度的丧失,并且实验组在颊侧骨高度保存上的效果略优于对照组。术后6个月,两组的舌/腭侧牙槽骨高度均显著下降(P< 0.01),与颊侧相比,舌/腭侧水平骨吸收更严重,这可能是因为本实验纳入的患牙多为下颌第三磨牙,颊侧骨板较厚,舌侧骨板多为较薄的皮质骨,血供不佳,且由于智齿位置多有变异,拔除难度较大,过程中极易损伤舌侧骨板,因此薄弱的舌侧骨板极易发生吸收,这与樊佳东等[21] 得出的结论一致。实验组与对照组牙槽骨高度与宽度的变化量均无显著性差异,这表明实验组骨粉在维持骨高度与宽度,防止组织塌陷上与对照组作用相似。

  • 术后当天实验组骨密度显著大于对照组(P< 0.01),表明新型骨粉材料密度较大、阻射性较高。而术后6个月时两组的骨密度无明显差异(P> 0.05),配对 t 检验结果显示术后6个月实验组骨密度降低,而对照组密度增加。这是由于新型骨粉主要成分为约60%的HA和40%的β⁃TCP,其中HA在体内有较高的稳定性,而β⁃TCP易于吸收,6个月内可基本降解[22],我们猜测6个月以后骨密度将趋于稳定。有研究用Bio⁃oss骨粉行上颌窦底提升术,植入体内后较为稳定,影像灰度值在1年内变化不明显[23]。本实验中两组术后6个月骨密度无明显差异,说明两组形成的新生骨密度相似,并且很有可能趋于稳定。然而我们无法精确测量材料在体内的吸收降解,未来可继续观察和分析6个月以后牙槽骨密度的变化。

  • 此外,本次实验中有5例患者在术后2周随访时术创轻度红肿,其中1例对照组下颌第三磨牙拔除患者在术后3个月随访时术创仍有不适,检查见拔牙创红肿,有少量淡黄色清亮渗出液,局麻下予以切开、搔刮拔牙窝,清创后缝合,后创口愈合良好。这5例患者中有4例为下颌阻生智齿拔除,操作时间较长,翻瓣较大,手术创伤较大。有研究发现,对于近中阻生的下颌第三磨牙,不翻瓣拔除者术后肿胀、疼痛和张口受限程度均小于翻瓣拔除者[24]。这提示我们翻瓣要适度,尽量减小创伤;严格无菌操作,若拔牙窝有炎性肉芽或囊壁应彻底刮除并用生理盐水冲洗,防止感染。

  • 本研究发现,人工合成的新型胶原型骨粉在单颗磨牙拔除后牙槽骨缺损修复上与Bio⁃Oss Collagen具有相似的作用,并且在颊侧骨高度保存上的效果略优于Bio⁃Oss Collagen,加上其生物相容性好、易于生产、价格适宜的优点,推荐临床应用。但本研究仅观测了术后6个月的牙槽骨变化,新型胶原型骨粉的长期疗效还有待进一步研究。另外我们未对骨缺损大小及骨粉用量进行精确测量和分析,骨缺损大小与骨粉用量的比例对牙槽骨改建的影响可作为今后的研究方向。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] KEITH J D,SALAMA M A.Ridge preservation and aug⁃ mentation using regenerative materials to enhance im⁃ plant predictability and esthetics[J].Compend Contin Educ Dent,2007,28(11):614-624

    • [2] POHL S,BINDERMAN I,TOMAC J.Maintenance of alve⁃ olar ridge dimensions utilizing an extracted tooth dentin particulate autograft and platelet rich fibrin:a retrospec⁃ tive radiographic cone beam computed tomography study [J].Materials(Basel),2020,13(5):1083

    • [3] MARTIN R,LOUVRIER A,WEBER E,et al.Conse⁃ quences of impacted wisdom teeth extraction on the peri⁃ odontal environment of second molars.A pilot study[J].J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg,2017,118(2):78-83

    • [4] CAMPANA V,MILANO G,PAGANO E,et al.Bone sub⁃ stitutes in orthopaedic surgery:from basic science to clini⁃ cal practice[J].J Mater Sci Mater Med,2014,25(10):2445-2461

    • [5] GIANNOUDIS P V,CHRIS A J,SCHMIDMAIER G,et al.What should be the characteristics of the ideal bone graft substitute?[J].Injury,2011,42(S2):S1-S2

    • [6] 李医丹,许诺,李月玲,等.两种骨代用品植入智牙拔牙窝恢复牙槽骨高度[J].中国组织工程研究,2018,22(6):846-851

    • [7] BRODIE J C,MERRY J,GRANT M H.The mechanical properties of Calcium phospate ceramics modified by col⁃ lagen coating and populated by osteoblasts[J].J Mater Sci Mater Med,2006,17(1):43-48

    • [8] 余兰,吕亚林,丁芳,等.拔牙窝位点保存的初步临床观察[J].中华老年口腔医学杂志,2012,10(2):86-89

    • [9] 蔡明璇,徐艳,李璐.应用不同骨材料进行拔牙位点保存的效果评价[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(2):120-125

    • [10] HUANG L H,NEIVA R E,SOEHREN S E,et al.The ef⁃ fect of platelet⁃rich plasma on the coronally advanced flap root coverage procedure:a pilot human trial[J].J Peri⁃ odontol,2005,76(10):1768-1777

    • [11] TAN W L,WONG T L,WONG M C,et al.A systematic review of post⁃extractional alveolar hard and soft tissue di⁃ mensional changes in humans[J].Clin Oral Implants Res,2012,23(Suppl 5):1-21

    • [12] ARAÚJO M G,LINDHE J.Dimensional ridge alterations following tooth extraction.An experimental study in the dog[J].J Clin Periodontol,2005,32(2):212-218

    • [13] BOTTICELLI D,BERGLUNDH T,LINDHE J.Hard ⁃tis⁃ sue alterations following immediate implant placement in extraction sites[J].J Clin Periodontol,2004,31(10):820-828

    • [14] ZHAO L,XU T,HU W,et al.Preservation and augmenta⁃ tion of molar extraction sites affected by severe bone de⁃ fect due to advanced periodontitis:a prospective clinical trial[J].Clin Implant Dent Relat Res,2018,20(3):333-344

    • [15] APRILE P,LETOURNEUR D,SIMON⁃YARZA T.Mem⁃ branes for guided bone regeneration:a road from bench to bedside[J].Adv Healthc Mater,2020,9(19):e2000707

    • [16] RIGNON⁃BRET C,HADIDA A,AIDAN A,et al.Efficacy of bone substitute material in preserving volume when placing a maxillary immediate complete denture:study protocol for the PANORAMIX randomized controlled trial [J].Trials,2016,17(1):255

    • [17] ROEHLECKE C,WITT M,KASPER M,et al.Synergistic effect of titanium alloy and collagen type I on cell adhe⁃ sion,proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast ⁃ like cells[J].Cells Tissues Organs,2001,168(3):178-187

    • [18] ZHANG D,GAO P,LI Q,et al.Engineering biomimetic periosteum with β⁃TCP scaffolds to promote bone forma⁃ tion in calvarial defects of rats[J].Stem Cell Res Ther,2017,8(1):134

    • [19] KUMAR V B,KHAJURIA D K,KARASIK D,et al.Sil⁃ ver and gold doped hydroxyapatite nanocomposites for en⁃ hanced bone regeneration[J].Biomed Mater,2019,14(5):055002

    • [20] BRKOVIC B M,PRASAD H S,ROHRER M D,et al.Beta ⁃tricalcium phosphate/type I collagen cones with or with⁃ out a barrier membrane in human extraction socket heal⁃ ing:clinical,histologic,histomorphometric,and immuno⁃ histochemical evaluation[J].Clin Oral Investig,2012,16(2):581-590

    • [21] 樊佳东,吕源,李岩峰,等.下颌智齿位点行异种骨保存后骨壁厚度与吸收关系研究[J].口腔颌面修复学杂志,2017,18(4):193-197

    • [22] 曹畅,王菲,王恩博,等.β⁃磷酸三钙用于下颌第三磨牙拔除术后骨缺损修复的自身对照研究[J].北京大学学报(医学版),2020,52(1):97-102

    • [23] 杨烁.可降解珊瑚羟基磷灰石和脱矿无机牛骨羟基磷灰石在上颌窦提升术后改建情况研究[D].广州:南方医科大学,2013

    • [24] CHU H,LI Z,REN F,et al.Clinical application of flap or flapless buccal surgery on the extractions of mesially/hori⁃ zontally impacted 3rd molar with high or medium position impact:A comparative study[J].J Stomatol Oral Maxillo⁃ fac Surg,2020,121(5):490-495

  • 参考文献

    • [1] KEITH J D,SALAMA M A.Ridge preservation and aug⁃ mentation using regenerative materials to enhance im⁃ plant predictability and esthetics[J].Compend Contin Educ Dent,2007,28(11):614-624

    • [2] POHL S,BINDERMAN I,TOMAC J.Maintenance of alve⁃ olar ridge dimensions utilizing an extracted tooth dentin particulate autograft and platelet rich fibrin:a retrospec⁃ tive radiographic cone beam computed tomography study [J].Materials(Basel),2020,13(5):1083

    • [3] MARTIN R,LOUVRIER A,WEBER E,et al.Conse⁃ quences of impacted wisdom teeth extraction on the peri⁃ odontal environment of second molars.A pilot study[J].J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg,2017,118(2):78-83

    • [4] CAMPANA V,MILANO G,PAGANO E,et al.Bone sub⁃ stitutes in orthopaedic surgery:from basic science to clini⁃ cal practice[J].J Mater Sci Mater Med,2014,25(10):2445-2461

    • [5] GIANNOUDIS P V,CHRIS A J,SCHMIDMAIER G,et al.What should be the characteristics of the ideal bone graft substitute?[J].Injury,2011,42(S2):S1-S2

    • [6] 李医丹,许诺,李月玲,等.两种骨代用品植入智牙拔牙窝恢复牙槽骨高度[J].中国组织工程研究,2018,22(6):846-851

    • [7] BRODIE J C,MERRY J,GRANT M H.The mechanical properties of Calcium phospate ceramics modified by col⁃ lagen coating and populated by osteoblasts[J].J Mater Sci Mater Med,2006,17(1):43-48

    • [8] 余兰,吕亚林,丁芳,等.拔牙窝位点保存的初步临床观察[J].中华老年口腔医学杂志,2012,10(2):86-89

    • [9] 蔡明璇,徐艳,李璐.应用不同骨材料进行拔牙位点保存的效果评价[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(2):120-125

    • [10] HUANG L H,NEIVA R E,SOEHREN S E,et al.The ef⁃ fect of platelet⁃rich plasma on the coronally advanced flap root coverage procedure:a pilot human trial[J].J Peri⁃ odontol,2005,76(10):1768-1777

    • [11] TAN W L,WONG T L,WONG M C,et al.A systematic review of post⁃extractional alveolar hard and soft tissue di⁃ mensional changes in humans[J].Clin Oral Implants Res,2012,23(Suppl 5):1-21

    • [12] ARAÚJO M G,LINDHE J.Dimensional ridge alterations following tooth extraction.An experimental study in the dog[J].J Clin Periodontol,2005,32(2):212-218

    • [13] BOTTICELLI D,BERGLUNDH T,LINDHE J.Hard ⁃tis⁃ sue alterations following immediate implant placement in extraction sites[J].J Clin Periodontol,2004,31(10):820-828

    • [14] ZHAO L,XU T,HU W,et al.Preservation and augmenta⁃ tion of molar extraction sites affected by severe bone de⁃ fect due to advanced periodontitis:a prospective clinical trial[J].Clin Implant Dent Relat Res,2018,20(3):333-344

    • [15] APRILE P,LETOURNEUR D,SIMON⁃YARZA T.Mem⁃ branes for guided bone regeneration:a road from bench to bedside[J].Adv Healthc Mater,2020,9(19):e2000707

    • [16] RIGNON⁃BRET C,HADIDA A,AIDAN A,et al.Efficacy of bone substitute material in preserving volume when placing a maxillary immediate complete denture:study protocol for the PANORAMIX randomized controlled trial [J].Trials,2016,17(1):255

    • [17] ROEHLECKE C,WITT M,KASPER M,et al.Synergistic effect of titanium alloy and collagen type I on cell adhe⁃ sion,proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast ⁃ like cells[J].Cells Tissues Organs,2001,168(3):178-187

    • [18] ZHANG D,GAO P,LI Q,et al.Engineering biomimetic periosteum with β⁃TCP scaffolds to promote bone forma⁃ tion in calvarial defects of rats[J].Stem Cell Res Ther,2017,8(1):134

    • [19] KUMAR V B,KHAJURIA D K,KARASIK D,et al.Sil⁃ ver and gold doped hydroxyapatite nanocomposites for en⁃ hanced bone regeneration[J].Biomed Mater,2019,14(5):055002

    • [20] BRKOVIC B M,PRASAD H S,ROHRER M D,et al.Beta ⁃tricalcium phosphate/type I collagen cones with or with⁃ out a barrier membrane in human extraction socket heal⁃ ing:clinical,histologic,histomorphometric,and immuno⁃ histochemical evaluation[J].Clin Oral Investig,2012,16(2):581-590

    • [21] 樊佳东,吕源,李岩峰,等.下颌智齿位点行异种骨保存后骨壁厚度与吸收关系研究[J].口腔颌面修复学杂志,2017,18(4):193-197

    • [22] 曹畅,王菲,王恩博,等.β⁃磷酸三钙用于下颌第三磨牙拔除术后骨缺损修复的自身对照研究[J].北京大学学报(医学版),2020,52(1):97-102

    • [23] 杨烁.可降解珊瑚羟基磷灰石和脱矿无机牛骨羟基磷灰石在上颌窦提升术后改建情况研究[D].广州:南方医科大学,2013

    • [24] CHU H,LI Z,REN F,et al.Clinical application of flap or flapless buccal surgery on the extractions of mesially/hori⁃ zontally impacted 3rd molar with high or medium position impact:A comparative study[J].J Stomatol Oral Maxillo⁃ fac Surg,2020,121(5):490-495