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通讯作者:

季润元,E⁃mail:christ7777@163.com

中图分类号:R735.3

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)04-580-06

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210418

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参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
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目录contents

    摘要

    目的:检测Nup107在结肠癌组织中的表达并探究其与患者临床病理特征及预后的关系。方法:通过Ualcan数据库和实时定量PCR观察Nup107 mRNA在结肠癌组织中的表达水平;选取南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院结肠癌患者226例,采用免疫组织化学染色检测Nup107蛋白在结肠癌组织和正常结肠黏膜中的表达水平;结合临床资料分析Nup107表达水平与患者临床特征及预后的关系;通过基因富集分析初步探讨Nup107在结肠癌中的作用机制。结果:与正常结肠黏膜组织相比,结肠癌组织中 Nup107 的 mRNA 和蛋白表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05);Nup107 表达与肿瘤大小(P =0.004)、淋巴结转移(P = 0.002)、远处转移(P =0.007)、AJCC分期(P =0.003)、Ki67表达(P =0.001)显著相关;Nup107高表达的结肠癌患者总体生存率低于Nup107低表达的结肠癌患者(P<0.001)。Nup107在结肠癌中可能参与基础转录因子、错配修复、同源重组、核糖体、剪接体、RNA降解等途径。结论:Nup107是影响患者预后的独立危险因素,有望为结肠癌患者的诊断和治疗提供新的策略。

    Abstract

    Objective:To observe the expression of Nup107 in colon cancer tissues,and explore the relationship of Nup107 with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of colon cancer patients. Methods:Ualcan database and real ⁃time quantitative PCR were used to observe the expression level of Nup107 mRNA in colon cancer tissues. A total of 226 colon cancer patients from the Affiliated Huai’an No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were selected. Immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression level of Nup107 protein in colon cancer tissues and normal colon tissues. The relationship of Nup107 expression level with the clinical characteristics and prognosis was analyzed based on clinical data. Preliminary study on the mechanism of Nup107 in colon cancer was performed by gene set enrichment analysis. Results:The mRNA and protein expression levels of Nup107 in colon cancer tissues were significantly higher than those in normal colonic mucosal tissues(P < 0.05). The expression of Nup107 was significantly associated with tumor size(P =0.004),lymph node metastasis(P =0.002),distant metastasis(P =0.007),AJCC stage (P =0.003),and Ki67 expression(P =0.001). Colon cancer patients with high level of Nup107 had poorer overall survival than those with low level of Nup107(P < 0.001). Nup107 might be involved in basic transcription factors,mismatch repair,homologous recombination,ribosome,spliceosome,RNA degradation and other pathways in colon cancer. Conclusion:Nup107 is an independent risk factor for prognosis,and it is expected to provide new strategies for diagnosis and treatment of colon cancer.

    关键词

    Nup107结肠癌预后

    Keywords

    Nup107colon cancerprognosis

  • 结肠癌是全球第三常见的恶性肿瘤,2018年新增病例109.6万并导致50万患者死亡[1]。手术切除和放化疗是早期结肠癌的有效治疗手段,但对晚期结肠癌患者效果不佳,由于发病隐匿,超过半数的患者确诊时已为中晚期[2]。因此,应加大对结肠癌癌变关键调控因子的识别,确定新的诊断标志物和治疗靶点,最终提高结肠癌的治疗效果。

  • 核孔蛋白(nucleoporin,Nup)是核孔复合物(nu⁃ clear porecomplexes,NPC)的主要成分,它能够调节细胞质和细胞核之间的信号转导[3]。Nup在许多类型的癌症,如乳腺癌、结肠癌和前列腺癌中过表达,这表明它们可能参与了肿瘤的发生[4]。Nup107是Nup107亚复合物的关键组成部分,位于NPC的中心支架上,是NPC组装和mRNA输出的关键。目前关于Nup107在结肠癌中表达与预后的研究较少。

  • 本研究检测Nup107在结肠癌组织中的表达,并证明其与结肠癌患者临床病理特征及预后的关系,为结肠癌的诊断、预后和靶向治疗提供理论依据。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 所有参与研究的结肠癌患者于2012年12月— 2016年5月在南京医科大学附属淮安第一医院接受活检或手术,共226例。患者年龄32~76岁,平均年龄53岁。手术前患者均未接受化疗或放疗。另选取38例正常结肠组织作为对照。纳入研究的患者临床病理资料包括性别、年龄、肿瘤位置、组织学类型、分化、肿瘤大小、淋巴结转移、远处转移、美国癌症协会(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC) 分期、Ki67表达。本研究获得了南京医科大学伦理委员会的批准和患者的知情同意。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 Ualcan检索

  • Ualcan(http://ualcan.path.uab.edu/index.html)是一个有效的癌症数据在线分析和挖掘的网站,主要是基于TCGA数据库中的相关癌症数据进行分析。本研究分析比较了41例正常结肠组织和286例结肠癌组织的mRNA表达情况。

  • 1.2.2 实时定量聚合酶链反应(quantitative real ⁃ time PCR,qRT⁃PCR)

  • 使用TRIzol Plus RNA纯化试剂盒(Invitrogen公司,美国)从19对新鲜结肠癌和癌旁正常组织中提取总RNA。使用High⁃Capacity cDNA逆转录试剂盒(Thermo公司,美国)将RNA逆转录为cDNA。使用Power SYBR Green PCR预混液(Applied Biosystems公司,美国)在QuantStudio 5实时PCR系统上进行扩增。实验中使用的引物序列如下:Nup107上游5 ′⁃ CACGGACTGCACGGAAACA ⁃ 3,下游5′ ⁃ GAGTTC⁃ GAGGGATAACCTGGT ⁃ 3′;GAPDH上游5′ ⁃ CT⁃ GGGCTACACTGAGCACC ⁃3′,下游5′ ⁃AAGTGGTC⁃ GTT GAGGGCAATG⁃3′。以GAPDH为内参照基因分析Nup107mRNA表达,以2-ΔΔCt计算Nup107相对表达量。以上实验重复2次。

  • 1.2.3 组织芯片(tissue microarray,TMA)制作

  • 所有组织标本均在4%多聚甲醛固定24h,常规石蜡包埋。提前观察结肠组织蜡块,确定典型组织位置。利用TMAGrand Master(3DHISTECH,匈牙利)从供体蜡块中钻取核心组织柱,直径1.5mm,然后包埋于受体块中。将受体块切成厚度为3 μm的切片,置于含聚赖氨酸涂层的玻片上。

  • 1.2.4 免疫组织化学(immunohistochemistry,IHC) 染色

  • 采用SP法对结肠TMA样本进行IHC染色,具体步骤见Histostain SP免疫组化染色试剂盒说明书。一抗为兔抗人Nup107多克隆抗体(Abcam公司,英国),稀释比例1∶200。IHC结果由2名病理医师在双盲情况下进行评估。结肠组织中细胞的Nup107染色强度被评为0分(阴性)、1分(弱阳性)、 2分(中阳性)、3分(强阳性)。组织最终染色得分=(3×强染色细胞百分比+2×中度染色细胞百分比+1× 弱染色细胞百分比)×100,最终染色评分范围0~300。根据结肠癌患者的生存预后情况,使用X⁃tile软件将Nup107表达情况分为高表达和低或无表达,计算出截断值为115。

  • 1.2.5 基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analy⁃ sis,GSEA)

  • 检索TCGA数据库,获取结肠癌患者转录组测序数据。使用GSEA v2.2.2软件进行分析。根据Nup107mRNA中位表达水平将样本分为高表达组和低表达组进行比较,根据分子标签数据库中的KEGG基因集定义功能基因集。P <0.05且FDR> 0.25为有统计学意义。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 所有数据均在SPSS 18.0软件上进行分析。计量资料以均值±标准差(x- ± s)表示,采用成组t检验比较两独立研究组间均数。对例数和率的比较采用Pearson χ2 检验,计算Nup107与临床病理特征的相关性。采用Kaplan⁃Meier法分析累计生存率。建立Cox比例风险回归模型,先进行单因素分析,对 P< 0.01的组别再进行多因素分析,确定预后因素。P <0.05为差异有统计学意义。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 Nup107 mRNA在结肠癌组织中高表达

  • 通过检索Ualcan数据库,比较了41例正常结肠组织和286例结肠癌组织中Nup107mRNA的表达水平,发现Nup107mRNA在结肠癌中的表达显著高于正常肠黏膜组织(P <0.05,图1A)。通过qRT ⁃ PCR检测17对结肠癌组织和正常结肠组织的Nup107表达,验证了Nup107在结肠癌组织中高表达(P <0.05,图1B)。

  • 2.2 Nup107 蛋白在结肠癌组织中高表达

  • IHC结果显示,Nup107蛋白定位于细胞核膜,在结肠癌细胞中高表达(图2)。在结肠癌组织中, Nup107高表达率为65.93%(149/226),高于正常结肠黏膜组织(42.11%,16/38),差异有统计学意义 (P <0.05,表1)。

  • 2.3 结肠癌中Nup107表达水平与临床病理特征的关系

  • 通过收集226例结肠癌患者的临床资料,分析Nup107表达水平和患者临床病理特征之间的关系 (表2)。结果表明,Nup107表达与肿瘤大小(χ2=13.188,P=0.004)、淋巴结转移(χ2=12.080,P=0.002)、远处转移(χ2=7.167,P=0.007)、AJCC分期(χ2=14.135,P=0.003)和Ki67表达(χ2=10.683,P=0.001) 显著相关,而与性别、年龄、组织学类型或分化程度无相关性。

  • 图1 Nup107mRNA在结肠组织中的表达情况

  • Fig.1 Expression of Nup107mRNA in colon tissue

  • 图2 结肠组织中Nup107表达的免疫组化染色

  • Fig.2 IHC staining for Nup107expression in colon samples

  • 表1 Nup107蛋白在结肠组织中的表达

  • Table1 Expression of Nup107protein in colon tissues

  • χ2=7.878,P=0.005。

  • 2.4 结肠癌中Nup107表达水平与患者预后的关系

  • 使用单因素和多因素Cox回归分析确定结肠癌的预后因素。单因素分析中Nup107表达(HR: 1.891,95%CI:1.627~2.250,P< 0.001)、远处转移 (HR:2.124,95%CI:1.942~2.307,P< 0.001)、AJCC分期(HR:1.227,95%CI:1.112~1.436,P< 0.001)和Ki67表达(HR:0.673,95%CI:0.582~0.706,P< 0.001)与总生存期相关(表3)。多因素分析中, Nup107表达(HR:1.492,95%CI:1.179~1.845,P< 0.001)、远处转移(HR:2.283,95%CI:1.679~2.872, P< 0.001)和AJCC分期(HR:1.201,95%CI:1.145~1.384,P< 0.001)是结肠癌患者预后的独立风险因素(表3)。Kaplan⁃Meier生存分析证实,Nup107高表达结肠癌患者的生存时间明显短于Nup107低表达患者(图3)。

  • 表2 Nup107表达与结肠癌患者临床病理特征的关系

  • Table2 Relationships between Nup107expression level and clinicopathological characteristics of pa⁃ tients with colon cancer

  • a:黏液癌23例,SRCC(印戒细胞癌)5例。

  • 2.5 基于Nup107高表达的基因富集分析

  • 自TCGA数据库下载结肠癌患者的RNA⁃seq数据,并分析Nup107高表达结肠癌患者组织中基因富集的通路。结果显示,Nup107高表达的结肠癌组织中基因富集于基础转录因子、错配修复、同源重组、核糖体、剪接体、RNA降解等途径(表4)。

  • 3 讨论

  • NPC由约30种不同的Nup组成,是细胞核和细胞质之间大分子交换的唯一通道[5]。NPC由Nup93复合物、Nup107/Nup160复合物和Nup62复合物3部分组成[6]。越来越多的证据表明,NPC与肿瘤发生密切相关。Tpr是第1个被确认参与肿瘤发生的Nup,其在人类结直肠肿瘤中表达降低[7]。Nup98在小鼠和人肝癌中表达下降,并通过调控p53靶基因发挥潜在的抑癌作用[8]。Nup88在结直肠癌、子宫内膜癌、乳腺癌等肿瘤中过表达[9]。在鳞状细胞癌中,Nup62高表达且升高,通过调控p63核转运调控细胞活动[10]。POM121在结肠癌中高表达,并能促进前列腺癌细胞的侵袭性和耐药性[11-12]。由此可见,不同Nup在肿瘤中发挥着促癌或抑癌的作用。

  • Nup107是Nup160/Nup107亚复合结构的重要组成部分,是NPC组装的关键,并参与信号调节分子的易位[13]。在DNA损伤诱导的基因毒性应激中,Nup107能够介导凋亡蛋白酶激活因子1的核转位[14]。Nup107的缺失导致真核细胞凋亡,且干扰Nup107表达可使衰老细胞的生长因子信号通路减弱[1315]。Nup107与鼻咽癌细胞间期和有丝分裂期的NPC生成有关,并调控着丝点处的微管聚合[16-17]。 Nup107单核苷酸变异极可能与卵巢癌患者化疗敏感性有关[18]。这些发现提示Nup107在肿瘤组织中是一个重要的调节因子。

  • 本研究首先通过Ualcan数据库和qRT⁃PCR证明了Nup107在结肠癌组织中的mRNA水平高于正常肠黏膜组织,随后对38例正常结肠组织和226例结肠癌组织进行IHC染色,发现结肠癌组织的Nup107高表达率(65.93%)高于正常结肠组织(42.11%),与其在宫颈癌组织中的表达趋势一致[19]。分析Nup107表达水平和结肠癌患者临床病例特征的相关性,发现Nup107高表达与较大肿瘤体积、发生淋巴结转移、远处转移、较差AJCC分期和Ki67表达阳性有关,表明Nup107可能促进了结肠癌细胞的增殖和转移。单因素和多因素Cox回归分析证明Nup107表达是结肠癌患者预后的风险因素,Kaplan⁃ Meier生存曲线也显示Nup107高表达结肠癌患者总体生存率低于Nup107低表达患者。以上结果表明, Nup107可能成为结肠癌新的预后标志物。

  • 目前Nup107在结肠癌发生发展中的作用机制尚不清楚,本研究通过对TCGA数据库结肠癌患者RNA⁃seq信息进行GSEA,发现相较于Nup107低表达结肠癌组织,Nup107高表达的结肠癌组织中基因富集于基础转录因子、错配修复、同源重组、剪接体、RNA降解、核苷酸切除修复、细胞周期、DNA复制等途径。转录因子参与了大量的人类疾病,约占目前为止发现的所有致癌基因的20%[20]。Nup107对肿瘤相关转录因子的调节可能是肿瘤发生的一大诱因。Nup107对错配修复、同源重组、核苷酸切除修复、DNA复制的影响表明Nup107可能通过调控DNA损伤修复促进结肠癌的发生[21]。此外, GSEA结果表明Nup107可能通过干预细胞周期调控结肠肿瘤的生长增殖。

  • 表3 单因素和多因素Cox回归分析结肠癌患者总生存期的预后因素

  • Table3 Univariate and multivariable Cox regression analysis of prognostic factors for overall survival in patients with co⁃ lon cancer

  • 图3 结肠癌患者的Kaplan⁃Meier生存曲线

  • Fig.3 Survival curves of patients with colon cancer using the Kaplan⁃Meier plots

  • 表4 Nup107高表达的结肠癌患者的基因通路富集分析

  • Table4 GSEA of colon cancer patients with high Nup107expression

  • ES:富集值;NES:标准富集值;FDR:错误发现率。

  • 综上所述,Nup107在结肠癌组织中高表达,且Nup107高表达与结肠癌患者预后不良相关。 Nup107有可能成为结肠癌患者新的预后标志物和治疗靶点,但其在结肠癌中的作用和机制仍需进一步研究。

  • 参考文献

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    • [13] KIM S Y,KANG H T,CHOI H R,et al.Reduction of Nup107 attenuates the growth factor signaling in the se⁃ nescent cells[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2010,401(1):131-136

    • [14] JAGOTLACOUSSIERE L,FAYE A,BRUZZONI⁃ GIOVANELLI H,et al.DNA damage ⁃ induced nuclear translocation of Apaf ⁃ 1 is mediated by nucleoporin Nup107[J].Cell Cycle,2015,14(8):1242-1251

    • [15] BANERJEE H N,GIBBS J,JORDAN T,et al.Depletion of a single nucleoporin,Nup107,induces apoptosis in eu⁃ karyotic cells[J].Mol Cell Biochem,2010,343(1):21-25

    • [16] YANG H,HARAGUCHI T,HIRAOKA Y.A nucleoporin that facilitates meiotic kinetochore reorganization[J].Cell Cycle,2016,15(3):307-308

    • [17] MISHRA R K,CHAKRABORTY P,ARNAOUTOV A,et al.The Nup107⁃160 complex and γ⁃TuRC regulate micro⁃ tubule polymerization at kinetochores[J].Nat Cell Biol,2010,12(2):164-169

    • [18] ALANEE S,DELFINO K,WILBER A,et al.Single nucle⁃ otide variant in Nucleoporin 107 may be predictive of sen⁃ sitivity to chemotherapy in patients with ovarian cancer [J].Pharmacogenet Genomics,2017,27(7):264-269

    • [19] SHI R,XU L,HUANG L,et al.Nucleoporin 107 promotes the survival of tumor cells in cervical cancers[J].Gyne⁃ col Obstet Invest,2020,85(1):1-12

    • [20] LAMBERT M,JAMBON S,DEPAUW S,et al.Targeting transcription factors for cancer treatment[J].Molecules,2018,23(6):1479

    • [21] CRISCUOLO D,MORRA F,GIANNELLA R,et al.Identi⁃ fication of novel biomarkers of homologous recombination defect in DNA repair to predict sensitivity of prostate can⁃ cer cells to PARP ⁃inhibitors[J].Int J Mol Sci,2019,20(12):3100

  • 参考文献

    • [1] BRAY F I,FERLAY J,SOERJOMATARAM I,et al.Glob⁃ al cancer statistics 2018:GLOBOCAN estimates of inci⁃ dence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 coun⁃ tries[J].CA Cancer J Clin,2018,68(6):394-424

    • [2] WANG T,SUN H,BAO Y,et al.POM121 overexpression is related to a poor prognosis in colorectal cancer[J].Exp Rev Mol Dia,2020,20(3):345-353

    • [3] RAICES M,D’ANGELO M A.Nuclear pore complexes and regulation of gene expression[J].Curr Opin Cell Bi⁃ ol,2017,46:26-32

    • [4] ROY A,NARAYAN G.Oncogenic potential of nucleopo⁃ rins in non ⁃ hematological cancers:recent update beyond chromosome translocation and gene fusion[J].J Cancer Res Clinical Oncol,2019,145(12):2901-2910

    • [5] KUMAR A,SHARMA P,GOMARALBA M,et al.Daugh⁃ ter ⁃ cell ⁃ specific modulation of nuclear pore complexes controls cell cycle entry during asymmetric division[J].Nat Cell Biol,2018,20(4):432-442

    • [6] STUWE T,CORREIA A R,LIN D H,et al.Nuclear pores.architecture of the nuclear pore complex coat[J].Sci⁃ ence,2015,347(6226):1148-1152

    • [7] ALFONSO P,CANAMERO M,FERNANDEZCARBONIE F,et al.Proteome analysis of membrane fractions in colorectal carcinomas by using 2D⁃DIGE saturation label⁃ ing[J].J Pro Res,2008,7(10):4247-4255

    • [8] SINGER S,ZHAO R,BARSOTTI A,et al.Nuclear pore component Nup98 is a potential tumor suppressor and reg⁃ ulates posttranscriptional expression of select p53 target genes[J].Mol Cell,2012,48(5):799-810

    • [9] LI Y,ZHANG X,GE J,et al.Can Nup88 expression be as⁃ sociated with atypical endometrial hyperplasia and endo⁃ metrial cancer?A preliminary study[J].Pathol Res Pra,2016,212(4):274-278

    • [10] HAZAWA M,LIN D,KOBAYASHI A,et al.ROCK ⁃ de⁃ pendent phosphorylation of Nup62 regulates p63 nuclear transport and squamous cell carcinoma proliferation[J].EMBO Rep,2018,19(1):73-88

    • [11] RODRIGUEZ ⁃ BRAVO V,PIPPA R,SONG W M,et al.Nuclear pores promote lethal prostate cancer by increas⁃ ing POM121⁃driven E2F1,MYC,and AR nuclear import [J].Cell,2018,174(5):1200-15 e20

    • [12] 李利,贾立周,赵薇,等.POM121在结肠癌组织中的表达及临床意义[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2020,40(7):963-968

    • [13] KIM S Y,KANG H T,CHOI H R,et al.Reduction of Nup107 attenuates the growth factor signaling in the se⁃ nescent cells[J].Biochem Biophys Res Commun,2010,401(1):131-136

    • [14] JAGOTLACOUSSIERE L,FAYE A,BRUZZONI⁃ GIOVANELLI H,et al.DNA damage ⁃ induced nuclear translocation of Apaf ⁃ 1 is mediated by nucleoporin Nup107[J].Cell Cycle,2015,14(8):1242-1251

    • [15] BANERJEE H N,GIBBS J,JORDAN T,et al.Depletion of a single nucleoporin,Nup107,induces apoptosis in eu⁃ karyotic cells[J].Mol Cell Biochem,2010,343(1):21-25

    • [16] YANG H,HARAGUCHI T,HIRAOKA Y.A nucleoporin that facilitates meiotic kinetochore reorganization[J].Cell Cycle,2016,15(3):307-308

    • [17] MISHRA R K,CHAKRABORTY P,ARNAOUTOV A,et al.The Nup107⁃160 complex and γ⁃TuRC regulate micro⁃ tubule polymerization at kinetochores[J].Nat Cell Biol,2010,12(2):164-169

    • [18] ALANEE S,DELFINO K,WILBER A,et al.Single nucle⁃ otide variant in Nucleoporin 107 may be predictive of sen⁃ sitivity to chemotherapy in patients with ovarian cancer [J].Pharmacogenet Genomics,2017,27(7):264-269

    • [19] SHI R,XU L,HUANG L,et al.Nucleoporin 107 promotes the survival of tumor cells in cervical cancers[J].Gyne⁃ col Obstet Invest,2020,85(1):1-12

    • [20] LAMBERT M,JAMBON S,DEPAUW S,et al.Targeting transcription factors for cancer treatment[J].Molecules,2018,23(6):1479

    • [21] CRISCUOLO D,MORRA F,GIANNELLA R,et al.Identi⁃ fication of novel biomarkers of homologous recombination defect in DNA repair to predict sensitivity of prostate can⁃ cer cells to PARP ⁃inhibitors[J].Int J Mol Sci,2019,20(12):3100