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通讯作者:

龚颖芸,E⁃mail:gongyingyun@njmu.edu.cn;

周红文,drhongwenzhou@njmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:R587.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1007-4368(2021)05-677-07

DOI:10.7655/NYDXBNS20210507

参考文献 1
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参考文献 2
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参考文献 3
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参考文献 4
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参考文献 5
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参考文献 6
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参考文献 8
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参考文献 11
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参考文献 12
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参考文献 13
MURAKI I.Role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/Kex⁃ in Type 9(PCSK9)on lipid metabolism and insulin resis⁃ tance in Human[J].J Atheroscler Thromb,2020,28(4):317-318
参考文献 14
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参考文献 15
茅国芳,王坤林,符金香,等.2型糖尿病患者血清PC⁃ SK9与动脉粥样硬化指标的相关性分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2016,36(1):46-50
参考文献 16
HAMAMURA H,ADACHI H,ENOMOTO M.et al.Se⁃ rum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9(PC⁃ SK9)is independently associated with insulin resistance,triglycerides,lipoprotein(a)levels but not low ⁃density li⁃ poprotein cholesterol levels in a general population[J].J Atheroscler Thromb,2020,28(4):329-337
参考文献 17
MIAO J,MANTHENA P V,HAAS M E.et al.Role of in⁃ sulin in the regulation of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 arterioscler[J].Thromb Vasc Biol,2015,35:1589-1596
参考文献 18
COSTET P,CARIOU B,LAMBERT G.et al.Hepatic PC⁃ SK9 expression is regulated by nutritional status via insu⁃ lin and sterol regulatory element⁃binding protein 1c[J].J Biol Chem,2006,281:6211-6218
参考文献 19
AWAN Z,DUBUC G,FARAJ M.et al.The effect of insu⁃ lin on circulating PCSK9 in postmenopausal obese women [J].Clin Biochem,2014,47:1033-1039
参考文献 20
KAPPELLE P J,LAMBERT G,DULLAART R P.Plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin ⁃ kexin type 9 does not change during 24 h insulin infusion in healthy subjects and type 2 diabetic patients[J].Atherosclerosis,2011,214:432-435
参考文献 21
ZENTI M G,LUPO M G,DE MARTIN S.et al.Impact of bariatric surgery⁃induced weight loss on circulating PCSK9 levels in obese patients[J].Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis,2020,30(12):2372-2378
参考文献 22
GREFHORST A,MCNUTT M C,LAGACE T A.et al.Plasma PCSK9 preferentially reduces liver LDL receptors in mice[J].J Lipid Res,2008,49:1303-1311
参考文献 23
GONG Y,MA Y,YE Z.et al.Thyroid stimulating hor⁃ mone exhibits the impact on LDLR/LDL⁃c via up⁃regulat⁃ ing hepatic PCSK9 expression[J].Metab Clin Exp,2017,76:32-41
参考文献 24
LU J,LAM SM,WAN Q.et al.High⁃coverage targeted lip⁃ idomics reveals novel serum lipid predictors and lipid pathway dysregulation antecedent to type 2 diabetes onset in normoglycemic chinese adults[J].Diabetes Care,2019,42:2117-2126
目录contents

    摘要

    目的:研究静脉葡萄糖耐量试验(intravenous glucose tolerance test,IVGTT)过程中血糖及胰岛素急遽波动对血清前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素9(proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9,PCSK9)水平的影响,及其与机体糖脂代谢之间的潜在关联。方法:对23例健康志愿者及52例肥胖或糖代谢异常患者进行病史采集、人体测量学、肝肾功能等及IVGTT检查,根据PC⁃ SK9在静脉葡萄糖负荷后4 min与0 min时的比值界定下降组、稳定组与上升组,并比较3组在各项糖脂代谢指标间的差异。进一步对39例留取的血清样本使用高通量靶向脂质组学测定游离脂肪酸、神经酰胺及其代谢产物含量,比较上述各组的差异。 结果:总体基线PCSK9水平与总胆固醇、空腹C肽水平经校正后存在正相关关系,但与空腹胰岛素水平无显著相关性。随着 IVGTT过程中血糖升高导致胰岛素急遽上升,伴随血清PCSK9水平波动,血清PCSK9在60 min后基本恢复至基线水平。PC⁃ SK9下降组的基础PCSK9及空腹胰岛素水平显著高于稳定组与上升组,且PCSK9下降组糖尿病前期与糖尿病者占比更高。此外,下降组血清总神经酰胺、总葡糖神经酰胺水平也明显高于其他两组;脂质亚类分析显示,基线PCSK9含量与Cer d18:1/24: 0、GM3 d18:0/24:0在校正其他因素后正相关性仍存在。结论:IVGTT过程中血糖升高导致胰岛素急遽上升,伴随血清PCSK9 水平波动;波动模式受基线糖脂代谢状态影响。

    Abstract

    Objective:This study aims to investigate the influence of abrupt fluctuation of blood glucose and insulin on serum PCSK9 level during intravenous glucose tolerance test(IVGTT),and its potential relationship with glucose and lipid metabolism. Methods:IVGTT were detected on 23 healthy lean and 52 patients with obesity or abnormal glucose metabolism. Personal medical history and anthropometry were recorded. Lipid profile,liver function and kidney function were measured in fasting serum samples. Serum PCSK9 levels were detected in serum samples collected during IVGTT at different time points. According to the ratio of serum PCSK9 content between 4 minutes post intravenous glucose challenge and baseline,participants were grouped into the down⁃regulation group,the stable group and the up ⁃ regulation group. Glucose and lipid metabolism parameters were compared across these three groups. Besides,free fatty acids,ceramides and their metabolites in 39 serum samples were determined by high throughput targeting lipidomics. Results:In general,baseline PCSK9 level was positively correlated with total cholesterol and fasting C⁃peptide level after adjustment,but basal PCSK9 level was not corrected with fasting insulin level. With the increase of blood glucose during IVGTT, insulin increased sharply,accompanied by the fluctuation of serum PCSK9 level. The results showed that the basal PCSK9 and fasting insulin levels in the down⁃regulation group were significantly higher than those in the stable group and the up⁃regulation group,and the proportion of prediabetes and diabetes in the down⁃regulation group was higher. In addition,the serum levels of total ceramide and total glucosylceramide in the down ⁃ regulation group were significantly higher than those in the other two groups. The positive correlation between baseline PCSK9 content and CER D18:1/24:0 and GM3 D18:0/24:0 in lipid subclass analysis remained even after adjustment for other factors. Conclusion:During IVGTT,serum insulin level increases sharply along with instant increase in blood glucose,and serum PCSK9 content fluctuates as well. The fluctuation patterns of serum PCSK9 level during IVGTT is related with basal glucose and metabolism status.

    Keywords

    PCSK9IVGTTinsulinceramide

  • 前蛋白转化酶枯草溶菌素9(proprotein conver⁃ tase subtilisin/kexin type9,PCSK9)对肝脏摄取低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low⁃density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL⁃C)及血清中各类富含胆固醇、甘油三酯及其他重要脂质(如鞘脂)的脂蛋白颗粒具有重要的调节作用[1-6]。PCSK9抑制剂已获批上市作为降低心血管疾病风险的新型药物[7-9],PCSK9相关的病理生理调控研究方兴未艾。既往本课题组及其他团队在胰岛素抵抗、糖耐量受损及糖尿病人群中观察到血清PCSK9与胰岛素水平或胰岛素抵抗状态存在一定的正相关关系[10-15],提示机体胰岛素含量以及对应的血糖控制水平可能影响PCSK9含量,但截至目前,胰岛素和血糖对于PCSK9的作用尚无定论[16-21]。有研究表明,饥饿24h后小鼠肝脏中PCSK9的表达显著下降[17-18],而再次喂食后得到上调,同时小鼠6h高胰岛素[10mU/(kg·min)]正葡萄糖钳夹试验肝脏PCSK9的基因表达明显上调[17],但也有体外研究发现100nmol/L胰岛素处理HepG2和Huh7肝癌细胞系24h抑制了PCSK9的合成[19]。有意思的是,在24h人高胰岛素正葡萄糖钳夹试验前后血清PCSK9水平无明显变化[20],甚至另两项针对肥胖人群进行2~3h短时程钳夹后PCSK9含量下降[1921]。以上证据提示体内与体外、肥胖与正常体重、急性与慢性诱导的高胰岛素状态对血清PCSK9水平的影响不完全一致。

  • 已知PCSK9在循环中的半衰期约为5min[22],且其与血浆蛋白的结合存在动态变化。既往研究主要集中探究各因素对肝脏合成PCSK9的直接影响[5],以及长期高胰岛素状态下PCSK9含量情况,而缺乏血糖或者胰岛素短期波动对PCSK9清除、再分布等环节的研究。本研究利用静脉葡萄糖耐量试验(intravenous glucose tolerance test,IVGTT)过程中静脉葡萄糖负荷引发的血糖及胰岛素急遽波动,检测过程中PCSK9水平的变化,探究现象背后的潜在生物学机制。

  • 1 对象和方法

  • 1.1 对象

  • 本研究纳入2014年6月—2015年12月南京医科大学第一附属医院内分泌科招募肥胖或糖代谢异常患者52例,同期招募既往无糖代谢异常个人史及糖尿病家族史的志愿者23例,首先进行口服葡萄糖耐量对糖代谢状态分型,间隔1周使用IVGTT评估胰岛素一相分泌能力。因重要临床数据不全、留取血清样本溶血影响胰岛素检测排除5例,最终纳入70例进行后续研究。本研究项目获得南京医科大学第一附属医院伦理委员会批准(2014⁃SR⁃003),所有受试者签署知情同意书。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 一般资料及指标测定

  • 所有参与者均经详细病史询问,测量并记录身高、体重、腰围等指标,计算体重指数(body mass in⁃ dex,BMI)。隔夜空腹10h以上采集静脉血测定血清代谢指标包括总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL⁃C)、LDL⁃C、甘油三酯(TG)、脂蛋白(a)[Lp (a)]、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、L⁃γ⁃谷氨酰转肽酶(GGT)、乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)、总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、间接胆红素(IBIL)、总蛋白、白蛋白、血糖、肌酐等指标,上述指标使用对应的罗氏试剂盒在COMBAS平台检测。

  • 1.2.2 75 g口服葡萄糖耐量(oral glucose tolerance test,OGTT)评估

  • 过夜空腹10h,采集空腹静脉血,口服75g葡萄糖后,健康志愿者仅留取120min血样,其他受试者留取0、30、60、120min采集静脉血,测定血糖水平。

  • 1.2.3 IVGTT评估一相胰岛素分泌能力,作为葡萄糖刺激胰岛素分泌导致急性高血糖高胰岛素波动模型

  • 口服葡萄糖耐量结束至少1周后进行IVGTT。受试者过夜空腹后留取空腹血,预设输液泵在3min内按照0.3g/kg的剂量静脉输注20%的葡萄糖溶液,结束时归零计时器。随后分别在1、2、4、6、8、 10、60min取血测定血糖,同期留取2、4、6、8、10、 60min的血清连同空腹血清样本测定胰岛素与C肽含量。另分别分装0、4、10、60min的血清样本50 μL用于后续血清PCSK9水平的测定。所有待测样本在冰上短暂储存后转移至-80℃超低温冰箱冻存。

  • 1.2.4 ELISA法检测血清PCSK9水平

  • 使用武汉博士德公司生产的商品化人PCSK9ELISA法测定试剂盒(EK1147)测定,将待检测的血清样本平衡至室温后混匀,取5 μL进行稀释后按照说明书操作,检测设立复孔,根据标准曲线法确定样本中实际PCSK9含量,具体操作同前述报道[23]

  • 1.2.5 高通量靶向脂质组学方法

  • IVGTT空腹血清样本依托常州中科脂典生物技术有限责任公司测定血清脂质组学。使用氯仿∶甲醇(1∶1)从血清样本中提取脂质,基于前述的Exion超高效液相色谱系统与QTRAP 6500PLUS系统 (Sciex)串联检测平台开展定量检测[24]

  • 1.2.6 公式计算

  • HOMA⁃IR使用如下公式计算:空腹血糖(mmol/L)× 空腹胰岛素(pmol/L)/22.5。取静脉葡萄糖注射后2min与4min血清胰岛素平均值与0min胰岛素水平的差值评估的一相胰岛素分泌能力(first⁃phase insulin release,FPIR)。结合胰岛素和循环中PCSK9的半衰期4~5min,定义P4/0为4min PCSK9与0min PCSK9的比值来区分PCSK9的变化趋势,P4/0<0.8为下降组,0.8≤P4/0≤1.2为稳定组,P4/0>1.2为上升组。

  • 1.3 统计学方法

  • 采用SPSS 23.0软件进行相应的统计分析,对各项指标进行正态性分布的检验和方差齐性的检验。对符合正态分布的连续变量,使用Pearson法进行两因素之间的相关性分析,对不符合正态性分布的连续变量以及等级变量,使用Spearman法进行分析。对于正态分布的连续变量,使用one⁃way ANOVA进行组间差异性比较,并进行两两比较的事后检验。

  • 2 结果

  • 2.1 总体基线PCSK9水平与多个代谢指标呈现较强的正相关性

  • 总体基线PCSK9水平与年龄、TC、LDL⁃C、AST、 GGT、C肽水平存在较强的正相关关系(表1);且其与TC、C肽的正相关性在校正上述其他相关性因素后仍然存在(表2);但其与空腹胰岛素水平无显著相关性。

  • 2.2 血清PCSK9水平动态变化

  • 利用IVGTT下建立的高血糖、高胰岛素模型,结合循环中胰岛素及PCSK9半衰期4~5min的特点,选用0、4、10min 3个时间点测定血清PCSK9水平的动态变化。比较4min与0min PCSK9的比值(P4/0)(图1A),发现在IVGTT的0~10min内PCSK9的变化呈下降、上升、基本不变3种趋势,进一步根据趋势分布及近似三分法的策略,界定P4/0<0.8为下降组(n=22例),0.8≤P4/0≤1.2为稳定组(n=15例),P4/0>1.2为上升组(n=33例),后续分析依据上述分组展开。下降组基线PCSK9水平较稳定组和上升组均有明显升高[(111.56±50.38)ng/mL vs.(65.67± 30.19)ng/mL,P< 0.001;(111.56 ± 50.38)ng/mL vs.(68.38±23.83)ng/mL,P< 0.001,图1B],而3组在年龄、性别、BMI、空腹血糖等指标间无显著差异(表3)。尽管下降组的空腹胰岛素水平较其他两组稍高[(207.9±118.2)μmol/L vs.(124.8±97.0)μmol/L, (122.9±122.7)pmol/L],P=0.023),但3组间一相胰岛素分泌(FPIR)不存在显著差异(P=0.703)。有意思的是,IVGTT第4min(血糖、胰岛素水平达峰状态)及IVGTT第10min(胰岛素一相分泌结束),3组PCSK9水平均无显著差异(图1C、D),即在IVGTT过程中3组PCSK9从不同的起始状态趋向同一水平。还观察到IVGTT后60min下降组PCSK9水平较其他两组有显著升高[(109.19±36.69)ng/mL vs.(78.71± 38.52)ng/mL,P< 0.01;(109.19 ± 36.69)ng/mL vs.(77.54.38±30.30)ng/mL,P< 0.001],与基线PCSK9水平相近。此外,下降组HOMA⁃IR较稳定组及上升组显著升高(表3);且根据OGTT结果,下降组中糖尿病前期、糖尿病人数占比显著高于稳定组及上升组 (图2)。

  • 表1 基础血清PCSK9水平与各代谢指标的相关性分析

  • Table1 Correlation analysis between basal serum PCSK9levels and various metabolic markers

  • 表2 基础血清PCSK9水平与各相关代谢指标的线性回归分析

  • Table2 Linear regression analysis of basal serum PCSK9levels and related metabolic markers

  • 模型排除的变量包括:年龄、AST、GCT、LDL⁃C。模型1:基础血清PCSK9水平为因变量,最终纳入的预测变量为TC,排除变量为年龄、AST、GCT、LDL⁃C、空腹C肽;模型2:基础血清PCSK9水平为因变量,最终纳入的预测变量为TC和空腹C肽,排除变量为年龄、 AST、GCT、LDL⁃C。

  • 图1 静脉葡萄糖耐量(IVGTT)下血清PCSK9水平的变化模式

  • Fig.1 Changes of serum PCSK9levels during intravenous glucose tolerance(IVGTT)

  • 2.3 不同PCSK9波动模式对循环中鞘脂代谢的影响与联合分析

  • 39例基线血清脂质组学检测显示(其中下降组9例(23%),稳定组9例(23%),上升组21例 (54%)),3组间神经酰胺(Cer)、葡糖神经酰胺(Glu⁃ Cer)有显著差异(表4),且基线PCSK9水平与Cer存在正相关关系(r=0.442,P=0.005)。下降组Cer、Glu⁃ Cer显著高于其他两组(图3)。亚类分析方面,游离脂肪酸(FFA)12:0、Cer d18:1/22:0、Cer d18:1/24: 1、Cer d18:1/24:0、GluCer d18:1/16:0、GluCer d18: 1/18:0、GluCer d18:1/20:0、GluCer d18:1/22:0、Glu⁃ Cer d18:1/24:1、GluCer d18:0/24:1、GluCer d18:1/24:0、GluCer d18:0/24:0、乳糖神经酰胺(LacCer) d18:1/20:0、LacCer d18:1/22:0、神经节苷脂(GM3) d18:0/24:0在3组间存在显著差异。双变量相关性分析显示,基线PCSK9水平与Cer、GM3、FFA 12:0、 Cer d18:1/24:0、GM3d18:0/24:0存在正相关关系,且进一步校正了BMI、血脂等其他已知相关因素后,基线PCSK9与Cer d18:1/24:0及GM3d18:0/24:0的正相关关系仍然存在。

  • 3 讨论

  • 本研究主要有以下发现:①在静脉葡萄糖负荷10min内血糖升高引发的胰岛素急遽升高过程中,血清PCSK9水平的变化呈现下降、稳定、上升3种趋势,且负荷后PCSK9下降组基线PCSK9水平显著高于其他两组。②下降组LDL⁃c、空腹胰岛素、空腹C肽、HOMA⁃IR、AST和GGT显著高于其他两组,且胰岛素抵抗程度更重、糖代谢异常人数占比更高。③ 进一步使用高通量靶向脂质组学分析各组基线游离脂肪酸、神经酰胺及其下游代谢产物的含量发现,下降组的血清总神经酰胺、总葡糖神经酰胺水平也显著高于其他两组,且基线PCSK9与Cer d18: 1/24:0及GM3d18:0/24:0的正相关关系经校正后仍然存在。

  • 既往研究在健康青年人群、肥胖绝经后女性人群、2型糖尿病人群中采用2~24h时长不等的高胰岛素正葡萄糖钳夹试验构建了不同血清胰岛素终浓度的高胰岛素状态,比较干预前后循环中PCSK9水平的差异,结果不相一致[16-21]。结合循环中胰岛素及PCSK9蛋白半衰期4~5min的特点,本研究旨在观察IVGTT过程中急遽升高的血糖和胰岛素情况下,观察不同性别、BMI、糖代谢人群中PCSK9对急性刺激的响应,此前未见相关报道。且本研究在包含正常代谢及糖代谢异常疾病的综合人群中观察到急劇血糖升高引发的胰岛素水平波动对血清PCSK9水平的影响存在异质性,呈现下降、稳定、上升3种变化趋势,不仅再次证实血糖及胰岛素是血清PCSK9水平的影响因素,而且为先前人群和动物研究结论不一致提供了依据。后续分组分析显示,下降组基线PCSK9高于其他两组,且胰岛素抵抗相关代谢指标也高于其他两组,这与本课题组及其他团队先前报道的基线PCSK9水平与空腹胰岛素、胰岛素抵抗状态相平行的结论基本吻合,进一步提示机体本身的糖代谢状态与PCSK9含量及代谢密切相关。更重要的是,本研究观察到尽管稳定组与上升组代谢指标无明显差异,但PCSK9在血糖及胰岛素急遽波动下的变化模式存在差异,还需要进一步随访研究及前瞻性研究评估PCSK9波动模式对远期糖代谢表型的预测价值。本研究还发现,IVGTT引发的血清PCSK9变化不能长久维持,到1h基本消退,因此胰岛素对血清PCSK9的结合、释放、清除等过程的具体影响及作用机制还有待深入探讨。

  • 表3 按IVGTT过程中血清PCSK9在4min与0min的比值分组基线资料

  • Table3 Baseline data of groups according to the ratio of serum PCSK9at 4min to 0min during IVGTT

  • a:与下降组比较差异有统计学意义(P< 0.05)。

  • 图2 PCSK9不同变化模式中糖代谢情况分布

  • Fig.2 Distribution of glucose metabolism of different PCSK9patterns

  • 表4 PCSK9波动模式与基线血清脂质组学联合分析

  • Table4 Combined analysis of PCSK9fluctuation patterns and baseline serum lipidomics

  • FFA:游离脂肪酸;Cer:神经酰胺;SM:鞘磷脂;GluCer:葡糖神经酰胺;LacCer:乳糖神经酰胺;GM3:神经节苷脂;Gb3:神经节苷脂。与下降组比较,a P< 0.05。

  • 图3 各组基线总神经酰胺、总葡糖神经酰胺水平及其与基线PCSK9水平的相关性

  • Fig.3 Basal total ceramide and total glucoseramide levels,and their correlation with basal PCSK9levels

  • 通过脂质组学研究发现了基线PCSK9水平与Cer d18:1/24:0及GM3d18:0/24:0存在较强正相关关系,提示神经酰胺和葡糖神经酰胺可能在PCSK9生理代谢过程中具有重要作用。目前公认的是PC⁃ SK9对以LDL为首的脂蛋白颗粒整体代谢的影响,但PCSK9与脂质亚类之间的关联还有待进一步研究,脂类的代谢波动对PCSK9在循环中的分布及代谢是否存在影响还有待收集更多充分有力的证据。

  • 今后将进一步加大纳入例数,从而进一步提高研究结果的充分性和可靠性。另外本研究仅检测了基线血清脂质组学,动态分析IVGTT过程中PC⁃ SK9水平变化与脂质组学的变化可能更具研究价值,相关工作正在开展。

  • 综上所述,基于循环PCSK9半衰期约5min的特点,探索了短期血糖及胰岛素急遽波动对循环PCSK9水平的影响。静脉葡萄糖输注引发的胰岛素急遽升高对PCSK9水平的影响存在个体异质性,与代谢状态密切相关,具体作用环节、作用靶点、作用方式还有待基础研究进一步阐明。

  • 参考文献

    • [1] WICIŃSKI M,ŻAK J,MALINOWSKI B.et al.PCSK9 sig⁃ naling pathways and their potential importance in clinical practice[J].EPMA J,2017,8(4):391-402

    • [2] PAQUETTE M,GAUTHIER D,CHAMBERLAND A.et al.Circulating PCSK9 is associated with liver biomarkers and hepatic steatosis[J].Clin Biochem,2020,77:20-25

    • [3] MOMTAZI⁃BOROJENI A A,SABOURI⁃RAD S,GOTTO A M.et al.PCSK9 and inflammation:a review of experi⁃ mental and clinical evidence[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother,2019,5(4):237-245

    • [4] SPOLITU S,OKAMOTO H,DAI W,ZADROGA J A.et al.Hepatic glucagon signaling regulates PCSK9 and low⁃ density lipoprotein cholesterol[J].Circ Res,2019,124(1):38-51

    • [5] THEOCHARIDOU E,PAPADEMETRIOU M,REKLOU A.et al.The role of PCSK9 in the pathogenesis of non⁃al⁃ coholic fatty liver disease and the effect of PCSK9 inhibi⁃ tors[J].Curr Pharm Des,2018,24(31):3654⁃3657

    • [6] GALLEGO⁃COLON E,DAUM A,YOSEFY C.Statins and PCSK9 inhibitors:a new lipid⁃lowering therapy[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2020,878:173114

    • [7] FURTADO RHM,GIUGLIANO R P.What lessons have we learned and what remains to be clarified for PCSK9 in⁃ hibitors?a review of FOURIER and ODYSSEY outcomes trials[J].Cardiol Ther,2020,9(1):59-73

    • [8] TURGEON R D,TSUYUKI R T,GYENES G T.et al.Car⁃ diovascular efficacy and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors:sys⁃ tematic review and meta ⁃ analysis including the ODYS⁃ SEY OUTCOMES trial[J].Can J Cardiol,2018,34(12):1600-1605

    • [9] CHEN B,SHI X,CUI Y.et al.A review of PCSK9 inhibi⁃ tors and their effects on cardiovascular diseases[J].Curr Top Med Chem,2019,19(20):1790-1817

    • [10] GUO W,GONG Y,GU Y.et al.Circulating PCSK9 levels and 2⁃hPG are positively correlated in metabolic diseases in a Chinese Han population[J].Lipids Health Dis,2018,17(15)

    • [11] BAASS A,DUBUC G,TREMBLAY M.et al.Plasma PC⁃ SK9 is associated with age,sex,and multiple metabolic markers in a population⁃based sample of children and ad⁃ olescents[J].Clin Chem,2009,55:1637-1645

    • [12] PETERSEN K S,BOWEN K J,TINDALL A M.et al.The effect of inflammation and insulin resistance on lipid and lipoprotein responsiveness to dietary intervention[J].Curr Dev Nutr,2020,15,4(11):nzaa160

    • [13] MURAKI I.Role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/Kex⁃ in Type 9(PCSK9)on lipid metabolism and insulin resis⁃ tance in Human[J].J Atheroscler Thromb,2020,28(4):317-318

    • [14] 崔琴,支晓明,郭雯,等.体检人群血清PCSK9与代谢综合征的相关性分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,33(2):259-261

    • [15] 茅国芳,王坤林,符金香,等.2型糖尿病患者血清PC⁃ SK9与动脉粥样硬化指标的相关性分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2016,36(1):46-50

    • [16] HAMAMURA H,ADACHI H,ENOMOTO M.et al.Se⁃ rum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9(PC⁃ SK9)is independently associated with insulin resistance,triglycerides,lipoprotein(a)levels but not low ⁃density li⁃ poprotein cholesterol levels in a general population[J].J Atheroscler Thromb,2020,28(4):329-337

    • [17] MIAO J,MANTHENA P V,HAAS M E.et al.Role of in⁃ sulin in the regulation of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 arterioscler[J].Thromb Vasc Biol,2015,35:1589-1596

    • [18] COSTET P,CARIOU B,LAMBERT G.et al.Hepatic PC⁃ SK9 expression is regulated by nutritional status via insu⁃ lin and sterol regulatory element⁃binding protein 1c[J].J Biol Chem,2006,281:6211-6218

    • [19] AWAN Z,DUBUC G,FARAJ M.et al.The effect of insu⁃ lin on circulating PCSK9 in postmenopausal obese women [J].Clin Biochem,2014,47:1033-1039

    • [20] KAPPELLE P J,LAMBERT G,DULLAART R P.Plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin ⁃ kexin type 9 does not change during 24 h insulin infusion in healthy subjects and type 2 diabetic patients[J].Atherosclerosis,2011,214:432-435

    • [21] ZENTI M G,LUPO M G,DE MARTIN S.et al.Impact of bariatric surgery⁃induced weight loss on circulating PCSK9 levels in obese patients[J].Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis,2020,30(12):2372-2378

    • [22] GREFHORST A,MCNUTT M C,LAGACE T A.et al.Plasma PCSK9 preferentially reduces liver LDL receptors in mice[J].J Lipid Res,2008,49:1303-1311

    • [23] GONG Y,MA Y,YE Z.et al.Thyroid stimulating hor⁃ mone exhibits the impact on LDLR/LDL⁃c via up⁃regulat⁃ ing hepatic PCSK9 expression[J].Metab Clin Exp,2017,76:32-41

    • [24] LU J,LAM SM,WAN Q.et al.High⁃coverage targeted lip⁃ idomics reveals novel serum lipid predictors and lipid pathway dysregulation antecedent to type 2 diabetes onset in normoglycemic chinese adults[J].Diabetes Care,2019,42:2117-2126

  • 参考文献

    • [1] WICIŃSKI M,ŻAK J,MALINOWSKI B.et al.PCSK9 sig⁃ naling pathways and their potential importance in clinical practice[J].EPMA J,2017,8(4):391-402

    • [2] PAQUETTE M,GAUTHIER D,CHAMBERLAND A.et al.Circulating PCSK9 is associated with liver biomarkers and hepatic steatosis[J].Clin Biochem,2020,77:20-25

    • [3] MOMTAZI⁃BOROJENI A A,SABOURI⁃RAD S,GOTTO A M.et al.PCSK9 and inflammation:a review of experi⁃ mental and clinical evidence[J].Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother,2019,5(4):237-245

    • [4] SPOLITU S,OKAMOTO H,DAI W,ZADROGA J A.et al.Hepatic glucagon signaling regulates PCSK9 and low⁃ density lipoprotein cholesterol[J].Circ Res,2019,124(1):38-51

    • [5] THEOCHARIDOU E,PAPADEMETRIOU M,REKLOU A.et al.The role of PCSK9 in the pathogenesis of non⁃al⁃ coholic fatty liver disease and the effect of PCSK9 inhibi⁃ tors[J].Curr Pharm Des,2018,24(31):3654⁃3657

    • [6] GALLEGO⁃COLON E,DAUM A,YOSEFY C.Statins and PCSK9 inhibitors:a new lipid⁃lowering therapy[J].Eur J Pharmacol,2020,878:173114

    • [7] FURTADO RHM,GIUGLIANO R P.What lessons have we learned and what remains to be clarified for PCSK9 in⁃ hibitors?a review of FOURIER and ODYSSEY outcomes trials[J].Cardiol Ther,2020,9(1):59-73

    • [8] TURGEON R D,TSUYUKI R T,GYENES G T.et al.Car⁃ diovascular efficacy and safety of PCSK9 inhibitors:sys⁃ tematic review and meta ⁃ analysis including the ODYS⁃ SEY OUTCOMES trial[J].Can J Cardiol,2018,34(12):1600-1605

    • [9] CHEN B,SHI X,CUI Y.et al.A review of PCSK9 inhibi⁃ tors and their effects on cardiovascular diseases[J].Curr Top Med Chem,2019,19(20):1790-1817

    • [10] GUO W,GONG Y,GU Y.et al.Circulating PCSK9 levels and 2⁃hPG are positively correlated in metabolic diseases in a Chinese Han population[J].Lipids Health Dis,2018,17(15)

    • [11] BAASS A,DUBUC G,TREMBLAY M.et al.Plasma PC⁃ SK9 is associated with age,sex,and multiple metabolic markers in a population⁃based sample of children and ad⁃ olescents[J].Clin Chem,2009,55:1637-1645

    • [12] PETERSEN K S,BOWEN K J,TINDALL A M.et al.The effect of inflammation and insulin resistance on lipid and lipoprotein responsiveness to dietary intervention[J].Curr Dev Nutr,2020,15,4(11):nzaa160

    • [13] MURAKI I.Role of proprotein convertase subtilisin/Kex⁃ in Type 9(PCSK9)on lipid metabolism and insulin resis⁃ tance in Human[J].J Atheroscler Thromb,2020,28(4):317-318

    • [14] 崔琴,支晓明,郭雯,等.体检人群血清PCSK9与代谢综合征的相关性分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,33(2):259-261

    • [15] 茅国芳,王坤林,符金香,等.2型糖尿病患者血清PC⁃ SK9与动脉粥样硬化指标的相关性分析[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2016,36(1):46-50

    • [16] HAMAMURA H,ADACHI H,ENOMOTO M.et al.Se⁃ rum proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9(PC⁃ SK9)is independently associated with insulin resistance,triglycerides,lipoprotein(a)levels but not low ⁃density li⁃ poprotein cholesterol levels in a general population[J].J Atheroscler Thromb,2020,28(4):329-337

    • [17] MIAO J,MANTHENA P V,HAAS M E.et al.Role of in⁃ sulin in the regulation of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 arterioscler[J].Thromb Vasc Biol,2015,35:1589-1596

    • [18] COSTET P,CARIOU B,LAMBERT G.et al.Hepatic PC⁃ SK9 expression is regulated by nutritional status via insu⁃ lin and sterol regulatory element⁃binding protein 1c[J].J Biol Chem,2006,281:6211-6218

    • [19] AWAN Z,DUBUC G,FARAJ M.et al.The effect of insu⁃ lin on circulating PCSK9 in postmenopausal obese women [J].Clin Biochem,2014,47:1033-1039

    • [20] KAPPELLE P J,LAMBERT G,DULLAART R P.Plasma proprotein convertase subtilisin ⁃ kexin type 9 does not change during 24 h insulin infusion in healthy subjects and type 2 diabetic patients[J].Atherosclerosis,2011,214:432-435

    • [21] ZENTI M G,LUPO M G,DE MARTIN S.et al.Impact of bariatric surgery⁃induced weight loss on circulating PCSK9 levels in obese patients[J].Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis,2020,30(12):2372-2378

    • [22] GREFHORST A,MCNUTT M C,LAGACE T A.et al.Plasma PCSK9 preferentially reduces liver LDL receptors in mice[J].J Lipid Res,2008,49:1303-1311

    • [23] GONG Y,MA Y,YE Z.et al.Thyroid stimulating hor⁃ mone exhibits the impact on LDLR/LDL⁃c via up⁃regulat⁃ ing hepatic PCSK9 expression[J].Metab Clin Exp,2017,76:32-41

    • [24] LU J,LAM SM,WAN Q.et al.High⁃coverage targeted lip⁃ idomics reveals novel serum lipid predictors and lipid pathway dysregulation antecedent to type 2 diabetes onset in normoglycemic chinese adults[J].Diabetes Care,2019,42:2117-2126